Microbiological Quality of Cyperus esculentus L. Products Sold in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)

This study aimed to assess the microbiological quality of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) products sold in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso. The microbial load of tubers and tiger nut milk was determined using ISO 4833-1 (2003) standard (total mesophilic aerobic flora), NF ISO 7954 (1998) standard (yeasts and molds), and ISO 4832 (2006) standard (total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms). The results showed that tiger nut tubers had an average microbial load between 4.86 ± 7.03 × 106 UFC/g and 1.82 ± 2.30 × 107 UFC/g for total mesophilic aerobic flora, from 4.34 ± 10.6 × 105 UFC/g to 3.52 ± 4.54 × 106 UFC/g for yeasts and molds, from 2.23 ± 2.25 × 105 UFC/g to 1.41 ± 2.16 × 105 UFC/g for total coliforms and from 1.83 ± 2.03 × 105 UFC/g to 7.0 ± 10.8 × 104 CFU/g for thermotolerant coliforms. For tiger nut milk samples, the average microbial load varied from 3.48 ± 2.98 × 106 CFU/g to 2.80 ± 5.69 × 107 CFU/g for total mesophilic aerobic flora, from 5.00 ± 7.21 × 104 CFU/g to 1.88 ± 3.31 × 105 CFU/g for yeasts and molds, from 4.58 ± 10.4 × 104 CFU/g to 6.31 ± 9.17 × 105 CFU/g for total coliforms and 7.00 ± 7.00 × 103 CFU/g to 2.87 ± 5.86 × 105 CFU/g for thermotolerant coliforms. This study revealed that the tubers and tiger nut milk sold in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso had a high microbial load which could lead to the degradation of these products and food poisoning for consumers.

Research Progress of Bioactive Substances and Processing of Abelmoschus esculentus L.

Okra （Abelmoschus esculentus L. ） is a novel heahhcare vegetable that has been developed rapidly in recent years in China. It contains abundant bioactive substances with significant heahbeare functions. So far, many domestic research institutions have carried out researches about the extraction technology of bioactive substances and their heahhcare functions. At present, tender pods and other organs of A. esculentus are mainly used freshly and directly, but rare products have been processed and developed. In this paper, the research progress of bioactive substances and processing ofA. esculentus was summarized, aiming at providing reference for the deep processing and comprehensive utilization of A. escu/entus in the future in China.

Compounds from the flowers and fruits of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench

The Abelmoschus esculentus(L.)Moench was previously reported to have various phytochemicals.Chemical fractionation yielded from the ethanolic extract of the A.esculentus ten compounds,including four alkaloids(4-6,8)and six phenolic acids(1-3,7,9-10).The structures of the compounds were elucidated through extensive spectra analyses and comparison of the experimental data with reported data.It is worth mentioning that compounds 1,2 and 5-10 were isolated from Abelmoschus esculentus(L.)for the first time.

Agro Morphological Characterization and Evaluation of Three Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] Varieties from Zinder (Niger) for Yield and Other Variability Components

Okra, (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), is grown as a sole crop and as a field crop in Niger. In the present study, three okra varieties from Zinder region in Niger Republic have been assessed for their agronomic performance traits. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the dry season 2018-2019. The following characters were evaluated: emergence;germination;boutonization flowering;fructificaion;height at flowering;height at maturity;length of the petiole;diameter of leaves;diameter of plants;number of fruits;number of fruit per branch;total number of fruits;number of branch, number of leaves;length of fruits;diameter of fruits;number of arrets;weight of fruits;weight of seed, number of seeds. The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using XlStat version 7.1 and the means separated by using Turkey’s Method. Analysis of Principal components (PCA) using R software was also performed on the variables. There were significant differences for all characters except emergence, germination, diameter of plants, number of fruits, total number of fruits and diameter of fruits. The multivariate analysis by the ACP showed a grouping of the varieties in three groups. The three okra varieties have revealed good performances and could be useful for a breeding program. The study of the water needs of the varieties will be very interesting to make a better selection of the collection.

Effect of Crude Oil-Contaminated Soil on Germination and Growth Performance of <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i>L. Moench—A Widely Cultivated Vegetable Crop in Nigeria

This study investigated the effect of crude oil-contaminated soil on the germination and growth performance of Abelmoschus esculentus, a widely cultivated vegetable crop in Nigeria. The experiment was conducted in the Screen House, under controlled environmental conditions. The seedling emergence percentage, heights and girths were studied to determine the growth performance of the crop in crude oil-contaminated soil. The result of the investigation revealed that the crude oil-contaminated soil affects the growth performance of Abelmoschus esculentus L. as hindered germination, reduced heights and girths were observed in the crop planted in treated soil and this adversely and severely affects the crop agronomic growth and development and probably its yield. Therefore, contamination of agricultural soils with crude oil should be avoided and public awareness should be created on the detrimental effects of crude oil pollution in our terrestrial ecosystem. Innovative and environmental-friendly remediation strategies should be carried out on our agricultural soils that have been grossly polluted by crude oil exploitation and exploration.

