NATURE OF THE SURFACE HEAT TRANSFER FLUCTUATION IN A HYPERSONIC SEPARATED TURBULENT FLOW

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the unsteady nature of a hypersonic sepa- rated turbulent flow.The nominal test conditions were a freestream Mach number of 7.8 and a unit Reynolds number of 3.5x10^7/m.The separated flow was generated using finite span forward facing steps.An array of flush mounted high spatial resolution and fast response platinum film resistance thermometers was used to make mul- ti-channel measurements of the fluctuating surface heat trtansfer within the separated flow.Conditional sampling ana- lysis of the signals shows that the root of separation shock wave consists of a series of compression wave extending over a streamwise length about one half of the incoming boundary layer thickness.The compression waves con- verge into a single leading shock beyond the boundary layer.The shock structure is unsteady and undergoes large-scale motion in the streamwise direction.The length scale of the motion is about 22 percent of the upstream influence length of the separation shock wave.There exists a wide band of frequency of oscillations of the shock system.Most of the frequencies are in the range of 1-3 kHz.The heat transfer fluctuates intermittently between the undisturbed level and the disturbed level within the range of motion of the separation shock wave.This inter mittent phenomenon is considered as the consequence of the large-scale shock system oscillations.Downstream of the range of shock wave motion there is a separated region where the flow experiences continuous compression and no intermittency phenomenon is observed.

Study on Internal Supersonic Flows with Pseudo-shock Wave Using Liquid Crystal Flow Visualization Method

The flow visualization technique using shear-sensitive liquid crystal is applied to the investigation of a Mach 2 internal supersonic flow with pseudo-shock wave （PSW） in a pressure-vacuum supersonic wind tunnel. It provides qualitative information mainly concerning the overall flow structure, such as the turbulent boundary layer separation, reattachment locations and the dimensionalities of the flow. Besides, it can also give understanding of the surface streamlines, vortices in separation region and the corner effect of duct flow. Two kinds of crystals with different viscosities are used in experiments to analyze the viscosity effect. Results are compared with schlieren picture, confirming the effectiveness of liquid crystal in flow-visualization.

激波/湍流边界层干扰中的自适应控制技术

从激波/湍流边界层干扰机理以及流动控制的迫切需求入手,从自适应涡流发生器、自适应鼓包、自适应微射流以及自适应次流循环四个方面对激波/湍流边界层干扰中的自适应控制技术研究进展进行了总结。分析认为,结合AI技术发展自适应流动控制技术,加速控制方式智能化,可作为新一代高超声速飞行器宽速域飞行的重要技术手段。具体来说,就是通过调节外加激励对高超声速飞行器不同区域实现局部流动加/减速、气动热防护、气动控制等功能,根据流场参数建立控制反馈回路,自适应调整局部流场结构,以满足工程实际需求。

压缩拐角强激波边界层干扰直接数值模拟研究

激波/湍流边界层干扰是高超声速飞行中常见的流动现象,平板-压缩拐角存在于飞行器进气道、翼舵等,是研究激波/湍流边界层干扰的标准构型。采用直接数值模拟方法研究了马赫数6.0、40°压缩拐角的高超声速强激波/湍流边界层干扰问题。在上游湍流边界层内,近壁流动以高低速条带结构为主;当流动进入干扰区后,流向条带消失,同时形成具有三维特征的流动结构。在强激波作用下,分离长度超过10个边界层厚度。流动再附后,壁面摩阻、压力及其脉动峰值分别达到上游湍流边界层的8.9、36和124倍。干扰区内湍动能强度显著增加,其峰值是边界层峰值的6.4倍。研究发现激波运动、分离剪切层是湍动能强度增加的主要原因。

Scaling of interaction lengths for hypersonic shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions

The interaction length induced by Shock Wave/Turbulent Boundary-Layer Interactions(SWTBLIs)in the hypersonic flow was investigated using a scaling analysis,in which the interaction length normalized by the displacement thickness of boundary layer was correlated with a corrected non-dimensional separation criterion across the interaction after accounting for the wall temperature effects.A large number of hypersonic SWTBLIs were compiled to examine the scaling analysis over a wide range of Mach numbers,Reynolds numbers,and wall temperatures.The results indicate that the hypersonic SWTBLIs with low Reynolds numbers collapse on the supersonic SWTBLIs,while the hypersonic cases with high Reynolds numbers show a more rapid growth of the interaction length than that with low Reynolds numbers.Thus,two scaling relationships are identified according to different Reynolds numbers for the hypersonic SWTBLIs.The scaling analysis provides valuable guidelines for engineering prediction of the interaction length,and thus,enriches the knowledge of hypersonic SWTBLIs.

