Inhibiting NF-κB increases cholesterol efflux from THP-1 derived-foam cells treated with AngⅡ via up-regulating the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1

Objective： To study the role of nuclear factor-kappa B（NF- κB） in cholesterol efflux from THP-1 derived-foam cells treated with Angiotensin Ⅱ（Ang Ⅱ ）. Methods：Cultured THP-1 derived-foam cells were treated with Ang Ⅱ or preincubated with tosyl-phenylalanine chloromethyl-ketone（TPCK） NF- κB inhibitor. The levels of activated NF- κB in the cells were examined by sandwich ELISA, Cellular cholesterol content was studied by electron microscopy scanning and zymochemistry via fluorospectrophotometer and cholesterol effiux was detected by scintillation counting technique. ABCA1 mRNA and protein were quantified by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results：Addition of TPCK to the cells before Ang Ⅱ stimulation attenuated the response of NF- κB p65 nuclear translocation induced by Ang Ⅱ and showed no peak in foam cells group and caused a reduction in cholesterol content and an increase in cholesterol efflux by 24.1%（P〈 0.05） and 41.1%（P〈 0.05） respectively, when compared with Ang Ⅱ group. In accordance, the ABCA1 mRNA and protein were increased by 30% and 19%（P 〈 0.05） respectively, when compared with Ang Ⅱ group. Conclusion：Ang Ⅱ can downregulate ABCA1 in THP-1 derived-foam cells via NF- K B, which leads to less cholesterol effiux and the increase of cholesterol content with the consequence of the promotion of atherosclerosis.

Crosslink among cyclin-dependent kinase 9,ATP binding cassette transporter G2 and Beclin 1 in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer(CRC)ranks third in the number of cancers mainly because of the inability to diagnose it at an early stage.The pathogenesis of CRC is complicated,which is the result of the complex interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors.Currently,one of the main treatments for CRC is chemotherapy.But the primary cause of CRC treatment failure is drug resistance.The expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 9(CDK9)was correlated with elevated autophagy levels in colon cancer,and high expression of CDK9 indicates a poor prognosis in CRC.The incidence of autophagy and the expressions of Beclin 1 and ATP binding cassette transporter G2 are different in left and right colon cancer,and autophagy may be involved in the occurrence of chemotherapy resistance.In this article,the roles of CDK9,ATP binding cassette transporter G2 and Beclin 1 in CRC were elucidated,emphasizing the linkages among them and providing potential therapeutic targets of CRC.

ATP-binding cassette transporters in progression and clinical outcome of pancreatic cancer: what is the way forward?

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC) is one of the most aggressive diseases and is characterized by high chemoresistance, leading to the lack of effective therapeutic approaches and grim prognosis. Despite increasing understanding of the mechanisms of chemoresistance in cancer and the role of ATPbinding cassette(ABC) transporters in this resistance, the therapeutic potential of their pharmacological inhibition has not been successfully exploited yet. In spite of the discovery of potent pharmacological modulators of ABC transporters, the results obtained in clinical trials have been so far disappointing, with high toxicity levels impairing their successful administration to the patients. Critically, although ABC transporters have been mostly studied for their involvement in development of multidrug resistance(MDR), in recent years the contribution of ABC transporters to cancer initiation and progression has emerged as an important area of research, the understanding of which could significantly influence the development of more specific and efficient therapies. In this review, we explore the role of ABC transporters in the development and progression of malignancies, with focus on PDAC. Their established involvement in development of MDR will be also presented. Moreover, an emerging role for ABC transporters as prognostic tools for patients' survival will be discussed, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of ABC transporters in cancer therapy.

ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) and subfamily C member 10(ABCC1O) are not primary resistance factors for cabazitaxel

Introduction:ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1(ABCB1) and subfamily C member 10(ABCCIO) proteins are efflux transporters that couple the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to the translocation of toxic substances and chemotherapeutic drugs out of cells.Cabazitaxel is a novel taxane that differs from paclitaxel by its lower affinity for ATP-binding cassette(ABC) transporters.Methods:We determined the effects of cabazitaxel,a novel tubulin-binding taxane,and paclitaxel on paclitaxelresistant,ABCB1-overexpressing KB-C2 and LLC-MDR1-WT cells and paclitaxel-resistant,ABCC10-overexpressing HEK293/ABCC10 cells by calculating the degree of drug resistance and measuring ATPase activity of the ABCB1 transporter.Results:Decreased resistance to cabazitaxel compared with paclitaxel was observed in KB-C2,LLC-MDR1-WT,and HEK293/ABCC10 cells.Moreover,cabazitaxel had low efficacy,whereas paclitaxel had high efficacy in stimulating the ATPase activity of ABCB1,indicating a direct interaction of both drugs with the transporter.Conclusion:ABCB1 and ABCC10 are not primary resistance factors for cabazitaxel compared with paclitaxel,suggesting that cabazitaxel may have a low affinity for these efflux transporters.

