Weather events put human lives at risk mostly when people might occupy areas susceptible to natural disasters.Deploying Professional Weather Stations(PWS)in vulnerable areas is key for monitoring weather with reliable...Weather events put human lives at risk mostly when people might occupy areas susceptible to natural disasters.Deploying Professional Weather Stations(PWS)in vulnerable areas is key for monitoring weather with reliable measurements.However,such professional instrumentation is notably expensive while remote sensing from a number of stations is paramount.This imposes challenges on the large-scale weather station deployment for broad monitoring from large observation networks such as in Cemaden—The Brazilian National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters.In this context,in this paper,we propose a Low-Cost Automatic Weather Station(LCAWS)system developed from Commercial Off-The-Shelf(COTS)and open-source Internet of Things(IoT)technologies,which provides measurements as reliable as a reference PWS for natural disaster monitoring.When being automatic,LCAWS is a stand-alone photovoltaic system connected wirelessly to the Internet in order to provide real-time reliable end-to-end weather measurements.To achieve data reliability,we propose an intelligent sensor calibration method to correct measures.From a 30-day uninterrupted observation with sampling in minute resolution,we show that the calibrated LCAWS sensors have no statistically significant differences from the PWS measurements.As such,LCAWS has opened opportunities for reducing maintenance costs in Cemaden's observational network.展开更多
Based on the structure and working principle of rain sensors in new automatic weather stations,according to the abnormal precipitation records found in the observation business,the possible faults of rain sensors were...Based on the structure and working principle of rain sensors in new automatic weather stations,according to the abnormal precipitation records found in the observation business,the possible faults of rain sensors were analyzed,and treatment methods were discussed. Daily maintenance and management measures were put forward to ensure the normal operation of rain sensors and improve the quality of surface meteorological observation business.展开更多
A large number of automatic weather stations with different observation elements and gradient configurations are connected for operation,in order to meet the meteorological service needs of different scenes.The statio...A large number of automatic weather stations with different observation elements and gradient configurations are connected for operation,in order to meet the meteorological service needs of different scenes.The station density and observation frequency are encrypted to obtain observation data with higher spatial and temporal resolution.The original message with fixed element data location is the data combination of all observation elements and the maximum observation gradient of each element,which not only has higher invalid data redundancy,but also restricts the efficiency of data collection and processing,and also increases communication costs.An adaptive coding design method for the original message of automatic weather station is proposed.The embedded software coding algorithm of the weather station collector is optimized according to"plug and output"to realize intelligent networking,intelligent identification of observation elements and gradients,and dynamic flexible output of messages with variable length.The intelligent networking and business application of nearly 4000 automatic weather stations across the province show that the networking data acquisition and processing are efficient and stable.展开更多
Meteorological data is useful for varied applications and sectors ranging from weather and climate forecasting, landscape planning to disaster management among others. However, the availability of these data requires ...Meteorological data is useful for varied applications and sectors ranging from weather and climate forecasting, landscape planning to disaster management among others. However, the availability of these data requires a good network of manual meteorological stations and other support systems for its collection, recording, processing, archiving, communication and dissemination. In sub-Saharan Africa, such networks are limited due to low investment and capacity. To bridge this gap, the National Meteorological Services in Kenya and few others from African countries have moved to install a number of Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) in the past decade including a few additions from private institutions and individuals. Although these AWSs have the potential to improve the existing observation network and the early warning systems in the region, the quality and capacity of the data collected from the stations are not well exploited. This is mainly due to low confidence, by data users, in electronically observed data. In this study, we set out to confirm that electronically observed data is of comparable quality to a human observer recorded data, and can thus be used to bridge data gaps at temporal and spatial scales. To assess this potential, we applied the simple Pearson correlation method and other statistical tests and approaches by conducting inter-comparison analysis of weather observations from the manual synoptic station and data from two Automatic Weather Stations (TAHMO and 3D-PAWS) co-located at KMD Headquarters to establish existing consistencies and variances in several weather parameters. Results show there is comparable consistency in most of the weather parameters between the three stations. Strong associations were noted between the TAHMO and manual station data for minimum (r = 0.65) and maximum temperatures (r = 0.86) and the maximum temperature between TAHMO and 3DPAWS (r = 0.56). Similar associations were indicated for surface pressure (r = 0.99) and RH (r > 0.6) with the weakest correlations occurring in wind direction and speed. The Shapiro test for normality assumption indicated that the distribution of several parameters compared between the 3 stations were normally distributed (p > 0.05). We conclude that these findings can be used as a basis for wider use of data sets from Automatic Weather Stations in Kenya and elsewhere. This can inform various applications in weather and climate related decisions.展开更多