The Role of Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves and Roots of <i>Lantana camara</i>(L.) in the Management of Pests of Okra <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i>(L.) Moench

The cultivation of many crops in Africa is negatively affected by a number of constraints, the most important of which is the incidence of pests and diseases. In many areas of the world, the most preferred option in the management of pests is the application of synthetic chemical pesticides. Due to the negative effects of pesticides on humans and the environment as a whole, efforts are being made to find alternatives for pest management. Ethanolic extracts of the leaves and roots of Lantana camara were tested against the major pests of okra, Abelmoschus esculentus. The plant extracts were compared with a standard chemical insecticide, Mektin (a.i 18 g/L abamectin) in a randomly complete block design with four treatments and three replications. Parameters studied included the major pests of the plant and the damage caused, leaf area, plant height as well as yield of okra. Cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii, the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci and the cotton flea beetle, Podagrica puncticollis were the major pests encountered on okra plants. Aphis gossypii and B. tabaci populations were significantly lower on the L. camara-sprayed plots compared with the control plots. Similarly, P. puncticollis numbers were significantly smaller on the L. camara-sprayed plots than the control plots. There were no significant differences between the treatments and the control for plant height, leaf area and yield. The significant reduction in pests numbers on the L. camara-sprayed plots indicates its potential as an alternative to chemical insecticides, thereby reducing the reliance on chemical insecticides in the management of insect pests.

A Review on Ethnomedicinal, Pharmacological, Phytochemical and Pharmaceutical Profile of Lady’s Finger (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i>L.) Plant

Abelmoschus is a genus of about fifteen species belongs to the family Malvaceae. The herb, popularly known as Lady’s Finger or Okra (in English) is a nutritional source used for both medicinal and culinary purposes. The plant is widely distributed from Africa to Asia, Southern Europe, and America. This comprehensive account provides a botanical description of the plant, its phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities focusing anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-adhesive, gastro-protective, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulating actions. Most of the pharmacological effects can be explained by the constituents like tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids and glycosides present in all plant parts. However, future efforts should concentrate more on in vitro and in vivo studies and also on clinical trials in order to confirm traditional wisdom in the light of a rational phytotherapy. The present review is an overview of phytochemistry and ethnopharmacological studies that support many of the traditional?ethnomedicinal uses of the plant.

Insect Pests Control of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) by Using Plant Aqueous Extracts in Korhogo Area (Northern Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa)

In this study,we monitored for the impact of three aqueous extracts of plants(Azadirachta indica,Hyptis suaveolens and Solanum lycopersicum)on insect pests abundance in okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)crop,compared to a synthetic chemical«SAUVEUR 62 EC»,having as active ingredients,acetamiprid 32g/l and Lambda-cyhalothrin 30g/l.Foliar applications by these extracts were done using manual sprayers.After treatment,the insects were caught using two methods(pitfall traps and colored bowls traps).A total of 6505 insects belonging to nine orders were recorded in four plots.The plot 1(9 orders)was the most diverse,followed by the plot 3(8 orders),the plot 2 and 4(7 orders respectively).Coleoptera,Lepidoptera,Diptera,Orthoptera and Hemiptera were the most frequents.The chemical treatment has impacted significantly the number of orders(p<0.05)but,the insect abundance was impacted significantly by the different biological treatments(p<0.05).This study showed that the aqueous extract of Solanum lycopercicum was more effective on the abundance of pests belonging to Hemiptera,while the aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica and Hyptis suaveolens were effectives on the abundance of pests belonging to Coleoptera.The chemical treatment was effective on the pests belonging to both orders.

