Injury and illness in short-course triathletes:A systematic review

Background:Determining the incidence and prevalence of injury and illness in short-course triathletes would improve understanding of their etiologies and therefore assist in the development and implementation of prevention strategies.This study synthesizes the existing evidence on the incidence and prevalence of injury and illness and summarizes reported injury or illness etiology and risk factors affecting short-course triathletes.Methods:This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.Studies reporting health problems(injury and illness)in triathletes(all sexes,ages,and experience levels)training and/or competing in short-course distances were included.Six electronic databases(Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,MEDLINE,Embase,APA PsychINFO,Web of Science Core Collection,and SPORTDiscus)were searched.Risk of bias was independently assessed by 2 reviewers using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale.Two authors independently completed data extraction.Results:The search yielded 7998 studies,with 42 studies eligible for inclusion.Twenty-three studies investigated injuries,24 studies investigated illnesses,and 5 studies investigated both injuries and illnesses.The injury incidence rate ranged 15.7-24.3 per 1000 athlete exposures,and the illness incidence rate ranged 1.8-13.1 per 1000 athlete days.Injury and illness prevalence ranged between 2%-15%and 6%-84%,respectively.Most injuries reported occurred during running(45%-92%),and the most frequently reported illnesses affected the gastrointestinal(7%-70%),cardiovascular(14%-59%),and respiratory systems(5%-60%).Conclusion:The most frequently reported health problems in short-course triathletes were:overuse and lower limb injuries associated with running;gastrointestinal illnesses and altered cardiac function,primarily attributable to environmental factors;and respiratory illness mostly caused by infection.

Increased number of symptoms during the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in athletes is associated with prolonged time to return to full sports performance—AWAREⅧ

Purpose The aim of the study was to identify factors associated with prolonged time to return to full performance(RTFP)in athletes with recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection.Methods Prospective cohort study with cross sectional analysis.A total of 84 athletes with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection assessed at a coronavirus disease 2019 recovery clinic gave a history of age,sex,type/level of sport,co-morbidities,pre-infection training hours,and 26 acute SARS-CoV-2 symptoms from 3 categories(“nose and throat”,“chest and neck”,and“whole body”/systemic).Data on days to RTFP were obtained by structured interviews.Factors associated with RTFP were demographics,sport participation,history of co-morbidities,pre-infection training history,and acute symptoms(type,number).Outcomes were:(a)days to RTFP(median,interquartile range(IQR))in asymptomatic(n=7)and symptomatic athletes(n=77),and(b)hazard ratios(HRs;95%confidence interval)for symptomatic athletes with vs.without a factor(univariate,multiple models).HR<1 was predictive of higher percentage chance of prolonged RTFP.Significance was p<0.05.Results Days to RTFP were 30 days(IQR:23–40)for asymptomatic and 64 days(IQR:42–91)for symptomatic participants(p>0.05).Factors associated with prolonged RTFP(univariate models)were:females(HR=0.57;p=0.014),endurance athletes(HR=0.41;p<0.0001),co-morbidity number(HR=0.75;p=0.001),and respiratory disease history(HR=0.54;p=0.026).In symptomatic athletes,prolonged RTFP(multiple models)was significantly associated with increased“chest and neck”(HR=0.85;p=0.017)and“nose and throat”(HR=0.84;p=0.013)symptoms,but the association was more profound between prolonged RFTP and increased total number of“all symptoms”(HR=0.91;p=0.001)and“whole body”/systemic(HR=0.82;p=0.007)symptoms.Conclusion A larger number of total symptoms and specifically“whole body”/systemic symptoms during the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in athletes is associated with prolonged RTFP.

How University Athletics Can Impact Mental Health among Student Athletes at the University of Evansville

In recent years, the NCAA student athlete population in the United States has surpassed 500,000, and is continuing to rise each year [1]. These student athletes work their entire lives academically and athletically to reach the ultimate goal: competing in university athletics. However, when these athletes reach university, they are met with non-stop training, homework, exams, and evolving social lives. We have conducted a study at the University of Evansville evaluating how participation in university athletics may impact mental health status among these student athletes, as well as measuring players’ awareness of accessible mental health resources. Over fifty percent of participants reported experiencing at least one mental health condition while competing in their sport;eighty percent reported having knowledge of the mental health resources available to them on campus, however, nearly thirty percent of those knowledgeable reported not knowing how to access these resources. This has indicated a gap in awareness and utilization of mental health resources among student athletes at the University of Evansville.

