Robust autofocusing propagation in turbulence

Turbulence in complex environments such as the atmosphere and biological media has always been a great challenge to the application of beam propagation in optical communication, optical trapping and manipulation. To overcome this challenge, this study comprehensively investigates the robust propagation of traditional Gaussian and autofocusing beams in turbulent environments. In order to select stable beams that exhibit high intensity and high field gradient at the focal position in complex environments, Kolmogorov turbulence theory is used to simulate the propagation of beams in atmospheric turbulence based on the multi-phase screen method. We systematically analyze the intensity fluctuations, the variation of the coherence factor and the change in the scintillation index with propagation distance. The analysis reveals that the intensity fluctuations of autofocusing beams are significantly smaller than those of Gaussian beams, and the coherence of autofocusing beams is better than that of Gaussian beams under turbulence. Moreover, autofocusing beams exhibit less oscillation than Gaussian beams, indicating that autofocusing beams propagate in complex environments with less distortion and intensity fluctuation. Overall, this work clearly demonstrates that autofocusing beams exhibit higher stability in propagation compared with Gaussian beams, showing great promise for applications such as optical trapping and manipulation in complex environments.

IMPROVEMENT OF PHASE GRADIENT AUTOFOCUS ALGORITHM

The phase error estimated by phase gradient autofocus(PGA) is not based on a finite order polynomial mode, so PGA has a good autofocus property for arbitrary order phase error and is fit for high resolution airborne SAR. But PGA has two shortcomings: first, it has a worse estimation property for fast changing phase error; second, there exists a section of linear phase in the phase error estimated by this algorithm. This paper introduces the idea of rank one phase estimate (ROPE) autofocus technique, and improves PGA. The improved PGA(IPGA) can successfully overcome both these shortcomings of PGA.

A Simple Model for On-Sensor Phase-Detection Autofocusing Algorithm

A simple model of the phase-detection autofocus device based on the partially masked sensor pixels is described. The cross-correlation function of the half-images registered by the masked pixels is proposed as a focus function. It is shown that—in such setting—focusing is equivalent to searching of the cross-correlation function maximum. Application of stochastic approximation algorithms to unimodal and non-unimodal focus functions is shortly discussed.

Modified Approach to PGA Phase Averaging for ISAR Autofocus

A new approach to phase averaging in phase gradient algorithm (PGA) is proposed, which is based on the fundamental fact that the information of translational phase error is widely contained in every defocused scatterer in ISAR image. The new approach aims to choose strong scatterers for error phase averaging with a threshold rather than just simply to pick out the strongest point in each range cell, which is not necessarily real strong scatterers if in some range cells consists more than one strong scatterer and whereas in other range cells no scatterer at all. The results of processing real data are presented to confirm the validity of the proposed approach.

Three-Airy autofocusing beams

We numerically and experimentally demonstrate that a three-Airy autofocusing beam can be generated by superposing three deformed two-dimensional(2D)Airy beams with a triangle symmetry.When the initial angle between two wings of the deformed 2D Airy beams increases,such a three-Airy autofocusing beam exhibits that the focusing length decreases and the intensity contrast at the focal point changes.Moreover,after introducing an optical vortex phase,this three-Airy autofocusing beam displays a transverse rotation in propagation.The rotation angle is determined by the topological charge of the vortex and the initial wing angle.Our results may have some potential applications in optical manipulation.

A High Speed Autofocusing System for Micro System Applications

In this paper,we present a high speed autofocus system for micro system applications and design a look-up-table based autofocusing algorithm for applications when a target object is always visible,e.g.,manufacturing parts with alignment fiducials.We perform an evaluation of 24 focus measures to verify that which focus measure is the best for the look-up-table based method.From the evaluation,we find that the Chebyshev moments-based focus measure（CHEB） is the most suitable.Furthermore,we also develop a look-up-table based autofocus system that uses CHEB as the focus measure.In training phase,we offline construct a table from training images of an object that are captured at several lens distances.Each entry of table consists of focus measure computed from image and lens distance.In working phase,given an input image,the algorithm first computes the focus measure and then finds the best match focus measure from the table and looks up the corresponding lens position for moving it into the in-focus position.Our algorithm can perform autofocusing within only 2 steps of lens moving.The experiment shows that the system can perform high speed autofocusing of micro objects.

