Inhibiting NF-κB increases cholesterol efflux from THP-1 derived-foam cells treated with AngⅡ via up-regulating the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1

Objective： To study the role of nuclear factor-kappa B（NF- κB） in cholesterol efflux from THP-1 derived-foam cells treated with Angiotensin Ⅱ（Ang Ⅱ ）. Methods：Cultured THP-1 derived-foam cells were treated with Ang Ⅱ or preincubated with tosyl-phenylalanine chloromethyl-ketone（TPCK） NF- κB inhibitor. The levels of activated NF- κB in the cells were examined by sandwich ELISA, Cellular cholesterol content was studied by electron microscopy scanning and zymochemistry via fluorospectrophotometer and cholesterol effiux was detected by scintillation counting technique. ABCA1 mRNA and protein were quantified by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results：Addition of TPCK to the cells before Ang Ⅱ stimulation attenuated the response of NF- κB p65 nuclear translocation induced by Ang Ⅱ and showed no peak in foam cells group and caused a reduction in cholesterol content and an increase in cholesterol efflux by 24.1%（P〈 0.05） and 41.1%（P〈 0.05） respectively, when compared with Ang Ⅱ group. In accordance, the ABCA1 mRNA and protein were increased by 30% and 19%（P 〈 0.05） respectively, when compared with Ang Ⅱ group. Conclusion：Ang Ⅱ can downregulate ABCA1 in THP-1 derived-foam cells via NF- K B, which leads to less cholesterol effiux and the increase of cholesterol content with the consequence of the promotion of atherosclerosis.

ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) and subfamily C member 10(ABCC1O) are not primary resistance factors for cabazitaxel

Introduction:ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1(ABCB1) and subfamily C member 10(ABCCIO) proteins are efflux transporters that couple the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to the translocation of toxic substances and chemotherapeutic drugs out of cells.Cabazitaxel is a novel taxane that differs from paclitaxel by its lower affinity for ATP-binding cassette(ABC) transporters.Methods:We determined the effects of cabazitaxel,a novel tubulin-binding taxane,and paclitaxel on paclitaxelresistant,ABCB1-overexpressing KB-C2 and LLC-MDR1-WT cells and paclitaxel-resistant,ABCC10-overexpressing HEK293/ABCC10 cells by calculating the degree of drug resistance and measuring ATPase activity of the ABCB1 transporter.Results:Decreased resistance to cabazitaxel compared with paclitaxel was observed in KB-C2,LLC-MDR1-WT,and HEK293/ABCC10 cells.Moreover,cabazitaxel had low efficacy,whereas paclitaxel had high efficacy in stimulating the ATPase activity of ABCB1,indicating a direct interaction of both drugs with the transporter.Conclusion:ABCB1 and ABCC10 are not primary resistance factors for cabazitaxel compared with paclitaxel,suggesting that cabazitaxel may have a low affinity for these efflux transporters.

High-density lipoprotein and atherosclerosis: Roles of lipid transporters

Various previous studies have found a negative cor-relation between the risk of cardiovascular events and serum high-density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol levels. The reverse cholesterol transport, a pathway of choles-terol from peripheral tissue to liver which has several potent antiatherogenic properties. For instance, the particles of HDL mediate to transport cholesterol from cells in arterial tissues, particularly from atherosclerotic plaques, to the liver. Both ATP-binding cassette trans-porters(ABC) A1 and ABCG1 are membrane cholesterol transporters and have been implicated in mediating cholesterol effluxes from cells in the presence of HDL and apolipoprotein A-I, a major protein constituent of HDL. Previous studies demonstrated that ABCA1 and ABCG1 or the interaction between ABCA1 and ABCG1 exerted antiatherosclerotic effects. As a therapeutic approach for increasing HDL cholesterol levels, much focus has been placed on increasing HDL cholesterol levels as well as enhancing HDL biochemical functions. HDL therapies that use injections of reconstituted HDL, apoA-I mimetics, or full-length apoA-I have shown dramatic effectiveness. In particular, a novel apoA-I mi-metic peptide, Fukuoka University ApoA-I Mimetic Pep-tide, effectively removes cholesterol via specific ABCA1 and other transporters, such as ABCG1, and has an an-tiatherosclerotic effect by enhancing the biological func-tions of HDL without changing circulating HDL choles-terol levels. Thus, HDL-targeting therapy has significant atheroprotective potential, as it uses lipid transporter-targeting agents, and may prove to be a therapeutic tool for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.