ZBM30 suppresses atherosclerosis through up-regulating ATP-binding cassette A1 and G1

Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a novel compound ZBM30 on atherosclerosis in ApoE- deficient mice and its associated mechanism. ApoE-deficient mice （6 weeks old）, fed an atherogenic high-fat and high cholesterol diet for 8 weeks, were divided into three groups. Two groups were orally administrated ZBM30 （10, 30 nag ~ kg-1） daily for 12 weeks, while the control group was administered saline. Atherosclerotic lesions with en face aortas were evaluated by Sudan IV staining, and lesion areas in aortic sinuses were evaluated by oil red O staining. Necrotic core areas and fibrous cap areas in the lesion were evaluated by henaatoxylin and eosin （HE） staining and Masson＇ s trichronae staining in the aorta sinuses. The effects of ZBM30 on cholesterol accumulation in naacrophages and cholesterol transporters： ATP binding cassette A1 （ABCA1） and ATP binding cassette G1 （AB- CG1） were evaluated by oil red O assay, 3H-cholesterol efflux assay, Western blot, and real-time PCR on macro- phage cell lines： Raw 264.7 and THP-1. Inanauno-fluoresces was used to determine the ABCA1 expression in naac- rophage in aorta sinuses. Luciferase reporters of wild type and mutant types of ABCA1 promoter were constructed to determine the regulatory domain of ZBM30 on ABCA1 promoter. Results showed that, compared with the control group, en face lesions in ZBM30 group （ 10, 30 mg · kg^-1 ） were reduced 54.96 ± 10.06% and 71.50 ± 15.37% respectively, and aorta sinus lesions were reduced 41.85 ± 11.21% and 82.23 ± 8.25% respectively. Necrotic core areas in the ZBM30 group were markedly reduced and fibrous cap areas were not changed. Oil red O staining and 3 H-cholesterol efflux assays on Raw 264.7 cell line revealed that ZBM30 significantly attenuated the cholesterol accumulation in naacrophages by enhancing apolipoprotein AI and HDL mediated cholesterol efflux. Furthermore, ZBM30 induced the protein and naRNA expression of cholesterol transporters such as ABCA1 and ABCG1. Inanauno- fluoresces experiment revealed that ZBM30 induced the ABCA1 expression in naacrophage in the lesion, which is consistent with the results in vitro. Luciferase reporter assay revealed that ZBM30 exerted its effect on ABCA1 via liver X receptor （LXR） binding domain. In conclusion, ZBM30 suppresses atherosclerosis through up-regulating cholesterol efflux via ABCA1 and ABCG1 transporters in ApoE-deficient mice.

Novel understanding of ABC transporters ABCB1/MDR/P-glycoprotein, ABCC2/MRP2, and ABCG2/BCRP in colorectal pathophysiology

