Effect of extrusion processing parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of as-extruded AZ31 sheets

The AZ31 sheets were prepared by extrusion.The effects of the extrusion processing parameters including the temperature extrusion ratio,and structure of the extrusion die on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-extruded AZ31 sheets were investigated.The results show that the partial grains grow abnormally.and the mechanical and anisotropic properties of the as-extruded AZ31 sheets have little change at the extrusion temperatures of 380-400℃and the extrusion ratio of 13.3.With the increase of the extrusion ratio,the microstructure of the as-extruded AZ31 sheets by conventional die becomes finer and more uniform,and the elongation rate increases,but the strength decreases and its anisotropy becomes worse.Under the porthole die,finer and more uniform microstructure,higher mechanical properties and better anisotropy can be brought for the as-extruded AZ31 sheets The extruded AZ31 sheets by the porthole die have better anneal process of 300℃and 1 h.

Isothermal Gas Forming of Mg Alloy AZ31 Sheet

There have been reports on sheet forming of Mg alloy in industry via the punch and die method; this paper is probably the first formal one for studying the sheet formability of AZ31 employing pressurized gas to press the sheet into a female die cavity at various elevated temperatures. The results indicate it is feasible to form a rectangular box via pressurized gas from extruded sheets of 0.5 and 1.7 mm thick. The formed box has 1:2 depth over width ratio, which should be large enough when dealing with realistic industrial sheet forming parts. Presently, forming a sheet of 0.5 mm thick is considered a technical challenge by industry, and it is conquered as demonstrated in this paper. Gas forming technique applied to Mg alloy is unprecedented and shows potential for industrial utilization.

不同模具角度下反复弯曲-压平变形工艺对AZ31镁合金板材显微组织演变和变形行为的影响

采用不同角度模具的反复弯曲-压平变形工艺制备AZ31镁合金板材。通过FEM、OM、EBSD和硬度计研究AZ31镁合金在反复弯曲-压平变形过程中的显微组织演变和变形行为。结果表明,150°/150°模具在所有三组实验中都表现出最佳性能。随着道次的增加,合金的等效应变由于剪切和弯曲作用而显著提高。经过4道次后,合金的平均晶粒尺寸显著细化至1.7μm,基面织构被弱化,这是非基面滑移、动态再结晶和孪生引起的;尤其是锥面滑移有利于引发动态再结晶和孪生。合金的硬度值达到HV 77,这是滑移、孪生和动态再结晶竞争产生的显微组织和织构综合作用的结果。

Unveiling the planar deformation mechanisms for improved formability in pre-twinned AZ31 Mg alloy sheet at warm temperature

To investigate the role of pre-twins in Mg alloy sheets during warm planar deformation,the stretch forming is conducted at 200℃.Results suggest the formability of the pre-twinned AZ31 Mg alloy sheet is enhanced to 11.30 mm.The mechanisms for the improved formability and the deformation behaviors during the planar stretch forming are systematically investigated based on the planar stress states.The Schmid factor for deformation mechanisms are calculated,the results reveal that planar stress states extremely affect the Schmid factor for{10-12}twinning.The detwinning is activated and the prismatic slip is enhanced in the pre-twinned sheet,especially under the planar extension stress state in the outer region.Consequently,the thickness-direction strain is accommodated better.The dynamic recrystallization(DRX)type is continuous DRX(CDRX)regardless of the planar stress state.However,the CDRX degree is greater under the planar extension stress state.Some twin lattices deviate from the perfect{10-12}twinning relation due to the planar compression stress state and the CDRX.The basal texture is weakened when the planar stress state tends to change the texture components.