Efficacy of Shoushen granule on adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter A1, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway in ApoE-knockout mice

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of Shoushen granule, prepared with four Chinese medicinals, on the targeted regulation of adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1) through proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9(PCSK9) and toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB) signaling pathway to affect atherosclerosis(AS) in ApoE-knockout(ApoE-/-) mice.METHODS: ApoE-/-mice fed with a high-fat diet were used for AS modeling and divided into Model,Shoushen, and Atorvastatin groups. C57 BL/6 J mice at the same age and background strain were included in the Control group. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to measure ABCA1, PCSK9, TLR4, and NF-κB protein expression in mouse aortas. Enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay was used to measure mouse serum tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-10(IL-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1), and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) expression. Serum lipid profiles and histopathology were also assessed. Shoushen granule were composed of Heshouwu(Radix Polygoni Multiflori) 15 g, Gouqizi(Fructus Lycii) 15 g, Sheng shanzha(Raw Fructus Crataegus Pinnatifidae) 10 g, and Sanqi(Radix Notoginseng) 3 g.RESULTS: ApoE-/-mice fed with a high-fat diet had notable AS lesions, with reduced ABCA1 and IL-10 levels, elevated PCSK9, TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α, MCP-1,and ICAM-1 expression, and increased total cholesterol(TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) contents. With drug interventions, the areas of AS plaques were significantly reduced,the ABCA1 and IL-10 levels were increase, while the PCSK9, TLR4, NF-κB, TC, and LDL-C contents,and the TNF-α, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 expression were reduced.CONCLUSION: Shoushen granule effectively interfered with AS development by antagonizing the expression of key factors of the PCSK9 and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway to upregulate ABCA1 expression.

Role of interleukin-1 and its antagonism of hepatic stellate cell proliferation and liver fibrosis in the Abcb4^(-/-) mouse model

AIM: To study the interleukin-1(IL-1) pathway as a therapeutic target for liver fibrosis in vitro and in vivo using the ATP-binding cassette transporter b4^(-/-)(Abcb4^(-/-)) mouse model.METHODS: Female and male Abcb4^(-/-) mice from 6 to 13 mo of age were analysed for the degree of cholestasis(liver serum tests), extent of liver fibrosis(hydroxyproline content and Sirius red staining) and tissue-specific activation of signalling pathways such as the IL-1 pathway [quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR)]. For in vivo experiments, murine hepatic stellate cells(HSCs) were isolated via pronasecollagenase perfusion followed by density gradient centrifugation using female mice. Murine HSCs were stimulated with up to 1 ng/m L IL-1β with or without 2.5 μg/m L Anakinra, an IL-1 receptor antagonist, respectively. The proliferation of murine HSCs was assessed via the Brd U assay. The toxicity of Anakinra was evaluated via the fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis(FDH) assay. In vivo 8-wk-old Abcb4^(-/-) mice with an already fully established hepatic phenotype were treated with Anakinra(1 mg/kg body-weight daily intraperitoneally) or vehicle and liver injury and liver fibrosis were evaluated via serum tests, q PCR, hydroxyproline content and Sirius red staining. RESULTS: Liver fibrosis was less pronounced in males than in female Abcb4^(-/-) animals as defined by a lower hydroxyproline content(274 ± 64 μg/g vs 436 ± 80 μg/g liver, respectively; n = 13-15; P < 0.001; MannWhitney U-test) and lower m RNA expression of the profibrogenic tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1(TIMP)(1 ± 0.41 vs 0.66 ± 0.33 fold, respectively; n = 13-15; P < 0.05; Mann-Whitney U-test). Reduced liver fibrosis was associated with significantly lower levels of F4/80 m RNA expression(1 ± 0.28 vs 0.71 ± 0.41 fold, respectively; n = 12-15; P < 0.05; Mann-Whitney U-test) and significantly lower IL-1β m RNA expression levels(1 ± 0.38 vs 0.44 ± 0.26 fold, respectively; n = 13-15; P < 0.001; Mann-Whitney U-test). No gender differences in the serum liver parameters [bilirubin; alanine aminotransferase(ALT); aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase(AP)] were found. In vitro, the administration of IL-1β resulted in a significant increase in HSC proliferation [0.94 ± 0.72 arbitrary units(A.U.) in untreated controls, 1.12 ± 0.80 A.U. at an IL-1β concentration of 0.1 ng/m L and 1.18 ± 0.73 A.U. at an IL-1β concentration of 1 ng/m L in samples from n = 6 donor animals; P < 0.001; analyses of variance(ANOVA)]. Proliferation was reduced significantly by the addition of 2.5 μg/m L Anakinra(0.81 ± 0.60 A.U. in untreated controls, 0.92 ± 0.68 A.U. at an IL-1β concentration of 0.1 ng/m L, and 0.91 ± 0.69 A.U. at an IL-1β concentration of 1 ng/m L; in samples from n = 6 donor animals; P < 0.001; ANOVA) suggesting an anti-proliferative effect of this clinically approved IL-1 receptor antagonist. The FDH assay showed this dose to be non-toxic in HSCs. In vivo, Anakinra had no effect on the hepatic hydroxyprolinecontent, liver serum tests(ALT and AP) and profibrotic(collagen 1α1, collagen 1α2, transforming growth factor-β, and TIMP-1) and anti-fibrotic [matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP2), MMP9 and MMP13 ] gene expression after 4 wk of treatment. Furthermore, the hepatic IL-1β and F4/80 m RNA expression levels were unaffected by Anakinra treatment.CONCLUSION: IL-1β expression is associated with the degree of liver fibrosis in Abcb4^(-/-) mice and promotes HSC proliferation. IL-1 antagonism shows antifibrotic effects in vitro but not in Abcb4^(-/-) mice.