Neuroprotection of Cyperus esculentus L. orientin against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced brain injury

Orientin is a flavonoid monomer.In recent years,its importance as a source of pharmacological active substance is growing rapidly due to its properties such as anti-myocardial ischemia,anti-apoptosis,anti-radiation,anti-tumor,and anti-aging.However,the neuroprotective effects of Orientin on stroke injury have not been comprehensively evaluated.The aim of the present study was thus to investigate the neuroprotective capacity and the potential mechanisms of Cyperus esculentus L.orientin(CLO)from Cyperus esculentus L.leaves against ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)injury using standard orientin as control.For in vitro studies,we treated HT22 cells with CoCl2 as an in vitro ischemic injury model.HT22 cells in the control group were treated with CoCl2.For in vivo studies,we used rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion,and animals that received sham surgery were used as controls.We found that CLO protected CoCl2-induced HT22 cells against ischemia/reperfusion injury by lowering lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species formation as well as decreasing protein oxidation.However,CLO did not reduce the release of lactate dehydrogenase nor increase the activity of superoxide dismutase.Results showed that CLO could decrease neurological deficit score,attenuate brain water content,and reduce cerebral infarct volume,leading to neuroprotection during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.Our studies indicate that CLO flavonoids can be taken as a natural antioxidant and bacteriostastic substance in food and pharmaceutical industry.The molecular mechanisms of CLO could be at least partially attributed to the antioxidant properties and subsequently inhibiting activation of casepase-3.All experimental procedures and protocols were approved on May 16,2016 by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Xinjiang Medical University of China(approval No.IACUC20160516-57).

Advances in Studies on Total Flavone of Abelmoschus manihot(L.)Medic.

Flos Abelmoschus manihot has a long history of application.Recent studies show that total flavone of A.manihot(L.)Medic(TFA)has a wide range of pharmacological activity.This article is a review mainly on chemical composition,method of determination and pharmacologic action of TFA,and it raises research and development direction.

黄秋葵组织培养及再生体系建立

本试验以黄秋葵叶片和带节茎段为外植体,采用组织培养的方法,研究不同激素组合对愈伤组织诱导、愈伤组织增殖、不定芽分化、生根的影响,筛选出适合各阶段的最佳培养基配方,同时对不同种类种子消毒剂的消毒效果进行探究。结果表明,黄秋葵种子最佳消毒方法为75%C2H5OH浸泡2 min+0.15%HgCl2浸泡20 min;愈伤组织诱导最佳培养基为MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA,带节茎段的诱导率达98%;增殖最佳培养基为MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA,增殖系数为4;分化最佳培养基为MS+2.0 mg/L ZT+0.15 mg/L NAA,分化率为93%;生根最佳培养基为MS+0.1 mg/L NAA,主根粗壮,根系发达,质量好。本试验完善了黄秋葵组织培养及再生体系,为其种质资源的保护、利用、基因改造和其他植物的组织培养研究提供了科学依据。

菜芙蓉花黄酮微胶囊的制备工艺及其贮藏稳定性

为提高菜芙蓉花黄酮的贮藏稳定性,扩展其应用范围,以菜芙蓉花黄酮提取液为芯材、β-环糊精为壁材,采用超声辅助包埋-冷冻干燥法制备菜芙蓉花黄酮微胶囊,通过单因素和响应面试验确定微胶囊制备工艺参数,利用扫描电镜、红外光谱和抗氧化活性对其进行表征,并考察不同温度、湿度、光照和氧气贮藏条件对菜芙蓉花黄酮微胶囊保留率的影响。结果表明:黄酮微胶囊最佳制备工艺为超声功率210 W、超声温度56℃、超声时间40 min、芯壁比1.6 mL:1 g,在此条件下制备的微胶囊的黄酮包埋率为96.89%;制备的微胶囊呈无定型玻璃状,红外光谱分析显示菜芙蓉花黄酮被壁材包裹,具有较好的抗氧化能力。微胶囊化能够有效提高菜芙蓉花黄酮的稳定性,可为新型食品天然抗氧化剂的开发应用提供理论依据。

黄蜀葵花总黄酮介导AKT1信号通路拮抗HepG-2细胞脂质沉积研究

目的:探讨黄蜀葵花总黄酮(TFA)对棕榈酸(PA)诱导HepG-2细胞脂质沉积模型的干预效应及机制。方法:体外培养人肝源HepG-2细胞,应用PA处理以构建细胞脂质沉积模型,然后从黄蜀葵花中提取TFA,以TFA或蛋白激酶B(AKT)抑制剂作为干预剂,对PA诱导的细胞脂质沉积模型进行预处理,应用油红O染色、酶联免疫吸附实验和免疫印迹实验(Western blotting)检测细胞脂质代谢、AKT1和脂联素(APN)信号通路蛋白表达水平。结果:与PA模型组比较,TFA或AKT抑制剂干预后,细胞脂质沉积程度(%)、游离脂肪酸(FFAs)和甘油三酯(TG)水平降低,而APN水平升高(P<0.05)。Western blotting实验显示PA模型组AKT1和固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(SREBP-1)表达水平上调而APN和糖原合成酶激酶3β(GSK3β)水平下调(P<0.05)。与PA模型组比较,TFA或AKT抑制剂干预显示AKT1下调而APN水平上调,其下游信号GSK3β表达上调而SREBP-1表达下调(P<0.05)。结论:TFA拮抗PA诱导的HepG-2细胞脂质沉积可能与其介导AKT1抑制及APN信号通路激活有关。