AIM: To evaluate ATP-binding cassette(ABC) transporters in colonic pathophysiology as they had recently been related to colorectal cancer(CRC) development. METHODS: Literature search was conducted on Pub Med using combinations of the following terms: ABC transporters, ATP binding cassette transporter proteins, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative, colitis, Crohns disease, colorectal cancer, colitis, intestinal inflammation, intestinal carcinogenesis, ABCB1/P-glycoprotein(P-gp/CD243/MDR1), ABCC2/multidrug resistance protein 2(MRP2) and ABCG2/breast cancer resistance protein(BCRP), Abcb1/Mdr1 a, abcc2/Mrp2, abcg2/Bcrp, knock-out mice, tight junction, membrane lipid function. RESULTS: Recently, human studies reported thatchanges in the levels of ABC transporters were early events in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence leading to CRC. A link between ABCB1, high fat diet and gut microbes in relation to colitis was suggested by the animal studies. The finding that colitis was preceded by altered gut bacterial composition suggests that deletion of Abcb1 leads to fundamental changes of hostmicrobiota interaction. Also, high fat diet increases the frequency and severity of colitis in specific pathogenfree Abcb1 KO mice. The Abcb1 KO mice might thus serve as a model in which diet/environmental factors and microbes may be controlled and investigated in relation to intestinal inflammation. Potential molecular mechanisms include defective transport of inflammatory mediators and/or phospholipid translocation from one side to the other of the cell membrane lipid bilayer by ABC transporters affecting inflammatory response and/or function of tight junctions, phagocytosis and vesicle trafficking. Also, diet and microbes give rise to molecules which are potential substrates for the ABC transporters and which may additionally affect ABC transporter function through nuclear receptors and transcriptional regulation. Another critical role of ABCB1 was suggested by the finding that ABCB1 expression identifies a subpopulation of pro-inflammatory Th17 cells which were resistant to treatment with glucocorticoids. The evidence for the involvement of ABCC2 and ABCG2 in colonic pathophysiology was weak. CONCLUSION: ABCB1, diet, and gut microbes mutually interact in colonic inflammation, a well-known risk factor for CRC. Further insight may be translated into preventive and treatment strategies.

补骨脂酚通过抑制ERK1/2磷酸化并上调ABCA1表达减少巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞形成

[目的]探讨补骨脂酚(BAK)对巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞脂质蓄积的影响及机制。[方法]MTT筛选BAK对泡沫细胞药物毒性浓度;油红O染色、NBD胆固醇、Dil-ox-LDL检测泡沫细胞内脂质蓄积情况;使用RT-qPCR和Western blot检测mRNA和蛋白表达。[结果]BAK可以促进胆固醇流出并减少泡沫细胞内脂质蓄积。BAK可以上调三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)的mRNA和蛋白表达水平,同时可下调细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)磷酸化水平。使用ERK1/2激动剂Ro 67-7476处理发现,与BAK处理组相比,加入Ro 67-7476处理后ABCA1蛋白表达下降。[结论]BAK通过抑制ERK1/2的磷酸化,上调ABCA1的表达并促进胆固醇的流出,减少泡沫细胞中的脂质蓄积,从而抑制泡沫细胞的形成。

YTHDC1介导ABCB6上调诱导AD小鼠神经元细胞铁死亡促进认知功能障碍机制的实验研究

目的研究ATP结合盒B亚家族转运蛋白6(ATP-binding cassette subfamily B transporter 6,ABCB6)对阿尔兹海默症(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)小鼠认知功能障碍的影响及其可能的潜在调控分子机制。方法通过注射β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloidβ-protein,Aβ)构建体内AD小鼠模型;采用水迷宫测试和Y迷宫测试评估大鼠学习与记忆能力、空间探索能力。通过神经元HT22细胞和Aβ构建体外AD细胞模型;采用RNA免疫沉淀(RNA immunoprecipitation,RIP)分析YTH结构域包含蛋白1(YTH domain containing proteins 1,YTHDC1)与ABCB6的结合关系;实时定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)检测过表达和敲低转染效率;Western blot检测YTHDC1和ABCB6蛋白,以及铁死亡相关蛋白[溶质载体家族7成员11(solute carrier family 7 member 11,SLC7A11)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)]表达水平;CCK-8检测细胞活力;检测丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平及Fe^(2+)含量。结果AD小鼠海马组织及Aβ诱导的HT22细胞中ABCB6 mRNA(3.51±0.17 vs 1.02±0.01,3.45±0.21 vs 1.02±0.01)和蛋白(3.25±0.14 vs 1.01±0.01,3.14±0.16vs 1.01±0.01)水平均显著上调,差异具有统计学意义(t=-46.238,-20.349;-50.468,-23.013,均P<0.001)。敲低ABCB6显著降低AD小鼠抵达平台的时间、到达平台距离,增加小鼠自发交替率和进入新异臂次数的比值(t=27.007,11.264,24.414,19.901,均P<0.001)。敲低ABCB6促进HT22细胞增殖,抑制Aβ诱导的MDA,Fe^(2+)水平上调和GSH水平下调,减少ROS生成,促进SLC7A11和GPX4蛋白表达(t=2.883~26.122,均P<0.05)。YTHDC1蛋白通过与ABCB6 mRNA结合促进其稳定性,上调ABCB6蛋白表达。敲低YTHDC1显著降低ABCB6蛋白水平(t=18.504,P<0.001),促进HT22细胞增殖,升高GSH含量及SLC7A11和GPX4蛋白水平,降低MDA和Fe^(2+)含量,抑制ROS生成(t=4.404~14.486,均P<0.05)。敲低YTHDC1可以改善AD小鼠学习与记忆能力和空间探索能力。过表达ABCB6可逆转敲低YTHDC1对HT22细胞铁死亡和AD小鼠认知功能障碍的影响。结论YTHDC1可能通过介导ABCB6上调,诱导神经元细胞铁死亡,进而促进AD小鼠的认知功能障碍发生。