High nuclear ABCG1 expression is a poor predictor for hepatocellular carcinoma patient survival

Background:ATP-binding cassette transporter G1(ABCG1)regulates cellular cholesterol homeostasis and plays a significant role in tumor immunity.But,for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),the role of ABCG1 has not been investigated.Thus,the aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value and clinicopathological significance of ABCG1 in HCC.Methods:One hundred and four adult patients with HCC were enrolled,and ABCG1 expression in paired HCC specimens was determined by immunohistochemistry.All these patients were stratified by ABCG1 expression,Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the overall survival(OS)and recurrence-free survival(RFS),and Cox regression analysis was used to determine independent predictors of tumor recurrence.Results:Upregulation of ABCG1 was observed in HCC samples compared to matched tumor-adjacent tissues.Patients with high nuclear ABCG1 expression had lower OS and RFS(P=0.012 and P=0.020,respectively).High nuclear ABCG1 expression was related to larger tumor size(P=0.004)and tumor recurrence(P=0.027).Although ABCG1 was expressed in the cytoplasm,cytosolic expression could not predict the outcome in patients with HCC.A new stratification pattern was established based on the heterogenous ABCG1 expression pattern:high risk(High^(nucleus)/Low^(cytosol)),moderate risk(High^(nucleus)/High^(cytosol) or Low^(nucleus)/Low^(cytosol)),and low risk(Low^(nucleus)/High^(cytosol)).This ABCG1-based risk stratification could distinguish the different OS and RFS in patients with HCC.Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that ABCG1 high risk was an independent predictor of poor RFS(P=0.015).Conclusions:High nuclear ABCG1 expression indicates poor prognosis in patients with HCC.Asymmetric distribution of ABCG1 in the nucleus and cytoplasm may have an important role in tumor recurrence.

Role of apolipoproteins,ABCA1 and LCAT in the biogenesis of normal and aberrant high density lipoproteins

In this review, we focus on the pathway of biogenesis of HDL, the essential role of apoA-I, ATP binding cassette transporter A1（ABCA1）, and lecithin： cholesterol acyltransferase（LCAT） in the formation of plasma HDL; the generation of aberrant forms of HDL containing mutant apoA-I forms and the role of apoA-IV and apoE in the formation of distinct HDL subpopulations. The biogenesis of HDL requires functional interactions of the ABCA1 with apoA-I（and to a lesser extent with apoE and apoA-IV） and subsequent interactions of the nascent HDL species thus formed with LCAT. Mutations in apoA-I, ABCA1 and LCAT either prevent or impair the formation of HDL and may also affect the functionality of the HDL species formed. Emphasis is placed on three categories of apoA-I mutations. The first category describes a unique bio-engineered apoA-I mutation that disrupts interactions between apoA-I and ABCA1 and generates aberrant prep HDL subpopulations that cannot be converted efficiently to a subpopulations by LCAT. The second category describes natural and bio-engineered apoA-I mutations that generate preβ and small size a4 HDL subpopulations, and are associated with low plasma HDL levels. These phenotypes can be corrected by excess LCAT. The third category describes bio-engineered apoA-I mutations that induce hypertriglyceridemia that can be corrected by excess lipoprotein lipase and also have defective maturation of HDL.The HDL phenotypes described here may serve in the future for diagnosis, prognoses and potential treatment of abnormalities that affect the biogenesis and functionality of HDL.