Numerical study of transonic separation flow using an anisotropic turbulence model

A transonic turbulent separation flow in a converging-diverging transonic diffuser was studied,when there existed a separation bubble on the top wall of the diffuser triggered by strong shock-wave-boundary-layer-interaction(SWBLI).To capture the essential behavior of this complex flow,the current study utilized an anisotropic turbulence model developed on the basis of a statistical partial average scheme.The first order moment of turbulent fluctuations,retained by a novel average scheme,and the turbulent length scale,can be determined from the momentum equations and mechanical energy equation of the fluctuation flow,respectively.The two physical quantities were readily used to construct the nonlinear anisotropic eddy viscosity tensor and to significantly improve the computational results.Comparisons between the computational results and experimental data were carried out for velocity profiles,pressure distribution,skin friction coefficient,Reynolds stress as well as streamline vectors distribution.Without using any empirical coefficients and wall functions,the numerical results were in good agreement with the available experimental data,further confirming that the nonlinear anisotropic eddy viscosity tensor is the decisive factor for the success of the computational results.

基于改进SST模型的分离流动数值模拟

对SST湍流模型进行了改进,并通过对典型分离流动进行数值模拟,来检验和提高模型预测分离流动的能力。基于亚声速分离流动,提出了提高雷诺应力的模拟精度和分离流修正的改进方法,并进行了对比研究得出结论;在亚声速分离流动分析结论基础上,采用了可压缩性修正方法,开展了跨声速、超声速和高超声速激波/边界层干扰分离流动的数值模拟研究。结果表明:提高雷诺应力的模拟精度和采用分离流修正明显地提高了SST湍流模型对分离流动的模拟能力;适当地可压缩性修正对超声速和高超声速分离流动的计算精度有改善作用。

超声速流中激波/湍流附面层干扰数值模拟

采用修正的 B/L湍流模型以及多块结构化网格求解了二维 N- S方程 ,分别对超声速流和高超声速流中的激波 /湍流附面层干扰进行了数值研究。本文首先研究了进口马赫数为 2 .96的超声速流 ,计算结果准确预测了入射斜激波在平直壁面引起湍流附面层分离的流动特征 :分离点的反射激波、分离包引起的膨胀扇以及再附点的反射激波。计算的壁面压力分布与实验值吻合较好 ,计算的分离区长度与实验值比较有一定误差。本文还对进口马赫数为 9.2 2的高超声速流中压缩角引起的激波 /湍流附面层干扰进行了数值研究 。

高超音速湍流分离表面热流率的脉动特性

本文给出高超音速湍流分离不稳定特性的实验研究结果。试验条件是:自由流马赫数为 7.8,单位长度雷诺数为 3.5×10~7/米。分离流场由有限展长前向台阶产生,并用有高空间分辨率和快速响应的一列平齐安装的铂膜电阻温度计和多通道系统测量其表面热流率脉动。信号的条件采样分析结果表明:分离激波的根部由一束压缩波构成,流向展长约二分之一来流边界层厚度,在边界层外汇聚成单一主激波。这种激波结构极其不稳定,出现大尺度运动,流向运动的尺度约为分离激波上游影响区域长度的22％。激波振荡频率为一宽频带,主要集中在 1～3 千赫。在分离激波运动区域,热流脉动呈间歇性,在无扰动和激波扰动间跳跃。可以认为这种间歇性是分离激波系统大尺度振荡的结果。在激波运动区域的下游为分离区,流体继续压缩,热流脉动无间歇。

液晶显示方法研究管内马赫数4拟似冲击波流动

在一个压力-真空型超声速风洞中,剪切应力敏感的液晶表面流动显示技术被用来研究方管内马赫数4拟似冲击波的超声速流动。实验是在日本室兰工业大学的超声速风洞中进行。它提供了关于测试表面流动结构的定性信息,诸如湍流边界层分离和再附,以及边界层流动的维数等。液晶显示结果与纹影实验照片和油膜方法进行比较,证实了它是一种非常有效的表面流动显示工具。

绕平板上直圆柱体的高超声速湍流分离流

本文给出直圆柱上游中心线上壁面压力和热流特性及其分离激波运动的特征参数。试验条件是:自由流马赫数为7.8和5,单位长度雷诺数为3.5×10~7/米和4.7×10~7/米。结果表明:1.直圆柱上游中心线上的流场是一个有二次分离的流场,平均壁面压力分布呈双峰型,平均热流分布略有不同,出现一近似平台区,但在分离激波上游影响起始区域和直圆柱前缘邻近区域(x/D<0.5),两者变化极其相似。来流马赫数愈高,分离激波在中心线上的上游影响区长度和峰压及峰热值愈大。2.分离激波是极其不稳定的,出现大尺度低频运动,激波流向运动尺度约0.5D,振荡频率主要集中在2.5kHz以下。