Review and update on the management of triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries in professional athletes

Triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries are common in amateur and professional sports.These injuries are mainly caused by acute or chronic repetitive axial loads on the wrist,particularly on the ulnar side and in association with rotations or radial/ulnar deviations.In order to treat professional athletes,a detailed specific knowledge of the pathology is needed.Moreover,the clinician should fully understand the specific and unique environment and needs of the athletes,their priorities and goals,the type of sport,the time of the season,and the position played.An early diagnosis and appropriate management with the quickest possible recovery time are the uppermost goals for both the athlete and the surgeon.A compromise between conservative vs surgical indications,athletes’needs and expectations,and financial implications should be achieved.Arthroscopic procedures should be timely planned when indicated as they could allow early diagnosis and treatment at the same time.Conservative measures are often used as first line treatment when possible.Peripheral lesions are treated by arthroscopic repair,whilst central lesions are treated by arthroscopic debridement.Further procedures(such as the Wafer procedure,ulnar osteotomies,etc.)have specific indications and great implications with regard to rehabilitation.

The Influence of Swimming Athletes’ Burnout on Their Sports Participation Motivation in Hunan, China

Objective:This study aims to explore the effect of swimming athletes’burnout on their sports motivation in Hunan University,China.It seeks to understand how burnout influences various motivational factors,providing insights for optimizing swimming sports courses and enhancing student participation.Method:Employing random sampling,the study surveyed 260 swimming athletes from Hunan University.The research utilized a questionnaire divided into three parts:demographic information,the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire(ABQ),and the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory(IMI).Pearson’s r correlation analysis was conducted using SPSS to examine the relationships between burnout dimensions and motivational factors.Results:The study found significant correlations between a reduced sense of accomplishment and various motivational dimensions,including“interest/enjoyment,”“perceived competence,”“perceived choice,”and particularly“perceived tension.”Physical exhaustion showed a significant correlation only with“perceived tension,”indicating a strong link between psychological stress and physical fatigue.Sports devaluation was significantly correlated with“perceived tension,”suggesting that psychological stress impacts athletes’valuation of their sport.Conclusion:The findings highlight the complex interplay between burnout and motivation in swimming athletes.Psychological stress,as indicated by“perceived tension,”emerges as a key factor influencing both the physical and emotional aspects of burnout.The study underscores the need for holistic training approaches that balance physical training with psychological well-being,personalized coaching,and supportive environments to enhance intrinsic motivation and manage stress effectively.

Association between ACTN3 R577X genotype and risk of non-contact injury in trained athletes:A systematic review

Purpose:The aim of this study was to review,systematically,evidence concerning the link between the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and the rates and severity of non-contact injuries and exercise-induced muscle damage in athletes and individuals enrolled in exercise training programs.Methods:A computerized literature search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed,Web of Science,and SPORTDiscus,from inception until November 2020.All included studies compared the epidemiological characteristics of non-contact injury between the different genotypes of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism.Results:Our search identified 492 records.After the screening of titles,abstracts,and full texts,13 studies examining the association between the ACTN3 genotypes and the rate and severity of non-contact injury were included in the analysis.These studies were performed in 6 different countries(Spain,Japan,Brazil,China,the Republic of Korea,and Italy)and involved a total participant pool of 1093 participants.Of the studies,2 studies involved only women,5 studies involved only men,and 6 studies involved both men and women.All the studies included were classified as highquality studies(≥6 points in the Physiotherapy Evidence Database(PEDro)scale score).Overall,evidence suggests there is an association between the ACTN3 R577X genotype and non-contact injury in 12 investigations.Six studies observed a significant association between A CTN3 R577X polymorphism and exercise induced muscle damage:2 with non-contact ankle injury,3 with non-contact muscle injury,and 1 with overall non-contact injury.Conclusion:The present findings support the premise that possessing the ACTN3 XX genotype may predispose athletes to a higher probability of some non-contact injuries,such as muscle injury,ankle sprains,and higher levels of exercise-induced muscle damage.

The good,the bad,and the ugly of consumer sleep technologies use among athletes:A call for action

1.Introduction For athletes,the quality and quantity of sleep are essential elements for optimizing recovery and subsequent performance.1 Unfortunately,athletes frequently face challenges getting sufficient,high-quality sleep.2 A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 81 studies involving 1830 athletes concluded that compared to healthy non-athletes,athletes'sleep duration was shorter with poorer sleep efficiency.

