Effects of cold and warm cross-rolling on microstructure and texture evolution of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet

Mg alloys conventionally rolled often present strong basal textures that affect negatively further deformations,limiting their applications.The present research found that cross-rolling experiences in adequate conditions can weaken those intense basal textures as a result of the interaction of deformation mechanisms and dynamic recrystallization.The effects of rolling temperature and strain rate on the microstructure and texture of an AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet generated heterogeneous microstructure where the initial basal texture was strengthened during cold cross-rolling and it was gradually weakening by the rolling reduction and the rolling temperature increases in such a way that a rather weak basal fiber was produced applying reductions higher than 15%at temperatures higher than 200℃.Their ODF functions supported the texture weakening,exhibiting a combination of two crystallographic orientations represented by{0001}<211^(-)0>and{0001}<101^(-)0>.

Laser Cladding Al-Si/Al_2O_3-TiO_2 Composite Coatings on AZ31B Magnesium Alloy

To improve the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys, a 5 kW continuous wave CO2 laser was used to investigate the laser surface cladding on AZ31 B magnesium alloys with Al-Si/Al2O3-TiO2 composite powders. A detailed microstructure, chemical composition, and phase analysis of the composite coatings were studied by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS）, and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The laser cladding shows good metallurgical bonding with the substrate. The composite coatings are composed of Mgl7Al12, Al3Mg2, Mg2Si, Al2O3, and TiO2 phases. Compared to the average microhardness （50HV0.05） of the AZ3 1 B substrate, that of the composite coatings （230HV0.05） is improved significantly. The wear resistances of the surface layers were evaluated in detail. The results demonstrate that the wear resistances of the laser surface-modified samples are considerably improved compared to the substrate. It also show that the composite coatings exhibit better corrosion resistance than that of the substrate in 3.5wt% NaCI solution.

Study on microstructure and properties of laser surface melted layer of AZ31B magnesium alloy

An attempt has been made to improve the surface properties of AZ31B magnesium alloy through solid solution hardening and refinement of microstructures using a CO2 laser as a heat generating source. X-ray diffraction （XRD） was used to identify the phases. Microstructure and properties of laser melted layer of AZ31B magnesium alloy were observed or tested by means of optical microscope （OM）, scanning electron microscope （SEM）, micro-hardness equipment and electrochemical corrosion equipment etc. The results show that the microstructure of laser melted layer becomes finer significantly and uniform. Compared with the substrate, the content of β-Mg17 Al12 phase of melted layer decreases comparatively. Microhardness of the laser melted layer is improved to 50 -95 HV0. 05 as compared to 40 -45 HV0.05 of the AZ31B Mg alloy substrate. The results of electrochemical corrosion show that the corrosion resistance of laser surface melted layer has been improved.

Analysis of Hot Rolling Routes of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy and Prediction of Tensile Property of Hot-rolled Sheets

At the initial rolling temperature of 250 to 400 ℃, AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets were hot rolled by four different rolling routes. Microstructures and mechanical properties of the hot-rolled magnesium alloy sheets were analyzed by optical microscope and tensile tests respectively. Based on the Hall-Petch relation, considering the average grain size and grain size distribution, the nonlinear fitting analysis between the tensile strength and average grain size was carried on, and then the prediction model of tensile strength of hot-rolled AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet was established. The results indicate that, by rolling with multi-pass cross rolling, uniform, fine and equiaxial grain microstructures can be produced, the anisotropy of hot-rolled magnesium sheet can also be effectively weakened. Strong correlation was observed between the average grain size and tensile property of the hot-rolled magnesium alloy sheet. Grain size distribution coefficient d（CV） was introduced to reflect the dispersion degree about a set of grain size data, and then the Hall-Petch relation was perfected. Ultimately, the prediction accuracy of tensile strength of multi-pass hot-rolled AZ31B magnesium alloy was improved, and the prediction of tensile property can be performed by the model.

Finite Element Analysis and Experiment on Viscous Warm Pressure Bulging of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy

Aiming at overcoming the low plasticity of magnesium alloy at room temperature, we researched viscous warm pressure bulging（VWPB） of AZ31B magnesium alloy based on the excellent thermal stability of viscous medium under the warm forming condition. The potential improvements of plastic deformation ability and forming quality of AZ31B magnesium alloy are expected with the aid of thermal characteristics of viscous medium. During bulging process the velocity field variation and pressure stress field distribution of viscous medium are observed at different temperatures through which the effect of temperature on the mechanical property of viscous medium and AZ31B magnesium alloy are analyzed. The results show that the formability of AZ31B magnesium alloy increases first and then decreases as the temperature increases and it is the best at 200 ℃. On the other hand, the viscous medium which can build non-uniform pressure stress field also exhibits a good flow property at elevated temperature, and it is helpful to improving the formability of AZ31B magnesium alloy.