LncRNA SNHG16 promotes colorectal cancer proliferation by regulating ABCB1 expression through sponging miR-214-3p

Mounting evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)have critical roles in colorectal cancer(CRC)progression,providing many potential diagnostic biomarkers,prognostic biomarkers,and treatment targets.Here,we sought to investigate the role and underlying regulatory mechanism of lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 16(SNHG16)in CRC.The expressions of SNHG16 in CRC were identified by RNA-sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription PCR.The functions of SNHG16 were explored by a series of in vitro and in vivo assays(colony formation assay,flow cytometry assay,and xenograft model).Bioinformatics analysis,RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization and luciferase reporter assay were used to investigate the regulatory mechanism of effects of SNHG16.SNHG16 was found to be significantly elevated in human CRC tissues and cell lines.Functional studies suggested that SNHG16 promoted CRC cell growth both in vitro and in vivo.Mechanistically,we identified that SNHG16 is expressed predominantly in the cytoplasm.SNHG16 could interact with miR-214-3p and up-regulated its target ABCB1.This study indicated that SNHG16 plays an oncogenic role in CRC,suggesting it could be a novel biomarker and therapeutic target in CRC.

Protective Effect of Irbesartan on ATP Binding Cassette Transporter A1 in THP-1 Derived Macrophages

Objectives To explore the protective effect of irbesartan （lrb） under the interference with angiotensin II （Ang II） on ABCA1. Methods Electron microscopy was used to detect the morphous of foam cells. The expression of ABCA1 mRNA and its protein were determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The variance of cellular cholesterol content was measured by zymochemistry via-fluorospeetrophotometer. Results A positive facilitative effect of Ang II on the formation of foam cells was observed. Total cholesterol was increased significantly by Ang II, the expression of ABCA1 was down-regulated obviously by Ang II; Irb could protect ABCA1 against the lesion of Ang II; Total cellular cholesterol content was reduced significantly in Irb ＋ Ang II group; However, considerable alteration about the cholesterol content and the expression of ABCA1 were not observed in Irb group without incubation with Ang II. Conclusions Irb could protect ABCA1 against the lesion of Ang II, which may contribute to its anti-atherosclerotic properties. （ S Chin J Cardiol 2009; 10（4） ： 227 -233）

血管紧张素(1-7)和血管紧张素Ⅱ对THP-1源性泡沫细胞胆固醇外流的影响

目的观察血管紧张素(1-7)[Ang(1-7)]及血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)对THP-1源性泡沫细胞B族Ⅰ型清道夫受体(SR-BⅠ)、ATP结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)表达及胆固醇外流的影响。方法将THP-1单核细胞加入100 nmol/L佛波酯(PMA)48 h诱导分化为THP-1源性巨噬细胞,加入氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)建立泡沫细胞模型。随机分为五组:空白对照组、AngⅡ组、Ang(1-7)组、Ang(1-7)+AngⅡ组及AngⅡ+Ang(1-7)+A-779组[A-779为Ang(1-7)受体特异性阻滞剂]。分别运用RT-PCR及Western blot方法检测SR-BⅠmRNA、ABCA1mRNA及其蛋白的表达,用液体闪烁计数仪检测胆固醇流出率的变化。结果与空白对照组相比,加用AngⅡ组SR-BⅠmRNA、ABCA1mRNA及其蛋白的表达均明显减弱且胆固醇外流减少(P<0.05);与AngⅡ组比较,加用Ang(1-7)促进SR-BⅠmRNA、ABCA1mRNA及其蛋白的表达,胆固醇外流增加(P<0.05);与AngⅡ+Ang(1-7)组比较,AngⅡ+Ang(1-7)+A-779组SR-BⅠmRNA、ABCA1mRNA及其蛋白的表达减弱、胆固醇外流减少(P<0.05),但与AngⅡ组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 AngⅡ抑制THP-1源性泡沫细胞SR-BⅠ、ABCA1的表达并减少胆固醇外流,而Ang(1-7)通过其特异性受体MAS受体可减弱AngⅡ的作用,促进胆固醇外流,从而对动脉粥样硬化的进展起到抑制作用。