尖前缘翼干扰区的壁面压力和热流率分布

本文给出Ｍ＿∞＝７．８和６．７２，Ｒｅ＝３．５×１０￣７／ｍ和５．４×１０￣７／ｍ气流绕迎角为２０°、３０°和３５°尖前缘翼运动时，平板锥型干扰区的壁面压力和热流率分布。结果表明：（１）平板锥型干扰区的特征几何尺度与无粘激波角β＿０和翼迎角α相关，而壁面压力和热流率的峰值与法向马赫数Ｍ＿ｎ相关。（２）翼面压力和热流率分布由于受拐角涡影响，前者在翼根部呈波谷状，而后者呈波峰状，影响尺度与翼前缘处来流边界层厚度有关。

高超声速湍流分离激波运动和压力脉动

简述在Ｍ∞＝７．８、Ｒｅ∞＝３．５×１０７／ｍ气流条件下，无后掠和后掠压缩拐角及直立半圆柱前缘舵上游平板干扰区壁面压力脉动测量结果及其分离激波运动特性。

壁面函数在激波诱导分离流动中的应用

以数值模拟激波-附面层干扰引起的流动分离问题为研究背景,发展了基于有限体积方法的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程的流场数值模拟方法。利用壁面函数模型得到壁面剪切应力,通过修正壁面粘性通量,构造了一种新的湍流边界处理方法,并将其耦合到RANS方程和SST k-ω湍流模型的数值求解中;同时,针对激波诱导引起的附面层流动分离问题,提出一种附面层网格加密技术,能够自适应加密分离区内附面层网格,使得在流动分离区域也能够使用壁面函数模型。数值算例表明,壁面函数模型能够降低数值模拟结果对网格的依赖性;同时也验证了壁面函数耦合附面层网格自适应方法,在处理激波诱导引起的附面层流动分离问题时的有效性和准确性。

k-ωSST湍流模式三维激波分离流动修正

“激波−边界层分离”是航空气动领域的典型湍流非平衡流动问题,准确模拟激波分离对于跨声速飞行器气动性能评估和优化设计具有重要意义.然而传统涡黏性湍流模式中涡黏性系数的定义方式并不适用于非平衡流动,k-ωSST湍流模式为此引入的Bradshaw假设在应用于三维强逆压梯度和较大分离流动时反而限制了雷诺应力的生成,导致包括k-ωSST在内的常用涡黏性湍流模式均无法对此类流动进行准确模拟.同时,现有的非线性雷诺应力本构关系也并不能有效提高模拟精度.为此,针对k-ωSST模式分别提出了基于Bradshaw假设和基于长度尺度的两种激波分离流动修正方法.前者通过提高Bradshaw常数的方式放宽了对雷诺应力生成的限制,后者则从湍流长度尺度概念出发,利用混合长度理论、湍动能生成/耗散之比和一种新定义的长度尺度之比构造了ω方程耗散项修正函数,提高了模式在三维激波分离流动中的建模长度尺度.两种方法对ONERA M6机翼跨声速大攻角流动均能得到较雷诺应力模式更好的模拟结果.进一步的雷诺应力分析表明,三维激波分离流动中“主雷诺应力分量”的概念不再成立,各雷诺应力分量大小接近.网格收敛性分析、对其他攻角状态的验证以及湍流平板边界层壁面律验证进一步确认了所提出的两种修正方法的合理性、有效性和通用性.

激波和边界层相互作用区域局部烧蚀的理论计算方法

激波和边界层相互作用区域的局部烧蚀计算是极为复杂的非定常湍流分离流动条件下的烧蚀分析问题。本文将这一复杂的物理化学和气体动力学过程简化为二维前向台阶分离区的准定常烧蚀问题来处理。将偏微分的控制方程组简化为超越代数方程组。提供了一个有一定精度的理论分析方法、理论计算结果与实验数据相当吻合。