As-extruded AZ31B Magnesium Alloy Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior

The fatigue crack propagation rate of as-extruded AZ31B magnesium alloy was studied. Compact tension [C（T）] of the notch direction parallel （T-L）, vertical （L-T）, and inclined at 45o to the extrusion direction was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the crack propagation direction is parallel to the extrusion direction for T-L and L-T specimens, whereas the specimen inclined at 45o has an angular deflection of 9° to 11° toward the extrusion direction. The T-L specimen has the fastest fatigue crack propagation rate, and the L-T specimen has the slowest rate, the fatigue crack propagation rate of the specimen inclined at 45o is between the two directions. The crack tip propagates by both transgranular and intergranular fractures. Fatigue fractures consist of cleavage plane or quasi-cleavage and are brittle fractures. The fatigue striation occurs for specimens inclined at 45o and its size is 3-15 μm.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31B magnesium alloy prepared by solid-state recycling process from chips

AZ31B magnesium alloy chips were recycled by three solid-state recycling processes including cold-pressing,hot-pressing followed by hot extrusion and double extrusion.Microstructure and mechanical properties of the recycled specimens and reference specimens were compared.For the recycled specimen by cold-pressing,the grains are refined to a large extent during hot extrusion due to the presence of twins and high density dislocation.The recycled specimens by hot-pressing and double extrusion do not exhibit finer grain than that the recycled specimen by cold-pressing.Consequently,higher ultimate tensile strength of the recycled specimen by hot-pressing and double extrusion is not achieved.For hot pressing process,more compact billet lowers the porosity in recycled material,so elongation to failure of the recycled specimen increases.The recycled specimen fabricated by double extrusion process shows slightly higher elongation than the reference specimen.The second extrusion makes the oxides further crush and distribute more dispersedly,and minimizes porosity,which is responsible for the improved ductility.

Superplasticity and superplastic instability of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet

Superplastic deformation mechanism of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet was investigated. Maximum elongation of 216% and strain rate sensitivity of 0.36 were obtained at 723 K and a strain rate of 1×10?3s?1. It is found that dynamic recrystallization occurs at the early deformation stage, and that grain boundary sliding is the dominant deformation mode of superplastic AZ31B sheet, whose fracture is due to the growth and interlinkage of cavities nucleated at grain boundary. A cavity growth model was established, and damage characteristic parameters as well as the critical value of damage variable were identified so as to provide a theoretical ground on which the plastic forming technology of magnesium alloy sheet can be optimized.

Characteristics of hot tensile deformation and microstructure evolution of twin-roll cast AZ31B magnesium alloys

High temperature tensile properties and microstructure evolutions of twin-roll-cast AZ31B magnesium alloy were investigated over a strain rate range from 10-3 to 1 s-1.It is suggested that the dominant deformation mechanism in the lower strain rate regimes is dislocation creep controlled by grain boundary diffusion at lower temperature and by lattice diffusion at higher temperatures,respectively.Furthermore,dislocation glide and twinning are dominant deformation mechanisms at higher strain-rate.The processing map,the effective diffusion coefficient and activation energy map of the alloy were established.The relations of microstructure evolutions to the transition temperature of dominant diffusion process,the activation energy platform and the occurrence of the full dynamic recrystallization with the maximum peak efficiency were analyzed.It is revealed that the optimum conditions for thermo-mechanical processing of the alloy are at a temperature range from 553 to 593 K,and a strain rate range from 7×10-3 to 2×10-3 s-1.

Friction Stir Welding Effect on Transverse Rigidity and Sound Transmission Characteristics of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy

AZ31B magnesium alloy was subjected to friction stir welding with various welding parameters. The equivalent Young's moduli of the friction stir welded samples and the base material were obtained by the three-point method, and their transverse rigidities were obtained as well. Furthermore, the sound transmission characteristics of those samples were experimentally studied by four-microphone impedance tube method. The experimental results indicate that the transverse rigidities of the friction stir welded samples were only 79%, 83% and 92% of those of the base material, respectively. The sound transmission losses of the processed samples were also lower, which was largely due to the reduction of transverse rigidities induced by the decrease of equivalent Young's moduli.