Lower serum magnesium concentration and higher 24-h urinary magnesium excretion despite higher dietary magnesium intake in athletes:a systematic review and meta-analysis

Magnesium plays a critical role in the human's life activities and energy metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the magnesium status of athletes via a systematic review of cross-sectional studies. A comprehensive systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Library electronic databases, and other sources before April 5, 2021. Fourteen studies were included in the systematic review, involving 855 athletes and 521 control subjects. Serum magnesium concentration was significantly lower in athletes(mean difference(MD):-0.04 mmol/L;95% confidence interval(CI):-0.06 to-0.01;P = 0.02)in spite of significantly higher dietary magnesium intake(MD: 51.72 mg/day;95% CI: 14.62 to 88.83;P = 0.006). Meta-analysis showed that 24-h urinary magnesium excretion in athletes was significantly higher than that in the untrained population(MD: 0.76 mmol/day;95% CI: 0.11 to 1.41;P = 0.02). Despite higher total dietary magnesium intake, athletes generally have lower serum magnesium concentration and higher 24-h urinary magnesium excretion, demonstrating that the magnesium requirement of athletes is higher than the untrained population. It is necessary to carry out a dietary assessment and nutrition counseling to help athletes adopt proper diets to meet their nutritional needs in exercise.

Assessment of functional prognosis of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in athletes based on a body shape index

BACKGROUND A healthy body shape is essential to maintain athletes’sports level.At present,little is known about the effect of athletes’body shape on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction(ACLR).Moreover,the relationship between body shape and variables such as knee joint function after operation and return to the field has not been well studied.AIM To verify the relationship between a body shape index(ABSI)and the functional prognosis of the knee after ACLR in athletes with ACL injuries.METHODS We reviewed 76 athletes with unilateral ACL ruptures who underwent ACLR surgery in the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University between 2017 and 2020,with a follow-up period of more than 24 mo.First,all populations were divided into a High-ABSI group(ABSI>0.835,n=38)and a Low-ABSI group(ABSI<0.835,n=38)based on the arithmetic median(0.835)of ABSI values.The primary exposure factor was ABSI,and the outcome indicators were knee function scores as well as postoperative complications.The correlation between ABSI and postoperative knee function scores and postoperative complications after ACLR were analyzed using multifactorial logistic regression.RESULTS The preoperative knee function scores of the two groups were similar.The surgery and postoperative rehabilitation exercises,range of motion(ROM)compliance rate,Lysholm score,and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score of the two groups gradually increased,whereas the quadriceps atrophy index gradually decreased.The knee function scores were higher in the Low-ABSI group than in the High-ABSI group at the 24-mo postoperative follow-up(P<0.05).In multifactorial logistic regression,ABSI was a risk factor of low knee joint function score after surgery,specifically low ROM scores(odds ratio[OR]=1.31,95%confidence interval[CI][1.10-1.44];P<0.001),low quadriceps atrophy index(OR=1.11,95%CI[0.97-1.29];P<0.05),low Lysholm scores(OR=2.34,95%CI[1.78-2.94];P<0.001),low symptoms(OR=1.14,95%CI[1.02-1.34];P<0.05),low activity of daily living(OR=1.34,95%CI[1.18-1.65];P<0.05),low sports(OR=2.47,95%CI[1.78-2.84];P<0.001),and low quality of life(OR=3.34,95%CI[2.88-3.94];P<0.001).ABSI was also a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb(OR=2.14,95%CI[1.88-2.36],P<0.05]and ACL recurrent rupture(OR=1.24,95%CI[0.98-1.44],P<0.05)after ACLR.CONCLUSION ABSI is a risk factor for the poor prognosis of knee function in ACL athletes after ACLR,and the risk of poor knee function after ACLR,deep vein thrombosis of lower limb,and ACL recurrent rupture gradually increases with the rise of ABSI.