High-density lipoprotein and atherosclerosis: Roles of lipid transporters

Various previous studies have found a negative cor-relation between the risk of cardiovascular events and serum high-density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol levels. The reverse cholesterol transport, a pathway of choles-terol from peripheral tissue to liver which has several potent antiatherogenic properties. For instance, the particles of HDL mediate to transport cholesterol from cells in arterial tissues, particularly from atherosclerotic plaques, to the liver. Both ATP-binding cassette trans-porters(ABC) A1 and ABCG1 are membrane cholesterol transporters and have been implicated in mediating cholesterol effluxes from cells in the presence of HDL and apolipoprotein A-I, a major protein constituent of HDL. Previous studies demonstrated that ABCA1 and ABCG1 or the interaction between ABCA1 and ABCG1 exerted antiatherosclerotic effects. As a therapeutic approach for increasing HDL cholesterol levels, much focus has been placed on increasing HDL cholesterol levels as well as enhancing HDL biochemical functions. HDL therapies that use injections of reconstituted HDL, apoA-I mimetics, or full-length apoA-I have shown dramatic effectiveness. In particular, a novel apoA-I mi-metic peptide, Fukuoka University ApoA-I Mimetic Pep-tide, effectively removes cholesterol via specific ABCA1 and other transporters, such as ABCG1, and has an an-tiatherosclerotic effect by enhancing the biological func-tions of HDL without changing circulating HDL choles-terol levels. Thus, HDL-targeting therapy has significant atheroprotective potential, as it uses lipid transporter-targeting agents, and may prove to be a therapeutic tool for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.

ATP-binding cassette transporter enhances tolerance to DDT in Tetrahymena

The reuse of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT) as an indoor residual spray was permitted by the World Health Organization in 2007, and approximately 14 countries still use DDT to control disease vectors. The extensive exposure of insects to DDT has resulted in the emergence of DDT resistance, especially in mosquitoes, and the mechanism for this resistance in mosquitoes has been widely reported. Spraying can also introduce DDT directly into surface water, and DDT can subsequently accumulate in microorganisms, but the mechanism for the resistance to DDT degradation in microorganisms is unclear. Using whole-genome microarray analysis, we detected an abcb15 gene that was up-regulated in a specific manner by DDT treatment in T. thermophile. The deduced ABCB15 peptide sequence had two transmembrane domains(TMDs) and two nucleotide-binding domains(NBDs) to form the structure TMD-NBD-TMD-NBD, and each NBD contained three conserved motifs: Walker-A, C-loop, and Walker-B, which indicated the T. thermophila abcb15 was a typical ABC transporter gene. The expression of ABCB15 fused with a C-terminal green fluorescent protein was found to be on the periphery of the cell, suggesting that ABCB15 was a membrane pump protein. In addition, cells with abcb15 partially knocked down(abcb15-KD) grew slower than wild-type cells in the presence of 256 mg L-1 DDT, indicating the tolerance of abcb15-KD strain to DDT exposure was decreased. Thus, we suggest that in Tetrahymena, the membrane pump protein encoded by ABCT gene abcb15 can enhance the tolerance to DDT and protect cells from this exogenous toxin by efficiently pumping it to the extracellular space.