Processing map for hot working of as extruded AZ31B magnesium alloy

The deformation behavior of AZ31B magnesium alloy as extruded under hot compression conditions was characterized in the temperature range of 200400℃ and strain rate range of 0.0011s^-1. The processing maps were obtained at different strains. The results show that the map exhibits flow instabilities as two domains. The domain at beyond 300℃ and strain rate of 1s^-1 appears with a peak efficiency of power dissipation about 56% occurring. This domain is expected to happen in a hot process, such as hot rolling, hot extrusion and hot forging. There is high efficiency of power dissipation at temperature beyond 350℃ and strain rate 0.001s^-1.Such domains suggest the occurrence of superplastic deformation.

Corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity of V/Ce conversion coating on magnesium alloy AZ31B

A V/Ce conversion coating was deposited in the surface of AZ31B magnesium alloy in a solution containing vanadate and cerium nitrate.The coating composition and morphology were examined.The conversion coating appears to consist of a thin and cracked coating with a scattering of spherical particles.The corrosion behavior of the substrate and conversion coating was studied by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).Compared with AZ31B magnesium alloy,the corrosion current density of the conversion coating is decreased by two orders of magnitude.The total impedance of the V/Ce conversion coating rise to 1.6×10^(3)Ω·cm^(2)in contrast with2.2×10^(2)Ω·cm^(2)of the bare AZ31B.In addition,the electrical conductivity of the coating was assessed by conductivity meter and Mott-Schottky measurement.The results reveal a high dependence of the conductivity of the coating on the semiconductor properties of the phase compositions.

AZ31B镁合金轧板差温剪切旋压成形组织和性能的研究

在100~300℃成形温度开展了AZ31B镁合金薄板差温剪切旋压实验,并分析研究了温度对成形工件微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:AZ31B板材在150~300℃具有良好的差温剪切旋压成形性;150℃成形时,工件微观组织中以变形孪晶为主,晶界分布着亚微米级再结晶晶粒,随着温度上升,再结晶体积分数增加,在250、300℃成形时,获得完全动态再结晶组织。工件在200℃成形后获得最佳综合力学性能,在150℃旋压后工件强度最高。

恒压恒流交互模式对AZ31B镁合金微弧氧化陶瓷膜组织与性能的影响

为探究恒压与恒流相互叠加模式对AZ31B镁合金微弧氧化膜层组织与性能的影响,利用AZ31B镁合金为基材,在电解液和电参数相同的前提下,采用恒流、恒压、先恒流再恒压、先恒压再恒流4种不同电源工作模式在AZ31B镁合金表面制备微弧氧化陶瓷膜。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、电化学工作站、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、高温摩擦磨损机等检测手段,对AZ31B镁合金微弧氧化陶瓷膜层进行测试。结果表明:基材经微弧氧化处理后,表面生成微弧氧化陶瓷膜。在先恒流再恒压(0.7 A/6 min+400 V/4 min)电源模式下制备的微弧氧化陶瓷膜的MgO、MgF_(2)以及Mg_(2)SiO_(4)等强化相的峰值比其他模式下制备的膜层高;膜层表面平整,微孔小且分布均匀,致密性较好,膜层与基体紧密结合;相对于其他模式下的膜层,其被磨穿时长最长,材料的耐磨性得到提升;其腐蚀电位相对于基体,从-1.4974 V增加到-1.3769 V,腐蚀速率从0.0091 mm/a降低到0.0020 mm/a,耐腐蚀性显著提升。

添加高熵合金粉末AZ31B镁合金/304不锈钢电阻点焊接头组织和力学性能

以FeCoNiCrMn高熵合金为中间层,获得高质量的AZ31B/不锈钢电阻点焊接头。分析过渡区与两侧母材的反应扩散行为,检测接头性能并优化焊接工艺。结果表明:包含FeCoNiCrMn颗粒的过渡区成功连接镁、钢两母材。镁合金侧界面主要是颗粒周围反应生成的Fe4Al13金属间化合物;而不锈钢侧边界主要由(Fe,Ni)固溶体和Fe4Al13金属间化合物两部分组成。拉剪载荷F随焊接电流I和焊接压力P的增加,焊接时间t的延长,呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,在18.2~22.5 kA,15~35周波,2.0~10.6 kN的实验工艺范围内,添加高熵合金镁/钢点焊接头拉剪载荷在3.2 kN以上,最大拉剪载荷为5.605 kN,相比未添加高熵合金镁/钢点焊接头拉剪载荷提高了397%。高熵合金过渡层形成了大量(Fe,Ni)固溶体,减少Fe4Al13脆性金属间化合物的生成,有效提高了接头的力学性能。