Electroplastic effect in AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet through uniaxial tensile tests

The electroplastic effect in AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet was investigated through uniaxial tensile tests. In order to show the athermal effect of the electrical pulses, two types of uniaxial tensile tests at the same testing temperature were carried out： uniaxial tension in environmental cabinet and uniaxial tension with electrical pulses. In addition, the distribution of temperature field in the cross-section area during uniaxial tension with electrical pulses was simulated. The results show that the distribution of temperature field along the cross-section area is homogeneous. By comparing the true stress？true strain curves of AZ31B alloy under uniaxial tensile tests, the athermal effect with electrical pulses was confirmed. The microstructure evolution after the uniaxial tension was studied by optical microscopy. The results indicate that the electrical pulses induced dynamic recrystallization plays an important role in the decrease of flow stress. Finally, a flow stress model of AZ31B sheet taking the influence of electroplastic effect into account was proposed and validated. The results demonstrate that the calculated data fit the experimental data well.

Fatigue behavior of friction stir spot welded AZ31 Mg alloy sheet joints

The fatigue behavior of friction stir spot welded （FSSW） AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet joints was investigated by tension- compression of fatigue test. The results suggest that all the fatigue failures occur at the stir zone of the FSSW AZ31 sheet joints, and all cracks initiate at the stir zone outer edge between the upper and lower sheet. When the cycle force equals 1 kN, the crack propagates along the interface of heat-affected zone and thermo-mechanical zone, simultaneously across the direction of force; while the cycle force equals 3 kN, the crack propagates along the diameter of stir zone and shear failure occurs finally. Moreover, the transverse microsections indicate that there is a tongue-like region at the outer edge of stir zone between the two AZ31 sheets, and the direction of tongue-like region is toward outside of the stirred zone and all fatigue cracks initiate at the tongue-like region.

Effect of Pulsed Magnetic Field on the Residual Stress of Rolled Magnium Alloy AZ31 Sheet

A novel method of pulsed magnetic field(PMF)treatment was developed to eliminate the residual stress of rolled magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet in this study.The eff ect of PMF on residual stress of rolled AZ31 sheet was investigated and its mechanism was analyzed.The experimental results revealed that the pulse frequency had a significant impact on residual stress.After 10.0 Hz PMF treatment,the average and maximum reduction rates of residual stress along the rolled direction were 26.6%and 30.3%,respectively.It was found that the dislocation density and parallel dislocation in grains of the rolled sheet increased after it was treated by the pulsed magnetic field.The simulation results showed that the Lorentz force generated by the pulsed magnetic field can lead to basal slip,thereby resulting in local plastic deformation.Besides,the Joule heat produced during the PMF treatment was conducive to the elimination of residual stress.

The Stamping Formability of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Sheet Improved by Equal-channel Angular Pressing

Equal channel angular pressing （ECAP） processing and annealing were applied to the AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets to evaluate the potential improvement in the mechanical properties and formability. The ECAP experiment was conducted at 300 ℃ in a die having an included angle of 90o between two channels by the BCZ route with the sheets rotated by 90°about the normal axis of plate plane. The tensile tests and conical cup tests were conducted at various temperatures from 20 to 250 ℃. The experimental results indicated that improving the working temperatures could lead to the soft in the material and the enhancement of ductility. Comparatively, the ECAPed AZ31 alloy sheets showed the lower yield strength and smaller conical cup value （CCV） than the unECAPed counterpart in the room temperature. The difference in yield strength between them became small in the elevated temperature, but the ECAPed samples still had the smaller CCV value, implying the improved formability. The texture of the AZ31 alloy sheets could be modified by ECAP and the decrease in the yield strength and more uniform deformation realized in the material, so the formability of AZ31 alloy sheets was improved.

退火工艺对AZ31镁合金板材冲压性能影响分析

文章通过对大变形异步轧制后的AZ31镁合金板材进行退火前和退火后的杯突实验;通过拉伸试验测得冲压性能指标,对退火前和退火后的冲压性能指标进行比较,得到经退火处理,冲压性能指标都得到了很好的改善,有利于冲压成型;可得退火后可用较小的冲压力得到较大的杯突值。退火处理可极大改善AZ31镁合金板材的冲压性能。

Texture evolution of extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets

The evolution of texture during the annealing and hot rolling process of extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets was studied. There are two kinds of texture components in the extruded AZ31 sheets. One is {0002}<1010> and the other is {1010}<1120>. The {0002}<1010>component predominates. After annealing at 723 K for 3 h, both {0002}<1010> and {1010}<1120> components are strengthened moderately. This indicates that grains with both two components mentioned above grow faster than those with other orientations. The {1010}<1120> component disappears and the intensity of {0002}<1010> component decreases significantly after hot rolling with a 30% reduction at 623 K. This is mainly attributed to rotational dynamic recrystallization (RDX) during the hot rolling.