黄蜀葵花中5种黄酮类化合物对肠道L细胞AGEs/RAGE/p38MAPK/NF-κB信号通路的调节作用

目的探讨黄蜀葵花中5种黄酮类化合物对肠道L细胞AGEs/RAGE/p38MAPK/NF-κB信号通路的调节作用。方法200 mg·L^(-1)AGEs作用肠道于L细胞株GLUTag细胞,Western blot检测细胞中RAGE、p22^(Phox)、p47^(Phox)、p53、Bax蛋白的相对表达量,ELISA法检测TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6、caspase-3、caspase-9的含量。实验分为7组:空白对照组(NG)、模型组(AGEs)、槲皮素组(QT)、异槲皮苷组(IQT)、金丝桃苷组(HY)、槲皮素-3'-O-葡萄糖苷组(QG)、棉皮素-8-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷组(GG)。NG细胞培养于DMEM低糖培养基中;AGEs细胞培养于含200 mg·L^(-1)AGEs的DMEM低糖培养基中;给药组细胞分别培养于含50μmol·L^(-1)各黄酮单体及含200 mg·L^(-1)AGEs的DMEM低糖培养基中。各组细胞经药物干预24 h后,Western blot检测细胞中RAGE、p22^(Phox)、p47^(Phox)、p53、Bax、p-p38MAPK、NF-κB蛋白的相对表达量,ELISA法检测TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6的含量及caspase-3、caspase-9的活性。结果模型组细胞中RAGE、p22^(Phox)、p47^(Phox)、Bax、caspase-3、caspase-9、Phospho-p38MAPK、NF-κB相对表达量及细胞上清液中TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6的分泌量明显上调(P<0.01),p53相对表达量明显下调(P<0.01)。50μmol·L^(-1)槲皮素、异槲皮苷、金丝桃苷、槲皮素-3'-O-葡萄糖苷、棉皮素-8-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷分别给药后,各蛋白的相对表达量及炎症因子的分泌量接近正常组。结论黄属葵花中5种黄酮类化合物能明显抑制肠道L细胞AGEs/RAGE/p38MAPK/NF-κB信号通路。

HPLC法同时测定黄蜀葵花冠中芦丁、金丝桃苷和槲皮素的含量

目的:建立HPLC同时测定黄蜀葵花冠中芦丁、金丝桃苷和槲皮素3种活性成分的分析方法。方法:采用Waters C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,2.7μm),乙腈-0.2%磷酸溶液作为流动相,梯度洗脱,柱温35℃,流速0.7 mL/min,进样量10μL,检测波长256 nm。结果:芦丁、金丝桃苷、槲皮素分别在0.0005~0.0100 mg/mL(r=0.99995)、0.00115~0.02300 mg/mL(r=0.99995)、0.00313~0.06300 mg/mL(r=0.99979)范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率分别为96.01%(RSD=0.87%)、99.60%(RSD=0.90%)、96.92%(RSD=1.72%)。结论:本法操作简便,稳定性好,可作为黄蜀葵全花的质量控制以及同时分析黄蜀葵全花中芦丁、金丝桃苷、槲皮素的有效手段。

Epidemiology of Okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (OYVMV) and Its Management through Tracer, Mycotal and Imidacloprid

Field trials were conducted to evaluate the epidemiological factors of okra yellow vein mosaic virus (OYVMV). Four varieties of okra were subjected to screening and evaluation of the chemicals. The variety Saloni F1 was highly resistant while Subz Pari was moderately resistant. Diksha was the tolerant variety while Lush Green was moderately susceptible. The chemical Imidacloprid was most effective to control whitefly population and okra yellow vein mosaic virus (OYVMV). Correlation of environmental factors (maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) with percent plant infection of okra yellow vein mosaic virus (OYVMV) was also determined. There was a significant correlation between environment and disease severity.