New insights into renal lipid dysmetabolism in diabetic kidney disease

Lipid dysmetabolism is one of the main features of diabetes mellitus and manifests by dyslipidemia as well as the ectopic accumulation of lipids in various tissues and organs,including the kidney.Research suggests that impaired cholesterol metabolism,increased lipid uptake or synthesis,increased fatty acid oxidation,lipid droplet accumulation and an imbalance in biologically active sphingolipids(such as ceramide,ceramide-1-phosphate and sphingosine-1-phosphate)contribute to the development of diabetic kidney disease(DKD).Currently,the literature suggests that both quality and quantity of lipids are associated with DKD and contribute to increased reactive oxygen species production,oxidative stress,inflammation,or cell death.Therefore,control of renal lipid dysmetabolism is a very important therapeutic goal,which needs to be archived.This article will review some of the recent advances leading to a better understanding of the mechanisms of dyslipidemia and the role of particular lipids and sphingolipids in DKD.

Mitochondrial function and regulation of macrophage sterol metabolism and inflammatory responses

The aim of this review is to explore the role of mitochondria in regulating macrophage sterol homeostasis and inflammatory responses within the aetiology of atherosclerosis.Macrophage generation of oxysterol activators of liver X receptors(LXRs),via sterol 27-hydroxylase,is regulated by the rate of flux of cholesterolto the inner mitochondrial membrane,via a complex of cholesterol trafficking proteins.Oxysterols are key signalling molecules,regulating the transcriptional activity of LXRs which coordinate macrophage sterol metabolism and cytokine production,key features influencing the impact of these cells within atherosclerotic lesions.The precise identity of the complex of proteins mediating mitochondrial cholesterol trafficking in macrophages remains a matter of debate,but may include steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and translocator protein.There is clear evidence that targeting either of these proteins enhances removal of cholesterol via LXRα-dependent induction of ATP binding cassette transporters(ABCA1,ABCG1) and limits the production of inflammatory cytokines; interventions which influence mitochondrial structure and bioenergetics also impact on removal of cholesterol from macrophages.Thus,molecules which can sustain or improve mitochondrial structure,the function of the electron transport chain,or increase the activity of components of the protein complex involved in cholesterol transfer,may therefore have utility in limiting or regressing atheroma development,reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction.

Roles of sulfonylurea receptor 1 and multidrug resistance protein 1 in modulating insulin secretion in human insulinoma

BACKGROUND:Sulfonylurea receptor 1(SUR1)and multidrug resistance protein 1(MRP1)are two prominent members of multidrug resistance proteins associated with insulin secretion. The aims of this study were to investigate their expression in insulinomas and their sole and synergistic effects in modulating abnormal insulin secretion. METHODS:Fasting glucose,insulin and C-peptide were measured in 11 insulinoma patients and 11 healthy controls. Prolonged oral glucose tolerance tests were performed in 6 insulinoma patients.Insulin content,SUR1 and MRP1 were detected in 11 insulinoma patients by immunohistochemistry. SUR1 and MRP1 were also detected in 6 insulinoma patients by immunofluorescence. RESULTS:Insulinoma patients presented the typical demons-trations of Whipple’s triad.Fasting glucose of each insulinoma patient was lower than 2.8 mmol/L,and simultaneous insulin and C-peptide were increased in insulinoma patients. Prolonged oral glucose tolerance tests showed that insulin secretion in insulinoma patients were also stimulated by high glucose.Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining showed that SUR1 increased,but MRP1 decreased in insulinoma compared with the adjacent islets. CONCLUSIONS:The hypersecretion of insulin in insulinomas might be,at least partially,due to the enrichment of SUR1. In contrast,MRP1,which is down-regulated in insulinomas, might reflect a negative feedback in insulin secretion.