Investigating the Effect of COVID-19 Infection on Professional Athletes’ Post-Infection with a Focus on Fatigue and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Introduction and Objectives: COVID-19 has been reported to cause long-term sequela including persistent fatigue and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) in the general population. However, it remains to be seen if similar effects are observed in an athlete population. The aetiology and pathophysiology are poorly understood but is thought to be multi-factorial. Patient reported outcome measures are commonly used to improve patient-centred outcomes (PROMs). They are essential to assess patient quality of life post-COVID infection. This paper aims to assess the effect of COVID-19 on athletes’ long-term fatigue and CFS and identify the PROMs used to characterise this. Methodology: Articles were selected for extraction based on the eligibility criteria and PRISMA guidelines. The inclusion criteria required papers to assess competitive athletes over eighteen years of age who were clinically diagnosed with COVID-19. Articles were extracted to assess different variables including type of sport, type of athlete and ethnicity. Key terms were obtained using MeSH trees and utilised with Web of Science and NCBI Pubmed. Papers were graded by quality using the Hawker quality assessment tool. Results and Discussion: Forty articles (N = 40) were identified for full-text screening (N = 8). Eight were selected for extraction based on the eligibility criteria. Data was obtained on athlete characteristics, sport characteristics, properties of PROM measurement techniques and fatigue presentation. Male athletes were found to be 10% - 50% more likely than female athletes to suffer from persistent fatigue symptoms (N = 2). Persistent fatigue was present in 9% - 10% Athletes from mixed backgrounds and genders (N = 2). Initial fatigue was documented to be between 47% - 56% (N = 2). A heterogenous range of PROMs were utilised to assess symptoms including fatigue and excluded emotional or mental fatigue. Conclusion: COVID-19 is associated with signs of persisting fatigue and potentially CFS in athlete populations. More work needs to be done to develop standardised and validated PROMs specific to CFS.

Heart Rate Variability as an Indicator of Stress in Students’ Athletes

Introduction: The wellbeing of student’s athletes has a paramount importance, a prolonged period of cognitive and physical performance that characterizes the life of student’s athletes often leads to fatigue, and a psychobiological state that increases the risk of injury and accidents. The use of Heart rate variability (HRV) has become increasingly popular as a non-invasive methodology that provides an indirect insight into the autonomic nervous system. HRV can be utilized as a diagnostic tool in detection of autonomic nervous system impairment and sympatho-vagal imbalance. HRV technology is employed to monitor the internal response of athletes to workload and identify athletes’s psychophysical stress to predict and therefore prevent injuries. Objective: The objective of the investigation is to establish whether the use of Polar H10 sensor heart rate monitors worn by athletes in a sitting position (inclination 60 degrees) during periods characterized by stress can provide a valid and non-invasive method to assess the psychophysiological state during sports competition and school exams. Method and Statistics: In the study, the HRV of 12 basketball students athletes and 4 students non-athletes was analyzed as a control group. The autonomic nervous system activity was assessed based on heart variability parameters (HRV): SDNN, rMSSD, LF, HF, and LF/HF. The measurements were made after establishing the baseline at rest, during the training phase (CT), competition phase (CC) and during the acute phase of stressors due to school exams coinciding with the competitive season (CC + E). Results: Compared to the respective values prior to the stress of the competitions and exams, a significant decrease in HRV indices was found: SDNN (P Conclusions: The analysis and examination of the data on the sample of the student population also showed a statistically significant correlation between decreased cardiac variability and injuries or indisposition to physical exertion.

Stress of the Off-Season May Be Greater for the Student-Athlete than during Competition: A Pilot Study

We assessed 16 student-athletes in their first year of college on several dimensions, including severity of psychological and physical symptoms, mental health upset, academic concerns, suicidal tendencies, depressive outlook, anxiety and tension, attention difficulties, and alcohol abuse. We assessed half during their sports’ competition season and half during their off-season. Results pointed to increased perceived stress during the down time of off season. It may be that for student-athletes, the structure of competition season offsets the stress of competition, such that when the structure is removed or lessened, perceived stress increases. Implications of these data are discussed as well as plans for developing follow-up studies.

ATHLET-SC程序的开发及适用性分析

由于超临界水堆(SCWR)在系统简化、降低成本和提高热效率上的优势,SCWR的研究在全球范围内得到广泛关注。在众多有关超临界水堆的研发工作中,开发适用于SCWR的系统分析程序是进行SCWR系统设计和安全评估的关键技术难题之一。本工作基于最佳估算系统分析程序ATHLET2.1A,增加了超临界热物性参数,开发出适用于SCWR的系统分析程序ATHLET-SC,将现有的ATH-LET程序扩展到超临界压力状态。为评估修改后的程序的适用性,建立了混合能谱超临界水堆堆芯模型,并对该模型进行了功率瞬态计算。此外,对1个简化的超临界水冷却回路进行了稳定性分析。计算结果表明:修改过的ATHLET程序(ATHLET-SC)对SCWR系统的模拟具有良好的适用性。