黄蜀葵花总黄酮抗氧化及抗抑郁作用研究

对黄蜀葵花总黄酮抗氧化和抗抑郁作用进行研究。采用小鼠强迫游泳实验(FST)、悬尾实验(TST)、旷场实验(OFT)作为行为学实验模型考察黄蜀葵花总黄酮的抗抑郁作用;利用试剂盒检测小鼠血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、丙二醛(MDA)的含量考察黄蜀葵花总黄酮体内抗氧化作用;采用高效液相色谱法测定小鼠血清中色氨酸(Trp)、犬尿氨酸(Kyn)的含量及比值。结果表明:与普通组相比,黄蜀葵花总黄酮各组有效缩短了小鼠TST、FST的静止时间;黄蜀葵花总黄酮高剂量组(200 mg/kg)能有效降低小鼠血清中MDA质量含量,改善小鼠血清中SOD活力,提高小鼠血清中Trp/Kyn的比值。黄蜀葵花黄酮具有抗抑郁作用,其作用机制可能与黄酮的抗氧化作用、色氨酸与犬尿氨酸的代谢途径有关。

基于全局非靶向代谢组学对黄蜀葵不同部位成分的差异分析

目的:通过代谢组学分析黄蜀葵叶、茎、根、花中主要化学成分及其相对含量,为提高黄蜀葵的药用和经济价值提供科学基础。方法:使用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法对黄蜀葵各部位代谢物进行定性分析,通过全局非靶向代谢组学方法分析比较黄蜀葵不同部位主要代谢物的相对含量。结果:黄蜀葵主要功效成分黄酮类物质在叶、茎、根中也有大量分布,其中标志性化合物金丝桃苷在黄蜀葵叶中的相对含量最高。其他类活性成分,如生物碱、香豆素、萜类、氨基酸等在黄蜀葵叶中的相对含量也较高。结论:除了黄蜀葵花,其他部位如叶、茎、根中也含有较多的活性成分,在提取利用其中的活性成分时可以考虑全株提取或有针对性地部位提取,以提高黄蜀葵的药用及经济价值,减少资源浪费。

木质化秋葵均一多糖的理化特性及结构表征研究

文章以木质化秋葵为原料,采用水提醇沉法和DEAE-Cellulose阴离子交换层析法获取木质化秋葵纯化多糖AP1-c,并对AP1-c的理化性质和结构进行研究。结果表明,AP1-c是分子量为658 kDa的均一多糖,总糖、糖醛酸、蛋白质的质量分数分别为95.36%、24.83%、0.72%。傅里叶变换红外(Fourier transform infrared,FTIR)光谱分析表明AP1-c具有典型的多糖特征吸收峰。单糖组成结果显示,AP1-c主要由半乳糖(Gal)、鼠李糖(Rha)、阿拉伯糖(Ara)和葡萄糖(Glc)组成,摩尔比为1.85∶1.00∶0.24∶0.67。甲基化分析表明AP1-c主要存在5种糖苷键连接方式,分别为1,3,4-linked-Rha p、1-linked-Ara f、1,4-linked-Gal p、1-linked-Gal p、1,6-linked-Glc p,对应的摩尔比为2.9∶1.6∶2.7∶2.3∶0.7。结合化学和仪器方法可推断出AP1-c的主链由→3,4)-α-D-Rha p-(1→、→4)-β-D-Gal p-(1→组成,而支链包括α-L-Ara f-(1→、β-D-Gal p-(1→、→6)-β-D-Glc p-(1→。研究结果为木质化秋葵的开发利用奠定了理论基础。

菜芙蓉醇提物金丝桃苷含量测定及对肿瘤细胞生长抑制作用

[目的]建立测定菜芙蓉（Abelmoschus manihot（L.）Medic）醇提物金丝桃苷含量的方法以及研究菜芙蓉醇提物对Hela肿瘤细胞生长的抑制效果。[方法]采用体积分数为80%的乙醇提取总黄酮,HPLC法测定菜芙蓉不同植株部位中金丝桃苷含量。色谱柱为伊利特C18（4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-0.05%磷酸溶液（V/V,60∶40）,流速为1.0 ml/min,柱温为25℃,检测波长为360 nm和进样量为10μl。另外,MTT法测定菜芙蓉提取物体外抗Hela肿瘤细胞活性。[结果]金丝桃苷在0.040.4 mg/ml范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 8。菜芙蓉不同部位金丝桃苷含量分布为：花〉叶〉茎〉根〉籽,花中平均含量最高达4.002%。平均回收率和RSD值分别为99.23%和1.08%（n=6）。菜芙蓉黄酮提取物能够有效地抑制Hela细胞的生长,IC50约为228μg/ml。[结论]该方法准确、简便、重复性好,可作为菜芙蓉金丝桃苷定量分析方法;菜芙蓉总黄酮具有抑制肿瘤细胞生长的作用。