ABC efflux transporters at blood-central nervous system barriers and their implications for treating spinal cord disorders

The barriers present in the interfaces between the blood and the central nervous system form a major hurdle for the pharmacological treatment of central nervous system injuries and diseases.The family of ATP-binding cassette(ABC)transporters has been widely studied regarding efflux of medications at blood-central nervous system barriers.These efflux transporters include P-glycoprotein(abcb1),‘breast cancer resistance protein'(abcg2)and the various‘multidrug resistance-associated proteins'(abccs).Understanding which efflux transporters are present at the blood-spinal cord,blood-cerebrospinal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid-spinal cord barriers is necessary to determine their involvement in limiting drug transfer from blood to the spinal cord tissue.Recent developments in the blood-brain barrier field have shown that barrier systems are dynamic and the profile of barrier defenses can alter due to conditions such as age,disease and environmental challenge.This means that a true understanding of ABC efflux transporter expression and localization should not be one static value but instead a range that represents the complex patient subpopulations that exist.In the present review,the blood-central nervous system barrier literature is discussed with a focus on the impact of ABC efflux transporters on:(i)protecting the spinal cord from adverse effects of systemically directed drugs,and(ii)limiting centrally directed drugs from accessing their active sites within the spinal cord.

Drug-transporter interaction testing in drug discovery and development

The human body consists of several physiological barriers that express a number of membrane transporters. For an orally absorbed drug the intestinal, hepatic, renal and blood-brain barriers are of the greatest importance. The ATP-binding cassette(ABC) transporters that mediate cellular efflux and the solute carrier transporters that mostly mediate cellular uptake are the two superfamilies responsible for membrane transport of vast majority of drugs and drug metabolites. The total number of human transporters in the two superfamilies exceeds 400, and about 40-50 transporters have been characterized for drug transport. The latest Food and Drug Administration guidance focuses on P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein, organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1(OATP1B1), OATP1B3, organic cation transporter 2(OCT2), and organic anion transporters 1(OAT1) and OAT3. The European Medicines Agency's shortlist additionally contains the bile salt export pump, OCT1, and the multidrug and toxin extrusion transporters, multidrug and toxin ex-trusion protein 1(MATE1) and MATE2/MATE2 K. A variety of transporter assays are available to test drugtransporter interactions, transporter-mediated drugdrug interactions, and transporter-mediated toxicity. The drug binding site of ABC transporters is accessible from the cytoplasm or the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Therefore, vesicular transport assays utilizing inside-out vesicles are commonly used assays, where the directionality of transport results in drugs being transported into the vesicle. Monolayer assays utilizing polarized cells expressing efflux transporters are the test systems suggested by regulatory agencies. However, in some monolayers, uptake transporters must be coexpressed with efflux transporters to assure detectable transport of low passive permeability drugs. For uptake transporters mediating cellular drug uptake, utilization of stable transfectants have been suggested. In vivo animal models complete the testing battery. Some issues, such as in vivo relevance, gender difference, age and ontogeny issues can only be addressed using in vivo models. Transporter specificity is provided by using knock-out or mutant models. Alternatively, chemical knock-outs can be employed. Compensatory changes are less likely when using chemical knockouts. On the other hand, specific inhibitors for some uptake transporters are not available, limiting the options to genetic knock-outs.

How to overcome ATP-binding cassette drug efflux transporter-mediated drug resistance?

P-glycoprotein(ABCB1),multidrug resistance protein-1(ABCC1)and breast cancer resistance protein(ABCG2)belong to the ATP-binding cassette(ABC)superfamily of proteins that play an important physiological role in protection of the body from toxic xenobiotics and endogenous metabolites.Beyond this,these transporters determine the toxicity profile of many drugs,and confer multidrug resistance(MDR)in cancer cells associated with a poor treatment outcome of cancer patients.It has long been hypothesized that inhibition of ABC drug efflux transporters will increase drug accumulation and thereby overcome MDR,but until now no approved inhibitor of these transporters is available in the clinic.In this review we present molecular strategies to overcome this type of drug resistance and discuss for each of these strategies their promising value or indicate underlying reasons for their limited success.