Optimization design of autofocusing metasurface for ultrasound wave application

In this paper,two optimized autofocusing metasurfaces(AFMs)with different desired focal distances are designed by using particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm.Based on the ffnite element simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics,the performance of ultrasound transducer(UT)with AFM at different design parameters in Airy distributions(r0,ω)and the bottom thickness(d)of AFM are simulated and analyzed.Based on the simulation data,the artiffcial neural network model is trained to describe the complex relationship between the design parameters of AFM and the performance parameters of UT.Then,the multiobjective optimization function for AFM is determined according to the desired performance parameters of UT,including focal position,lateral resolution,longitudinal resolution and absolute sound pressure.In order to obtain AFMs with the desired performance,PSO algorithm is adopted to optimize the design parameters of AFM according to the multiobjective optimization function,and two AFMs are optimized and fabricated.The experimental results well agree with the simulation and optimization results,and the optimized AFMs can achieve the desired performance.The fabricated AFM can be easily integrated with UT,which has great potential applications in wave ffeld modulation underwater,acoustic tweezers,biomedical imaging,industrial nondestructive testing and neural regulation.

Generation and regulation of two-dimensional autofocusing Airy beams based on holographic metasurfaces

This paper proposes a new method to generate a two-dimensional(2D)Airy beam and Airy autofocusing beam by using the scalar holographic metasurface with amplitude-phase modulation in the microwave band.The proposed holographic metasurface comprises subwavelength patch unit cells with a period of fewer than 1/8 wavelengths,which means that it has the finer sampling for electromagnetic waves and can simultaneously achieve precise modulations for the amplitude and phase of electromagnetic waves.Firstly,the 2D-Airy beam with quasi-non-diffraction and selfbending characteristics is generated,from which the holographic metasurface is designed to realize four different 2D-Airy beams with the same focus,achieving the 2D-Airy autofocusing beam in the microwave frequency.The holographic metasurface for Airy beam generation has high efficiency and an ultra-lower profile.Meanwhile,for applying the Airy beam in wireless power transfer(WPT),the efficiency of the generated Airy beam and Airy autofocusing beam is calculated for the first time in the microwave field.The simulation results show that the efficiency of the 2D-Airy beam can reach 66%at 150 mm away from the metasurface,while the efficiency of the 2D-Airy autofocusing beam at the focus,which is 280 mm from the metasurface,can reach 35%.The theoretical,simulated,and measured results show that the proposed method and holographic metasurfaces can flexibly achieve the special characteristics of self-autofocusing and self-bending Airy beams in the microwave domain,providing an effective path for wireless power transfer(WPT)scenario with radial obstructions.

Optical trapping capability of tornado circular Pearcey beams

We systemically investigate optical trapping capability of a kind of tornado waves on Rayleigh particles.Such tornado waves are named as tornado circular Pearcey beams(TCPBs)and produced by combining two circular Pearcey beams with different radii.Our theoretical exploration delves into various aspects,including the propagation dynamics,energy flux,orbital angular momentum,trapping force,and torque characteristics of TCPBs.The results reveal that the orbital angular momentum,trapping force,and torque of these beams can be finely tuned through the judicious manipulation of their topological charges(l_(1)and l_(2)).Notably,we observe a precise control mechanism wherein the force diminishes with|l_(1)+l_(2)|and|l_(1)-l_(2)|,while the torque exhibits enhancement by decreasing solely with|l_(1)+l_(2)|or increasing with|l_(1)-l_(2)|.These results not only provide quantitative insights into the optical trapping performance of TCPBs but also serve as a valuable reference for the ongoing development of innovative photonic tools.

A new autofocus method for inverse synthetic aperture radar——Local dominant scatterer synthesis

Motion compensation is a key and difficult step in inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) . The calibration of initial phase errors, which is well known as autofocus, requires very high precision, so it determines the quality of the reconstructed image to a great extent. A new autofocus method called the local dominant scatterer synthesis (LDSS) is presented. It has the capability to sufficiently reduce the errors induced by clutter and noise, and the advantage of having wide applications. Experiments of real measured data have shown its effectiveness.

Efcient autofocus method for sequential automatic capturing of high-magnification microscopic images

This letter presents an autofocus （AF） method to position a high-magnification microscope lens that automatically captures hundreds of images from a single moving slide. These images are taken by a mobile clinic unit in a rural location, and are later automatically processed and revised by a remote specialist. This process requires high focus precision to enable image processing techniques to achieve proper results. Low focusing times are also required for the system to be operative. We propose a novel method that combines two focus measures with an adapted searching scheme to cope with both constraints.

A novel autofocus algorithm based on maximum total variation criteria for SAR images

A novel autofocus algorithm for synthetic aperture radar(SAR)based on total variation is presented in this paper.The method,which starts with a complex phase-degraded SAR image,after the phase errors model is intro-duced into the range-compressed phase-history domain,carries out phase errors correction by changing the focus till the total variation of the azimuth profile is maximized.Compared with the minimum entropy autofocus algorithm,the autofocus algorithm has less computational complexity and is easier to implement.The simulation and the processing results of the measured data show the validity of the proposed method.