The instruments of regional automatic weather station are placed outside to measure daily changes of meteorological factors. Due to common influence of sun,wind,rain and other factors,it is very easy to cause various ...The instruments of regional automatic weather station are placed outside to measure daily changes of meteorological factors. Due to common influence of sun,wind,rain and other factors,it is very easy to cause various faults and damages of the instrument. The construction of regional automatic weather station network plays an important role in improving forecast accuracy,servicing local government and ecological civilization construction,providing scientific disaster prevention and relief decision-making basis for government department. In this paper,based on daily operation situation of regional automatic weather station in Shaoyang region,combining communication,hardware and software,fault situation of collector,temperature and humidity sensor,wind sensor and rainfall sensor in automatic weather station is analyzed in detail. Moreover,some common fault cases are listed and analyzed,some troubleshooting methods are summarized,and daily maintenance measures are proposed.展开更多
In-situ calibrations of weather stations are usually performed by positioning standard instruments close to the station under calibration and comparing the obtained results. This procedure could be useful to evaluate ...In-situ calibrations of weather stations are usually performed by positioning standard instruments close to the station under calibration and comparing the obtained results. This procedure could be useful to evaluate the proper functioning of the monitoring equipments, but do not allowed the determination of a calibration curve that allow the corrections of the acquired parameters. Thus, the development of a dedicated facility for in-situ calibration of weather stations, enabling simultaneous generation of a wide range of temperatures and pressures could offer important improvements in this framework, particularly if this facility is applied to high mountains monitoring stations where the weather stations calibrations could be very difficult. This paper will present the calibration chamber developed in the framework of the EMRP-METEOMET (Metrology for Meteorology) Project, which aims is to bring metrological traceability to high altitude meteorological instruments and through this experience will provide a general overview on the importance of the application of this methodology at different levels.展开更多
The quality control system for meteorological real-time data from automatic weather stations in Shandong realized integration of communi- cation system and provincial quality control system, and an interaction platfor...The quality control system for meteorological real-time data from automatic weather stations in Shandong realized integration of communi- cation system and provincial quality control system, and an interaction platform which was mainly created by Web was set up. The system not only was fully guaranteed for the funning of basic business, also improved the reliability of the data.展开更多
We present a problem for benchmarking the robustness of cellular up-links, in an automatic weather station (AWS) testbed. Based on the problem, we conduct a small-scale measurement study of robustness, where the AWS i...We present a problem for benchmarking the robustness of cellular up-links, in an automatic weather station (AWS) testbed. Based on the problem, we conduct a small-scale measurement study of robustness, where the AWS is equipped with four (4) cellular modems for weather data delivery. The effectiveness of up-links is challenging because of overlapping spatial-temporal factors such as the presence of good reflectors that lead to multi-path effects, interference, network load or other reasons. We argue that, there is a strong need for independent assessments of their robustness, to perform end-to-end network measurement. However, it is yet difficult to go from a particular measurement to an assessment of the entire network. We extensively measure the variability of Radio Signal Strength (RSSI) as link metric on the cellular modems. The RSSI is one of the important link metrics that can determine the robustness of received RF signals, and explore how they differed from one another at a particular location and instant time. We also apply the statistical analysis that quantifies the level of stability by considering the robustness, referring short-term variation, and determines good up-link in comparison to weak one. The results show that the robustness of cellular up-links exists for an unpredictable period of time and lower than one could hope. More than 50% of up-links are intermittent. Therefore, we plan to extend our work by exploring RSSI thresholds, to develop a classification scheme supporting a decision whether a link is either intermittent or not. This will help in normalizing the level of stability, to design the RSSI estimation metric for the robust routing protocol in weather data networks.展开更多
基金partially funded by Sao Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP),Brazil,grant numbers#2015/18808-0,#2018/23064-8,#2019/23382-2.