ATP结合盒转运蛋白B1与羧酸酯酶1基因多态性对达比加群酯药物谷浓度的影响

目的探讨ATP结合盒转运蛋白B1(ABCB1)及羧酸酯酶1(CES1)基因多态性与服用达比加群酯的患者药物谷浓度的相关性。方法选取2018年3月-2021年11月在福州某医院诊断为非瓣膜性房颤的69例患者作为研究对象。检测患者ABCB1及CES1的单核苷酸多态性位点以及基因型,采用抗Ⅱa因子显色法测定患者服用达比加群酯后药物的谷浓度,分析ABCB1及CES1基因多态性与谷浓度的相关性,进一步研究相关位点对谷浓度达标的影响。结果本研究共发现11个单核苷酸多态性位点,且ABCB1 rs2235013与ABCB1 rs2235033处于连锁不平衡状态(D’=0.96,r2=0.82)。但ABCB1基因多态性对达比加群谷浓度无显著影响(P>0.05)。CES1 rs2302719突变型(TG,GG)患者的达比加群谷浓度高于野生型(TT)(51.98±8.06 vs 42.44±3.88,57.71±9.06 vs 42.44±3.88),并且CES1 rs2302719突变型(TG,GG)是患者谷浓度达标的保护因素,结果具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论ABCB1基因多态性对达比加群谷浓度的影响还需进一步探索。CES1 rs2302719次要等位基因(G)可增加达比加群谷浓度,并且不良反应的发生率可能更低。

X连锁肾上腺脑白质营养不良1家系报告并文献复习

目的分析1例X连锁肾上腺脑白质营养不良(X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy,X-ALD)患者家系中发现的ATP结合盒超家族D亚家族1(ABCD1)基因突变位点,结合患者家系临床资料及相关文献,探讨X-ALD的诊断、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析2021年11月就诊我院神经内科的1例X-ALD患者的临床资料及其家系情况,并检索国内外相关文献进行复习讨论。结果患者主要表现为皮肤发黑、头晕头痛、全身不适、乏力、疲惫、低血压、食欲减退、睡眠欠佳等肾上腺皮质功能减退症状及双下肢轻瘫的神经系统异常。其父母、一兄一姐、其兄之子及其姐之子均未见相关临床表现。患者颅脑及脊髓MRI检查未见异常,基因检测示患者ABCD1基因存在一处半合子突变(c.1628C>T),其母ABCD1基因存在杂合突变,其父ABCD1基因未见异常。结论X-ALD存在多种类型,可出现肾上腺皮质功能减退及中枢神经系统异常症状,本例X-ALD患者为肾上腺脊髓神经病型,ABCD1基因第6号外显子的1处突变(c.1628C>T:p.P543L)为本患者致病原因,MRI在X-ALD的诊断中或无决定性作用。

Overexpression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein increases the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters in microvascular endothelial cells(bEnd.3)

Objective:To determine the effect of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein(StAR) overexpression on the levels of adenosine triphosphate(ATP)-binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1) and ATP-binding cassette transporter G1(ABCG1) in an endothelial cell line(bEnd.3).Methods:The StAR gene was induced in bEnd.3 cells with adenovirus infection.The infection efficiency was detected by fluorescence activated cell sorter(FACS) and fluorescence microscopy.The expressions of StAR gene and protein levels were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and Western blot.The gene and protein levels of ABCA1 and ABCG1 were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot after StAR overexpression.Results:The result shows that StAR was successfully overexpressed in bEnd.3 cells by adenovirus infection.The mRNA and protein expressions of ABCA1 and ABCG1 were greatly increased by StAR overexpression in bEnd.3 cells.Conclusion:Overexpression of StAR increases ABCA1 and ABCG1 expressions in endothelial cells.

靶向肝X受体对PD-1单抗治疗原发性肝癌的增敏作用

目的:探索原发性肝癌中肝脏X受体(LXR)与程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)表达的相关性;明确LXR激动剂(T09)对于PD-1单抗治疗的影响。方法:采用生物信息分析方法分析肝癌中LXR及其下游关键基因ATP结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)表达和PD-L1表达的相关性。采用免疫组化染色在肝癌组织样本中验证LXR和PD-L1蛋白水平表达的相关性。采用慢病毒介导的RNA干扰技术分析肝癌细胞中LXR沉默对PD-L1蛋白水平表达的影响。建立免疫健全小鼠C57BL/6小鼠Hepa1-6肝癌原位瘤移植模型,分别给予T09和(或)PD-1单抗治疗,测量干预3周后的各组皮下瘤体积。结果:生物信息结果显示,LXR(r=0.20,P=0.021)及其下游关键基因ABCA1(r=0.12,P<0.001)表达和PD-L1表达呈正相关。免疫组化结果显示,高表达LXR的患者往往合并PD-L1高表达,两者表达具有相关性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。通过慢病毒介导的RNA干扰技术敲低了肝癌细胞系中LXR的表达后,PD-L1的表达水平亦显著下调。动物实验显示与对照组、T09组、PD-1单抗组相比,T09+PD-1单抗组小鼠皮下瘤体积显著减小(P<0.001)。结论:肝癌中LXR表达与PD-L1表达具有显著相关性,LXR激动剂可以显著增加PD-1单抗治疗肝癌的敏感性。