A Possible Mechanism Linking Hyperglycemia and Reduced High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Diabetes

This study investigated the role of glucose in the biogenesis of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C).Mouse primary peritoneal macrophages were harvested and maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium(DMEM) containing glucose of various concentrations.The cells were divided into 3 groups in terms of different glucose concentrations in the cultures:Control group(5.6 mmol/L glucose),high glucose concentration groups(16.7 mmol/L and 30 mmol/L glucose).ATP-binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1) mRNA expression in the macrophages was detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR 24,48 and 72 h after glucose treatment.The results showed that ABCA1 mRNA expression in the 16.7 mmol/L glucose group was not significantly different from that in the control group at all testing time points(P>0.05 for each).In the 30 mmol/L glucose group,macrophage ABCA1 mRNA expression was not changed significantly at 24 h(P=0.14),but was substantially decreased by 40.4% at 48 h(P=0.009) and by 48.1% at 72 h(P=0.015) as compared with that in the control group.It was concluded that ABCA1 is of vital importance for HDL-C biogenesis.High glucose may hamper HDL-C biogenesis by decreasing ABCA1 expression,which contributes to low HDL-C level in diabetes.

Regulation of Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption: A Disease Perspective

Hypercholesterolemia promotes atherosclerosis and precise regulation of cholesterol homeostasis is essential. Besides risk factor for cardiovascular disease, abnormalities in cholesterol metabolism have been associated with type 2 diabetes. Cholesterol homeostasis in the body is maintained by de novo synthesis. Furthermore, intestinal cholesterol absorption has recently been considered as an important control point in cholesterol homeostasis. Important insights have been gained into the mechanisms of transport of cholesterol from the intestinal lumen into the enterocytes. Several transporter proteins that appear to be key players in the control of the cholesterol absorption from the intestinal lumen have been identified. Here, we review intestinal cholesterol absorption and the mechanisms underlying alterations in cholesterol absorption under physiological conditions and in diseases such as diabetes mellitus.

人参炔三醇抑制氧化低密度脂蛋白诱导泡沫细胞形成的作用机制研究

目的探讨人参炔三醇(panaxytriol,PXT)抑制氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low density lipoprotein,oxLDL)诱导单核巨噬细胞脂质沉积的作用机制。方法单核细胞THP-1经佛波酯(phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate,PMA)诱导成巨噬细胞后,采用不同浓度(0、1、5、10、20μmol/L)PXT处理单核巨噬细胞24小时,通过MTT法检测其对细胞存活率的影响。THP-1单核巨噬细胞经PMA刺激后,利用oxLDL诱导脂质蓄积,PXT处理后利用流式细胞仪,荧光显微镜和油红O染色检测巨噬细胞对oxLDL的摄取。采用Western blot检测细胞内白细胞分化抗原36(cluster of differentiation,CD36)、三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ATP-binding cassette transporter A1,ABCA1)、清道夫受体B1(scavenger receptor class B type 1,SRB1)的蛋白表达水平变化。结果MTT实验结果显示,与正常组比较,20μmol/L PXT处理THP-1单核巨噬细胞24小时后显著抑制了细胞活力(P<0.05),且其他浓度对细胞活力均无显著影响。流式细胞检测、细胞荧光成像和油红O染色结果显示,与模型组比较,PXT浓度依赖地降低巨噬细胞内DiI-oxLDL荧光强度与细胞内脂质蓄积(P<0.05)。Western blot结果显示,与模型组比较,PXT浓度依赖地降低了巨噬细胞中CD36蛋白的表达(P<0.05),而对其他蛋白无显著影响。结论PXT通过抑制清道夫受体CD36的表达,抑制巨噬细胞对oxLDL的吞噬及泡沫细胞的形成,具有潜在的抗动脉粥样硬化活性。

脂毒性致糖尿病肾病肾小球滤过屏障损伤机制研究进展

超过10%的人口都受到肾功能异常的影响,大多数肾脏病的特征是肾小球滤过屏障的破坏。肾小球滤过屏障是一种独特的多层结构,由肾小球内皮细胞、基底膜和足细胞构成。当脂代谢紊乱时,就会诱导P2X7R-NLRP3炎症小体轴及胆固醇调节元件结合蛋白、血管内皮生长因子-B、连接黏附分子样蛋白、类固醇O-酰基转移酶1、三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1编码基因等蛋白酶和因子产生炎症反应、氧化应激。本文重点讨论脂质异位沉积产生的脂毒性对肾小球滤过屏障的影响,为糖尿病肾脏病疗法提供新的思路。