文摘Weather events put human lives at risk mostly when people might occupy areas susceptible to natural disasters.Deploying Professional Weather Stations(PWS)in vulnerable areas is key for monitoring weather with reliable measurements.However,such professional instrumentation is notably expensive while remote sensing from a number of stations is paramount.This imposes challenges on the large-scale weather station deployment for broad monitoring from large observation networks such as in Cemaden—The Brazilian National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters.In this context,in this paper,we propose a Low-Cost Automatic Weather Station(LCAWS)system developed from Commercial Off-The-Shelf(COTS)and open-source Internet of Things(IoT)technologies,which provides measurements as reliable as a reference PWS for natural disaster monitoring.When being automatic,LCAWS is a stand-alone photovoltaic system connected wirelessly to the Internet in order to provide real-time reliable end-to-end weather measurements.To achieve data reliability,we propose an intelligent sensor calibration method to correct measures.From a 30-day uninterrupted observation with sampling in minute resolution,we show that the calibrated LCAWS sensors have no statistically significant differences from the PWS measurements.As such,LCAWS has opened opportunities for reducing maintenance costs in Cemaden's observational network.
文摘Based on the structure and working principle of rain sensors in new automatic weather stations,according to the abnormal precipitation records found in the observation business,the possible faults of rain sensors were analyzed,and treatment methods were discussed. Daily maintenance and management measures were put forward to ensure the normal operation of rain sensors and improve the quality of surface meteorological observation business.
基金Supported by Technical Innovation Team Project of Collaborative Observation and Multi-source Live Data Fusion Analysis of Guangdong Meteorological Bu-reau(GRMCTD202103)R&D Plan Projects of Key Fields in Guangdong Province(2020B1111200001).
文摘A large number of automatic weather stations with different observation elements and gradient configurations are connected for operation,in order to meet the meteorological service needs of different scenes.The station density and observation frequency are encrypted to obtain observation data with higher spatial and temporal resolution.The original message with fixed element data location is the data combination of all observation elements and the maximum observation gradient of each element,which not only has higher invalid data redundancy,but also restricts the efficiency of data collection and processing,and also increases communication costs.An adaptive coding design method for the original message of automatic weather station is proposed.The embedded software coding algorithm of the weather station collector is optimized according to"plug and output"to realize intelligent networking,intelligent identification of observation elements and gradients,and dynamic flexible output of messages with variable length.The intelligent networking and business application of nearly 4000 automatic weather stations across the province show that the networking data acquisition and processing are efficient and stable.