Protective Effect of Irbesartan on ATP Binding Cassette Transporter A1 in THP-1 Derived Macrophages

Objectives To explore the protective effect of irbesartan （lrb） under the interference with angiotensin II （Ang II） on ABCA1. Methods Electron microscopy was used to detect the morphous of foam cells. The expression of ABCA1 mRNA and its protein were determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The variance of cellular cholesterol content was measured by zymochemistry via-fluorospeetrophotometer. Results A positive facilitative effect of Ang II on the formation of foam cells was observed. Total cholesterol was increased significantly by Ang II, the expression of ABCA1 was down-regulated obviously by Ang II; Irb could protect ABCA1 against the lesion of Ang II; Total cellular cholesterol content was reduced significantly in Irb ＋ Ang II group; However, considerable alteration about the cholesterol content and the expression of ABCA1 were not observed in Irb group without incubation with Ang II. Conclusions Irb could protect ABCA1 against the lesion of Ang II, which may contribute to its anti-atherosclerotic properties. （ S Chin J Cardiol 2009; 10（4） ： 227 -233）

Efficacy of Shoushen granule on adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter A1, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway in ApoE-knockout mice

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of Shoushen granule, prepared with four Chinese medicinals, on the targeted regulation of adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1) through proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9(PCSK9) and toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB) signaling pathway to affect atherosclerosis(AS) in ApoE-knockout(ApoE-/-) mice.METHODS: ApoE-/-mice fed with a high-fat diet were used for AS modeling and divided into Model,Shoushen, and Atorvastatin groups. C57 BL/6 J mice at the same age and background strain were included in the Control group. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to measure ABCA1, PCSK9, TLR4, and NF-κB protein expression in mouse aortas. Enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay was used to measure mouse serum tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-10(IL-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1), and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) expression. Serum lipid profiles and histopathology were also assessed. Shoushen granule were composed of Heshouwu(Radix Polygoni Multiflori) 15 g, Gouqizi(Fructus Lycii) 15 g, Sheng shanzha(Raw Fructus Crataegus Pinnatifidae) 10 g, and Sanqi(Radix Notoginseng) 3 g.RESULTS: ApoE-/-mice fed with a high-fat diet had notable AS lesions, with reduced ABCA1 and IL-10 levels, elevated PCSK9, TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α, MCP-1,and ICAM-1 expression, and increased total cholesterol(TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) contents. With drug interventions, the areas of AS plaques were significantly reduced,the ABCA1 and IL-10 levels were increase, while the PCSK9, TLR4, NF-κB, TC, and LDL-C contents,and the TNF-α, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 expression were reduced.CONCLUSION: Shoushen granule effectively interfered with AS development by antagonizing the expression of key factors of the PCSK9 and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway to upregulate ABCA1 expression.

ABCA1基因多态性与冠心病相关性研究

为了探讨ATPBindingCassetteTransporter1(ABCA1)基因R219K多态在中国汉族人群中的分布及其与冠心病(coronaryheartdisease,CHD)的关系,采用PCRRFLP方法,对396例CHD患者和417名正常人ABCA1基因R219K多态位点进行分析。结果表明,对照组R219K多态K等位基因及KK基因型的频率(0.465、0.228)较CHD组(0.381、0.162)显著增高(P<0.05);根据发病年龄分组,早发CHD组K等位基因及KK基因型频率(0.34、0.111)明显低于晚发CHD组(0.419、0.205)和对照组(P<0.05),而在对照组和晚发CHD组间无此频率差异显著性(P>0.05);KK基因型患者血浆甘油三酯(TG)水平较RR基因型显著降低(P<0.05);不同基因型患者间血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDLC)水平差异无显著性(P>0.05)。提示ABCA1基因R219K多态与CHD存在相关性;KK基因型可能具有对抗动脉粥样硬化的作用,但这种作用不伴有血浆HDLC水平的改变。