基于显微成像系统最优聚焦函数选取

与光学成像系统不同,光学显微的成像系统景深较小,在聚焦过程中的主要核心问题在于聚焦评价函数的选取。针对目前常用的8种聚焦评价函数进行实验,并对聚焦评价曲线进行定性分析,采用灵敏度因子、清晰度度比率、平缓区波动量以及运行时间进行定量分析,结合分析数据选取出适用于显微成像系统的最优聚焦评价函数。

基于Aduna产品的网络学习资源管理和查询

Aduna产品的出现为网络学习资源元数据的管理和查询提供了便利,本文首先对Aduna Metadata Server、Aduna AutoFocus、Aduna Spectacle三大产品及其体系机构进行介绍、然后详细阐述了利用Aduna Metadata Server是如何定义和管理学习资源、利用Aduna AutoFocus工具如何实现元数据服务器的查询。

基于小波变换的显微图像清晰度评价函数及3-D自动调焦技术

提出了基于小波变换的图像清晰度评价函数。采用大NA(数值孔径)和小NA的显微图像序列,比较分析了本文提出的评价函数和经典的归一化方差函数、熵函数、能量拉普拉斯函数以及另外两种基于小波变换评价函数的清晰度评价性能。同时采用带有标准偏差为25的高斯噪声显微图像序列,比较了这五种评价函数的抗噪能力。实验结果表明:提出的评价函数具有最高的聚焦精度和聚焦分辨率,且具有与抗噪能力最强的归一化方差函数相当的抗噪能力。提出了基于区域选择的自动聚焦方法,实现了处于不同深度的微操作对象的3-D自动聚焦。该评价函数和区域选择聚焦技术可以用于高精度的自动微操作作业中。进一步说明自动调焦是实现自动化微操作的关键技术,而其核心是清晰度评价函数的选取或构建。

航空相机的自准直自动检焦方法研究

针对航空照相在高空中会由于温度、气压等环境参数的变化引起光学系统离焦的现象,设计了一种利用自准直原理实现自动检焦的结构。分析了光栅常数与反射镜摆扫速率、接收元件响应时间的关系,研究了光栅的刻线方向在焦平面上的摆放位置和不同光源参数对检焦精度的影响。试验结果表明,自动检焦的焦平面位置与实验室光学标定的焦平面位置的偏差<1/3半焦深,满足使用要求,并在动态飞行试验中获得了良好的图像。该方法可推广于带有扫描反射镜的航空相机的检焦设计与研究中。

一种用于单脉冲成像的自聚焦算法

本文针对单脉冲成像技术在实际处理中,鉴角曲线误差引起的方位分辨率下降问题,提出了一种用于单脉冲成像的自聚焦算法.算法通过迭代,自动从雷达接收数据中挑选孤立强散射点回波信号精确估计实际鉴角曲线,将其用于单脉冲成像处理中,实现图像方位自聚焦.仿真及实测数据处理结果表明,该方法能够有效降低测角误差对成像效果的影响,且对多数地貌场景数据具备鲁棒性,是一种实际可行的单脉冲成像自聚焦算法.

显微镜自动粗调焦的TennenGrad改进算法

提出了使用Sobel算子或Laplace算子做卷积,对图像像素点进行绝对值相加的TennenGrad改进算法,以及La-place改进算法,和几种已有评价函数进行分析比较。为了判断粗调评价函数的优劣,对评价函数的判断准则进行了逐一分析,并且将平滑性、高效率、强壮性作为最主要的衡量标准。在搭建的显微镜粗调实验系统中,对较为复杂的MEMS器件-微加速度计进行粗调成像。另外,对显微成像系统的调焦策略进行分析研究,提出并比较分析了3种调焦策略,其中n点灰度比较策略是较优的策略。实验处理结果表明,改进的TennenGrad算法具有最优的粗调特性,调焦范围较大,达到了210μm;调焦分辨率高,达到7μm,同时调焦图像显示出曲线变得更加平滑,曲线部极值点由5个减为0个。

空间相机相关法实时检焦技术研究

自动检调焦技术是保证空间相机拍摄出高质量图像的重要技术手段 ,本文介绍了一种自准直法实时检焦系统。该系统用两块小口径五棱镜代替其他空间相机常用的大平面反射镜 ,用半导体激光器做光源 ,用CCD作为光电转换器件 ,通过测量两光斑在CCD上的移动量 ,从而计算出离焦量。本文采用相关法处理数据 ,并通过合理选取阈值和数据拟和技术 ,实现了亚像素测量精度。该系统具有结构紧凑 ,稳定性好等特点 ,实验结果表明检焦分辨率≤ 10 μm。

二维图像测量机系统的研究

本文在分析了传统二维坐标测量系统的优缺点的基础上 ,提出了一种新的基于 CCD图像技术的二维坐标测量系统—二维图像测量机。该系统的读数部分、调焦与瞄准部分均采用 CCD图像技术。文中给出了新系统的结构、原理 ,研究了系统实现的关键技术 ,并对新系统进行了实验研究与比对 ,最后 。