基于翻孔试验的AZ31B镁合金薄板温成形特点研究

以1.6 mm厚的AZ31B镁合金板料为研究对象,利用Deform-3D软件探究了温成形翻孔工艺的成形特点,分析了成形温度、冲压速度和压边间隙对制件成形过程中等效应力、成形载荷及厚度变化的影响规律和机理,在此分析结果基础上提出了翻孔优化工艺,并通过对比优化工艺下仿真试验和物理试验中制件的变形情况,验证了模拟仿真的正确性。结果表明,扩孔阶段制件凸缘区材料应力波动幅度最大,达到141.29 MPa,减薄和增厚最严重的区域分别是伸长区底部和凸缘区,分别达到20.00%和3.13%,温度与材料的等效应力峰值及应力分布不均匀性呈负相关,较低的冲压速度可以给材料变形提供充足的缓冲时间,有利于降低等效应力峰值和增厚率,压边间隙主要影响材料厚度变化情况而对材料主变形区等效应力的影响较小,仿真试验与物理试验制件的终态材料厚度分布趋势一致,凸模峰值载荷误差为0.94 kN,仿真试验结果与物理试验结果具有良好的一致性。

基于韧性断裂准则的AZ31B镁合金板材成形极限预测

结合损伤起始判据和损伤演化准则,建立了完整的韧性断裂准则,基于ABAQUS中韧性损伤材料模型对AZ31B镁合金板材成形极限进行了预测。通过拟合单向拉伸应力应变曲线得到材料本构模型及损伤演化参数,建立了板材的Nakazima半球形凸模胀形有限元仿真模型,再基于韧性断裂准则预测了AZ31B镁合金板材室温下的成形极限,并分析了不同板材断裂失效判据对成形极限的影响。研究结果表明,基于所建立的韧性断裂准则,并以损伤演化过程中应变路径转变作为断裂失效判据,可以较准确地预测镁合金板材成形极限,得到的成形极限图与实验结果吻合较好。

AA2195-AZ31B搅拌摩擦焊温度与残余应力场的数值模拟

针对AA2195铝锂合金和AZ31B镁合金,基于耦合欧拉拉格朗日(coupled eulerian-lagrangian,CEL)方法,结合有限元分析软件Abaqus,建立了搅拌摩擦焊对接过程的有限元模型。同时,对焊接过程中的动态温度场及焊后残余应力场的分布进行了研究。结果表明:焊缝区域应力以纵向应力为主,最大残余应力在AA2195铝锂合金侧。垂直于焊缝的截面纵向应力呈“M”形分布,最大值约为220 MPa,双峰之间存在倒“V”形。焊接过程中温度变化趋势与应力循环曲线负相关。此外,针对2 mm厚的AA2195铝锂合金和AZ31B镁合金板材进行了搅拌摩擦焊试验,用盲孔法对焊后残余应力进行测试,验证了模型的准确性。

Fluoride Conversion Coating on Biodegradable AZ31B Magnesium Alloy

A fluoride conversion coating was successfully prepared on AZ31B magnesium alloy by chemical reaction in hydrofluoric acid. Morphologies, composition, bonding strength, corrosion properties, in vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial properties of the coating were investigated, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy observations revealed a dense coating with some irregular pores. The thin-film X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the coating was mainly composed of MgO and MgF2. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results showed that the fluoride conversion coating significantly improved the corrosion resistance of AZ31B. The hydroxyapatite formed on the surface of the fluoride coated AZ31 B after being immersed in the simulated blood plasma indicated the good bioactivity of the material. The in vitro cytotoxicity test showed that the fluoride coated AZ31B alloy was not toxic to BMMSCs （human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells）. It was also found that the fluoride coated AZ31 B alloy had antibacterial capability.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy added with cerium

The AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet added with 0.5 wt.% Ce was welded with friction stir welding(FSW).The microstructures and mechanical properties of the welded joint were investigated.The results showed that the microstructures in the weld nugget zone were uniform and with small equiaxed grains.The grains in the heat-affected zone and the thermo-mechanical affected zone were coarser than those in the base metal zone and the weld nugget zone.The ultimate tensile strength of AZ31B magnesium alloy added with 0.5...