Microstructures and tensile properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy thin sheet

Microstructures, tensile properties, fracture characteristics of commercial AZ31 magnesium alloy thin sheet were studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and uniaxial tensile test. Tensile tests were carried out at room temperature and 473K, with strain rates of 8.3×10 -44.2×10 -3s -1. The results show that grain refinement effects are better at high temperature, and it increases with the decrease of strain rate at 473K. Compared with that tested at room temperature, no apparent uniform plastic deformation stage exists in the stress—strain curves tested at 473K; afterwards, the stress—strain curve presents wavelike downward under condition of the small strain rate. Yield strength and tensile strength of the alloy decrease drastically while the elongation increases greatly. With the increase of strain rate, yield strength and tensile strength of the alloy increase, but the elongation decreases. The fracture of the alloy tested at room temperature is quasi-cleavage failure and ductile failure at 473K.

Influence of rolling ways on microstructure and anisotropy of AZ31 alloy sheet

Two rolling ways,unidirectional rolling and cross rolling,were carried out on twin roll cast AZ31 alloy sheet to study the influence of strain path change on the evolution of the rolling microstructure and texture as well as the anisotropic properties of AZ31 alloy sheet with microscopy,X-ray diffraction technique and tensile tests.It is found that cross rolling gives rise to more uniform microstructure and stronger texture intensities compared with unidirectional rolling.The differences in the microstructure and texture intensities are reflected in the anisotropy characterized by the difference in the yield stress and the fracture elongation that were measured along directions in the rolling plane at angles of 0■,45■and 90■from the rolling direction.

Annealing behavior of rolled AZ31 alloy sheet

The annealed microstructures of the rolled AZ31 alloy sheets were examined by using light optical microscopy. The mechanical properties were measured by tensile testing, with their crystal orientations analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). After the annealing treatment, the elongated grains were transformed to equiaxed grains with uniform and homogeneous structures. The changes of microstructure decreased the yield strength and enhanced the elongation. The analysis of XRD shows that the AZ31 alloy sheet possesses intense basal-texture, which is weakened during the recrystallization while reinforced during the grain growth. The intense basal-texture induces low ductility, which hence makes the further rolling more difficult. The results indicate that the optimum annealing treatment during AZ31 alloys sheet rolling is at about 300℃for 60-120 min.

轧制工艺对AZ31B镁合金薄板组织与性能的影响

研究了轧制温度和轧制速度对AZ31B镁合金薄板微观组织演变和力学性能的影响。结果表明,轧辊加热有利于镁合金薄板成型;AZ31B镁合金在低温或低速轧制时薄板纵向组织为大量的切变带,切变带区域包含大量孪晶组织,横向组织为含极少量孪晶的等轴晶组织;在轧制温度为400℃和轧制速度为16m/min轧制时,由于动态再结晶,横纵截面组织均为等轴晶。AZ31镁合金薄板的最佳轧制制度为轧辊温度为70℃、轧制温度为400℃、轧制速度为6m/min,此工艺轧制的薄板横向抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为350MPa、300MPa和12%,纵向为345MPa、290MPa和11.2%,纵向与横向性能差别明显减小。

等径角轧制AZ31镁合金板材的组织与性能

采用等径角轧制工艺制备了AZ31镁合金板材。结果表明:经等径角轧制后的板材,晶粒取向由等径角轧制前的(0002)基面取向演化为基面与非基面共存的取向。与等径角轧制前的板材相比,板材晶粒尺寸略有长大并有孪晶出现,但强度却明显提高,而断裂延伸率变化不大,尤其是1个道次轧制的板材其抗拉强度由等径角轧制前的240增大到275 MPa,屈服强度由193.8增大到239.2 MPa;随着等径角轧制道次的增加,板材的强度逐渐降低,至第4个道次其抗拉强度仅为250 MPa,屈服强度为207.3 MPa。