ATHLET程序的钠冷快堆应用扩展及其验证

系统分析程序是对钠冷快堆的冷却剂回路系统进行全局模拟、瞬态及事故安全分析的重要工具。本工作对德国核设施与反应堆安全机构(GRS)开发的轻水堆最佳估算系统程序ATHLET进行修改,增加了钠的物性公式和传热关系式,将其适用范围扩展到钠冷快堆。为验证修改过的ATHLET程序,对法国凤凰(Phenix)反应堆系统建模,并对其自然对流实验进行模拟,将计算结果与实验数据进行比较。结果显示,ATHLET程序的钠冷快堆应用扩展具有良好的适用性。

Analysis of stress fractures in athletes based on our clinical experience

AIM:To analyze stress fractures in athletes based on experience from our sports medicine clinic.METHODS:We investigated the association between stress fractures and age,sex,sports level,sports activity,and skeletal site in athletes seen at our sports medicine clinic between September 1991 and April 2009.Stress fractures of the pars interarticularis were excluded from this analysis.RESULTS:During this period(18 years and 8 mo),14276 patients(9215 males and 5061 females)consulted our clinic because of sports-related injuries,and 263 patients(1.8%)[171 males(1.9%)and 92 females(1.8%)]sustained stress fractures.The average age of the patients with stress fractures was 20.2 years(range 10-46 years);112 patients(42.6%)were 15-19 years of age and 90(34.2%)were 20-24 years of age.Altogether,90 patients(34.2%)were active at a high recreational level and 173(65.8%)at a competitive level.The highest proportion of stress fractures was seen in basketball athletes(21.3%),followed by baseball(13.7%),track and field(11.4%),rowing(9.5%),soccer(8.4%),aerobics(5.3%),and classical ballet(4.9%).The most common sites of stress fractures in these patients were the tibia(44.1%),followed by the rib(14.1%),metatarsal bone(12.9%),ulnar olecranon(8.7%)and pelvis(8.4%).The sites of the stress fractures varied from sport to sport.The ulnar olecranon was the most common stress fracture site in baseball players,and the rib was the most common in rowers.Basketball and classical ballet athletes predominantly sustained stress fractures of the tibia and metatarsal bone.Track and field and soccer athletes predominantly sustained stress fractures of the tibia and pubic bone.Aerobics athletes predominantly sustained stress fractures of the tibia.Middle and long distance female runners who sustained multiple stress fractures had the female athlete triad.CONCLUSION:The results of this analysis showed that stress fractures were seen in high-level young athletes,with similar proportions for males and females,and that particular sports were associated with specific sites for stress fractures.Middle and long distance female runners who suffered from multiple stress fractures had the female athlete triad.

Visual efficiency among teenaged athletes and non-athletes

AIM：To compare visual efficiency,specifically accommodation,vergence,and oculomotor functions among athletes and non-athletes.METHODS：A cross-sectional study on sports vision screening was used to evaluate the visual skills of 214elementary students（107 athletes,107 non-athletes）,aged between 13 and 16y.The visual screening assessed visual parameters such as ocular motor alignment,accommodation,and vergence functions.RESULTS：Mean visual parameters were compared between age-group matched athletes（mean age14.82±0.98y）and non-athletes（mean age 15.00±1.04y）.The refractive errors of all participants were corrected to maximal attainable best corrected visual acuity of log MAR0.0.Accommodation function assessment evaluated amplitude of accommodation and accommodation facility.Vergence functions measured the near point of convergence,vergence facility,and distance fusional vergence at break and recovery point.Ocular motor alignment was not statistically significant between both groups.Athletes had a statistically significant amplitude of accommodation for both the right eye（t=2.30,P=0.02）and the left eye（t=1.99,P=0.05）.Conversely,non-athletes had better accommodation facility（t=-2.54,P=0.01）and nearpoint of convergence（t=4.39,P〈0.001）when compared to athletes.Vergence facility was found to be better among athletes（t=2.47,P=0.01）.Nevertheless,non-athletes were significantly better for both distance negative and positive fusional vergence.CONCLUSION：Although the findings are still inconclusive as to whether athletes had superior visual skills as compared to non-athletes,it remains important to identify and elucidate the key visual skills needed by athletes in order for them to achieve higher performance in their sports.