文摘Meteorological data is useful for varied applications and sectors ranging from weather and climate forecasting, landscape planning to disaster management among others. However, the availability of these data requires a good network of manual meteorological stations and other support systems for its collection, recording, processing, archiving, communication and dissemination. In sub-Saharan Africa, such networks are limited due to low investment and capacity. To bridge this gap, the National Meteorological Services in Kenya and few others from African countries have moved to install a number of Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) in the past decade including a few additions from private institutions and individuals. Although these AWSs have the potential to improve the existing observation network and the early warning systems in the region, the quality and capacity of the data collected from the stations are not well exploited. This is mainly due to low confidence, by data users, in electronically observed data. In this study, we set out to confirm that electronically observed data is of comparable quality to a human observer recorded data, and can thus be used to bridge data gaps at temporal and spatial scales. To assess this potential, we applied the simple Pearson correlation method and other statistical tests and approaches by conducting inter-comparison analysis of weather observations from the manual synoptic station and data from two Automatic Weather Stations (TAHMO and 3D-PAWS) co-located at KMD Headquarters to establish existing consistencies and variances in several weather parameters. Results show there is comparable consistency in most of the weather parameters between the three stations. Strong associations were noted between the TAHMO and manual station data for minimum (r = 0.65) and maximum temperatures (r = 0.86) and the maximum temperature between TAHMO and 3DPAWS (r = 0.56). Similar associations were indicated for surface pressure (r = 0.99) and RH (r > 0.6) with the weakest correlations occurring in wind direction and speed. The Shapiro test for normality assumption indicated that the distribution of several parameters compared between the 3 stations were normally distributed (p > 0.05). We conclude that these findings can be used as a basis for wider use of data sets from Automatic Weather Stations in Kenya and elsewhere. This can inform various applications in weather and climate related decisions.
文摘The instruments of regional automatic weather station are placed outside to measure daily changes of meteorological factors. Due to common influence of sun,wind,rain and other factors,it is very easy to cause various faults and damages of the instrument. The construction of regional automatic weather station network plays an important role in improving forecast accuracy,servicing local government and ecological civilization construction,providing scientific disaster prevention and relief decision-making basis for government department. In this paper,based on daily operation situation of regional automatic weather station in Shaoyang region,combining communication,hardware and software,fault situation of collector,temperature and humidity sensor,wind sensor and rainfall sensor in automatic weather station is analyzed in detail. Moreover,some common fault cases are listed and analyzed,some troubleshooting methods are summarized,and daily maintenance measures are proposed.
文摘In-situ calibrations of weather stations are usually performed by positioning standard instruments close to the station under calibration and comparing the obtained results. This procedure could be useful to evaluate the proper functioning of the monitoring equipments, but do not allowed the determination of a calibration curve that allow the corrections of the acquired parameters. Thus, the development of a dedicated facility for in-situ calibration of weather stations, enabling simultaneous generation of a wide range of temperatures and pressures could offer important improvements in this framework, particularly if this facility is applied to high mountains monitoring stations where the weather stations calibrations could be very difficult. This paper will present the calibration chamber developed in the framework of the EMRP-METEOMET (Metrology for Meteorology) Project, which aims is to bring metrological traceability to high altitude meteorological instruments and through this experience will provide a general overview on the importance of the application of this methodology at different levels.
文摘The quality control system for meteorological real-time data from automatic weather stations in Shandong realized integration of communi- cation system and provincial quality control system, and an interaction platform which was mainly created by Web was set up. The system not only was fully guaranteed for the funning of basic business, also improved the reliability of the data.
文摘We present a problem for benchmarking the robustness of cellular up-links, in an automatic weather station (AWS) testbed. Based on the problem, we conduct a small-scale measurement study of robustness, where the AWS is equipped with four (4) cellular modems for weather data delivery. The effectiveness of up-links is challenging because of overlapping spatial-temporal factors such as the presence of good reflectors that lead to multi-path effects, interference, network load or other reasons. We argue that, there is a strong need for independent assessments of their robustness, to perform end-to-end network measurement. However, it is yet difficult to go from a particular measurement to an assessment of the entire network. We extensively measure the variability of Radio Signal Strength (RSSI) as link metric on the cellular modems. The RSSI is one of the important link metrics that can determine the robustness of received RF signals, and explore how they differed from one another at a particular location and instant time. We also apply the statistical analysis that quantifies the level of stability by considering the robustness, referring short-term variation, and determines good up-link in comparison to weak one. The results show that the robustness of cellular up-links exists for an unpredictable period of time and lower than one could hope. More than 50% of up-links are intermittent. Therefore, we plan to extend our work by exploring RSSI thresholds, to develop a classification scheme supporting a decision whether a link is either intermittent or not. This will help in normalizing the level of stability, to design the RSSI estimation metric for the robust routing protocol in weather data networks.