热轧及退火处理对AZ31镁合金板材组织的影响

采用单向轧制的方法制备了AZ31镁合金板材,分析了不同轧制温度、道次变形量等工艺参数对组织性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,在多道次轧制时,当轧制温度为400℃,单道次变形量为25%时,所得到的AZ31镁合金板材经过热处理后的晶粒细小且均匀,板材平均晶粒尺寸达到6μm;当轧制温度为400℃,单道次变形量为35%时,得到的板材平均晶粒尺寸为10μm。在轧后热处理时,当热处理温度低于150℃,且保温时间为30min的情况下,轧制板材再结晶不完全;当热处理温度在250～300℃之间时得到的板材平均晶粒尺寸为5μm;当热处理温度超过350℃时轧制板材再结晶组织粗大而且孪晶组织消失。当热处理温度为320℃,且保温时间为15min时,开始发生再结晶,再继续增加保温时间到120min时对组织没有明显影响。

AZ31镁合金轧制板材各向异性力学性能研究

在几种厚度的AZ31镁合金轧制板材上沿不同方向取样进行常温单向拉伸和压缩实验,研究了AZ31镁合金轧制板材的各向异性力学性能。基于晶体塑性理论,探讨了织构对金属板材宏观各向异性的影响。分析表明,轧制镁合金板材具有明显的各向异性力学性能及拉压不对称性。在轧制(RD)方向的抗压及抗拉屈服强度明显小于横向(TD),各个方向的抗拉屈服强度明显大于抗压屈服强度。不同轧制工艺对板材的力学性能影响较显著,主要表现在屈服应力不同和延伸率不同。基于实验结果与晶体塑性理论,本文从多角度分析了轧制工艺对AZ31镁合金各向异性力学性能及拉压不对称性行为的影响。

异步轧制对AZ31镁合金板材组织和性能的影响

对不同轧制温度、道次压下量以及轧制路径等工艺条件下所制备的AZ31镁合金板材的组织和性能进行了研究。结果表明,当温度由623K升到723K时,晶粒发生长大,孪晶消失,板材的抗拉强度由275MPa降到250MPa,伸长率则由14.5%增加到18%;当道次压下量从5%增加到20%时,晶粒逐渐得到细化,板材的抗拉强度由道次压下量为5%时的265MPa增加到20%时的300MPa,伸长率则由18%降到15%;轧制路径的改变,使不同板材中孪晶的数量产生改变,路径A中的孪晶较多,伸长率较低,强度较高,路径D中的孪晶较少,伸长率较高,强度较低。

AZ31镁合金板材温热冲压数值模拟与实验研究

采用Gleeble3500热模拟实验机进行了单向拉伸实验,分析了AZ31镁合金板材的力学性能;以此实验数据为基础,对温热冲压过程进行了数值模拟,研究了拉深温度、压边力等工艺因素对镁合金板材成形性能的影响;通过极限拉深比实验,对数值模拟结果进行了实验验证。结果表明:在极限拉深温度150℃,极限拉深速度15 mm/s,固定压边力的工艺条件下,极限拉深比能够达到2.5。模拟结果表明:模拟结果和实验结果具有良好的一致性;采用变压边力可以明显提高板材的冲压性能,极限拉深比将达到5.0。

异步轧制AZ31镁合金板材室温冲压性能研究

文章主要对异步轧制AZ31镁合金板材室温冲压性能进行了研究,以探讨提高镁合金板材冲压性能的途径。结果表明,异步轧制有利于板材的晶粒细化,其晶粒尺寸约为7.6μm,明显小于普通轧制板材的12.5μm;而由于异步轧制过程中剪切变形的作用,异步轧制使板材的(0002)基面晶粒取向减弱;与普通轧制相比,异步轧制板材的应变硬化能力增加,屈服强度降低,制耳参数减小,但塑性应变比也降低,这可归因于异步轧制所导致的晶粒细化和晶粒取向的改变。