ABCB1基因C3435T多态性与癫痫耐药关系的Meta分析

目的运用Meta分析的方法综合评价ATP结合盒B亚家族成员1转运蛋白基因似BCBl）C3435T多态性与癫痫耐药的相关性。方法制定原始文献的纳入和排除标准及检索策略，检索中外文数据库，收集有关ABCB C3435T多态性与抗癫痫药物（AEDs）治疗反应相关性的研究报告。采用等位基因型fC（UST）以及共显性模型（CCVSTT，CTUSTT）、显性模型（CC＋CTVSTT）和隐性模型（ccVSCT＋TT）等基因遗传模型进行对比与定量综合分析，同时按人种所属地域（亚裔人与白种人、进行亚组分析。结果共23篇文献纳入Meta分析，包括3704例癫痫耐药患者和4160例治疗有效患者，入选文献无发表偏倚。统计分析显示：C3435T位点多态性与癫痫耐药无统计学关联：等位基因C与T相比，随机效应模型：OR=1．05，95％CI：0．94～1．18，P=-0．390。各基因型对比以及进行亚组分析后也未发现统计学关联。结论ABCBJC3435T多态性与癫痫耐药无关联。

改善胆固醇流出作用靶分子及相关药物研究进展

巨噬细胞中胆固醇流出并转运到肝脏的过程是抗动脉粥样硬化的主要机制之一。在动脉粥样硬化的发生发展中,核受体超家族成员肝X受体α(LXRα)和其上游基因过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体γ(PPARγ)可通过调控ATP结合盒转运体(ABC)A1、B族清道夫受体1和ABCG1等介导细胞内胆固醇的流出。因此,PPARγ-LXRα-ABC通路在巨噬细胞胆固醇流出机制中具有重要作用。目前,临床使用的化学类降脂药物在改善动脉粥样硬化方面具有良好作用。研究表明,很多中药来源的天然产物可有效促胆固醇流出。本文对改善胆固醇流出的相关作用靶分子及相关药物研究进展做简要综述。

抗结核药物性肝损伤危险因素及其与SLCO1B1/ABCB1基因多态性的关联性

目的分析不同抗结核治疗方案致药物性肝损伤(DILI)情况及其与肝脏药物转运体1B1(SLCO1B1)/多药耐药性蛋白1(ABCB1)基因多态性的关联性。方法回顾性分析2018年10月-2020年4月医院收治的621例接受抗结核治疗的肺结核患者临床资料,按是否发生DILI分为DILI组78例、非DILI组543例,测定两组抗结核治疗前后肝功能[丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总胆红素(TBIL)]变化,分析两组的临床资料并筛选DILI的危险因素,以聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术检测SLCO1B1基因rs4149014位点及ABCB1基因rs2231142位点多态性,分析SLCO1B1/ABCB1基因多态性与DILI的相关性。结果78例出现DILI,发生率为12.56%(78/621),复治肺结核、耐多药肺结核患者DILI发生率高于初治肺结核患者,耐多药肺结核患者DILI发生率高于复治肺结核患者(P<0.05);78例DILI组抗结核治疗后ALT、AST、GGT、ALP、TBIL峰值均高于抗结核治疗前及非DILI组(P<0.01),非DILI组治疗前后ALT、AST、GGT、ALP、TBIL差异无统计学意义;年龄、肝病史、饮酒史、抗结核治疗时机为发生DILI的独立危险因素(P<0.05);DILI组SLCO1B1基因rs4149014位点的基因型TT、GT、等位基因T频率高于非DILI组,DILI组ABCB1基因rs2231142位点的基因型AC、等位基因A频率高于非DILI组(P<0.05);Logistic回归分析显示,SLCO1B1基因rs4149014位点的基因型GT、等位基因T及ABCB1基因rs2231142位点的基因型AC与肺结核患者DILI具有相关性(P<0.05)。结论抗结核药物治疗肺结核导致的DILI发生率高,SLCO1B1/ABCB1基因多态性也与DILI有密切关系,可能是DILI的易感基因。