Longitudinal trajectories of athlete burnout among young table tennis players: A 3-wave study

Purpose:The purposes of this study were to examine the trajectories of athlete burnout across a 2-month period characterized by high physical,psychological,and social demands to explore(1)whether several subgroups of athletes representing distinct burnout trajectories emerged from the analyses and(2)whether athlete burnout symptoms(reduced accomplishment,sport devaluation,and exhaustion)developed in tandem or whether some burnout dimensions predicted downstream changes in other dimensions(causal ordering model).Methods:One hundred and fifty-nine table tennis players in intensive training centers completed a self-reported athlete burnout measure across 3 time points within a 2-month period characterized by high demands.Data were analyzed through latent class growth analysis.Results:Results of latent class growth analysis showed 3 distinct trajectories for each athlete burnout dimension,indicating not only linear or quadratic change but also stability in longitudinal athlete burnout perceptions.Results also suggested that the 3 dimensions of athlete burnout did not develop in tandem.Rather,the likelihood of belonging to particular emerging trajectories of sport devaluation and physical/emotional exhaustion was significantly influenced by the athletes’perception of reduced accomplishment assessed at Time 1.Thus,reduced accomplishment predicted downstream changes in the 2 other athlete burnout dimensions.Conclusion:As a whole,these results highlighted that the multinomial heterogeneity in longitudinal athlete burnout symptoms needs to be accounted for in future research.

ATHLET程序及其在低温供热堆中的应用

ATHLET程序是德国核设施安全评审中心GRS开发的一个重要的反应堆热工水力学分析程序。它可分析除堆芯熔化事故之外的其他设计基准事故 ,可应用于美欧传统和先进的压水堆和沸水堆 ,原苏联设计的压水堆 (VVER)和石墨水冷堆 (RBMK) ,以及加拿大的CANDU堆等反应堆系统的热工分析。介绍了微机版ATHLET程序 ,并用它对 5MW低温供热堆自然循环稳态运行工况进行了计算 。

Management and prevention of acute and chronic lateral ankle instability in athletic patient populations

Acute and chronic lateral ankle instability are common in high-demand patient populations. If not managed appropriately, patients may experience recurrent instability, chronic pain, osteochondral lesions of the talus, premature osteoarthritis, and other significantlong-term disability. Certain populations, including young athletes, military personnel and those involved in frequent running, jumping, and cutting motions, are at increased risk. Proposed risk factors include prior ankle sprain, elevated body weight or body mass index, female gender, neuromuscular deficits, postural imbalance, foot/ankle malalignment, and exposure to at-risk athletic activity. Prompt, accurate diagnosis is crucial, and evidence-based, functional rehabilitation regimens have a proven track record in returning active patients to work and sport. When patients fail to improve with physical therapy and external bracing, multiple surgical techniques have been described with reliable results, including both anatomic and nonanatomic reconstructive methods. Anatomic repair of the lateral ligamentous complex remains the gold standard for recurrent ankle instability, and it effectively restores native ankle anatomy and joint kinematics while preserving physiologic ankle and subtalar motion. Further preventative measures may minimize the risk of ankle instability in athletic cohorts, including prophylactic bracing and combined neuromuscular and proprioceptive training programs. These interventions have demonstrated benefit in patients at heightened risk for lateral ankle sprain and allow active cohorts to return to full activity without adversely affecting athletic performance.

Application of Serum CK and BUN Determination in Monitoring Pre-Competition Training of Badminton Athletes

In order to investigate the feasibility of serum creatine kinase （CK） and blood urea nitrogen （BUN） in monitoring pre-competition training of badminton athletes, the pre-competition training load of 20 badminton athletes was studied, and serum CK and BUN were determined before, immediate and next morning after training. The results showed that after intensive training for one week, serum CK levels were significantly increased by 57.53 mmol/L （P〈0.05）. After regulation of the training intensity, average serum CK levels were increased by 21.79 mmol/L （P〈0.05）. BUN contents were increased by 0.83 mmol/L on average with the difference being not significant （P〉0.05）. After intermittent training, there was significant difference in the average increased levels of serum CK in athletes （P〈0.05）. There was significant difference before and after regulation of training （P〈0.05）. The increased levels of BUN were 0.78 mmol/L without significant difference （P〉0.05）. It was concluded that serum CK was one of the biochemical indicators monitoring the training load sensitivity of badminton athletes, but BUN was of little value in monitoring the training load. Both serum CK and BUN recovered slowly after one-week intensive training and intermittent training, suggesting the metabolic mechanism of human body in training needs further study.