Numerical simulation of compression corner flows at Mach number 9

A hypersonic vehicle encounters a wide range of conditions during its complete flight regime.These flight conditions may vary from low to high Mach numbers with varying angles of attack.The near-wall viscous dissipation associated with flows at combined high Mach and Reynolds numbers leads to significant wall heat transfer rates and shear stresses.The shock wave/boundary-layer interaction results in a flow separation region,which commonly augments total pressure losses in the flow and lowers the efficiency of aerodynamic control surfaces such as fins installed on a vehicle.The standard turbulence models,when used to resolve such flows,result in incorrect separation bubble size for large separated flows.Therefore,it results in an inaccurate aerodynamic load,such as the wall pressures,skin friction distribution,and heat transfer rate.In previous studies,the application of the shock-unsteadiness correction to the standard two-equation k-ωturbulence model improved the separation bubble size leading to an accurate pressure prediction and shock definition with the assumption of constant Prandtl number.In the present work,the new shock-unsteadiness modification to the k-ωturbulence model is applied to the hypersonic compression corner flows.This new model with variable Prandtl number is based on the model parameter,which depends upon the local density ratio.The computed wall pressures,heat flux and flow field are compared to the experimental data.A parametric study is carried out by varying compression deflection angles,free stream Reynolds number and wall temperatures to compute the flow field and wall data accurately,particularly in the shock boundary layer interaction region.The new shockunsteadiness modified k-ωmodel with variable Prandtl number shows an accurate prediction of initial pressure rise location,pressure distribution in the plateau region and heat flux in comparison to the standard k-ωmodel.

Direct Numerical Simulation of the Pulsed Arc Discharge in Supersonic Compression Ramp Flow

Direct numerical simulation(DNS)of shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction(SWTBLI)with pulsed arc discharge is carried out in this paper.The subject in the study is a Ma=2.9 compression flow over a 24-degree ramp.The numerical approaches were validated by the experimental results in the same flow conditions.The heat source model was added to the Navier-Stokes equation to serve as the energy deposition of the pulsed arc discharge.Four streamwise locations are selected to apply energy deposition.The effect of the pulsed arc discharge on the ramp-induced flow separation has been studied in depth.The DNS results demonstrate the incentive locations play a dominant role in suppressing the separated flow.Results show that pulsed heating is characterized by a thermal blockage,which leads to streamwise deflection.The incentive locations upstream the interaction zone of the base flow have a better control effect.The separation bubble shape shows as"spikes",and the downstream flow of the heated region is accelerated due to the momentum exchange between the upper boundary layer and the bottom boundary layer.The high-speed upper fluid is transferred to the bottom,and thus enhances its ability to resist the flow separation.More stripe vortex structures are also generated at the edge of the flat-plate.Furthermore,the turbulent kinetic disturbance energy is increased in the flow filed.The disturbances that originate from the pulsed heating are capable of increasing the turbulent intensity and then diminishing the trend of flow separation.

激波与湍流边界层干扰流动的马赫数效应

激波与湍流边界层相互干扰(SWTBLI)现象可诱导形成复杂的流场结构和气动力热分布特性,其干扰机制和影响机理至今仍未被充分掌握。为分析超/高超声速SWTBLI流动的机理,开展了来流马赫数为3、5、11条件下压缩拐角流动的直接数值模拟(DNS)研究。结果显示,SWTBLI使干扰区内的速度、压强等物理量的脉动显著增强,且增强幅值随来流马赫数升高而增大;同时,上游边界层中的温度、压强等物理量的脉动也随来流马赫数的增大而增强。在SWTBLI作用下,流动的可压缩效应明显增强,干扰区内压力膨胀项和膨胀耗散项不再可忽略。在高超声速条件下,上游边界层中的压力膨胀项和膨胀耗散项也比较重要。此外,SWTBLI诱导的壁面压强平均值和脉动均方根值的分布存在共性。在所有来流马赫数下,干扰区内的壁面压强脉动相比上游边界层均显著增强,并形成明显的峰值。流动发生显著分离时,将分别形成位于平均分离点和再附点附近的壁面压强脉动峰值。

高焓激波/湍流边界层干扰直接数值模拟

激波/湍流边界层干扰是高速飞行器表面常见的一种流动现象。当前高超声速飞行器的飞行马赫数不断提高,在头部激波后的高温环境中空气可能发生离解,出现高焓激波/湍流边界层干扰。相比于完全气体,高焓流动中化学非平衡效应可能与湍流、激波发生强烈的耦合作用,使流动情况变得更加复杂,目前相关研究较少,缺乏对此类流动的深入认识。选取高超声速楔形体头部斜激波后的高焓流动状态开展高焓激波/湍流边界层干扰直接数值模拟,并与相似工况的低焓流动对比,研究高温化学非平衡效应对流动分离的影响机制和组分扩散带来的影响。结果表明:高温化学非平衡效应对雷诺应力分布和湍动能输运过程的影响不明显;对流动分离影响显著,高焓流动的分离区远小于低焓流动,这可能是来流边界层动量增大和分离泡密度增大共同作用造成的。流动分离非定常分析表明高焓工况流动分离状态为瞬变分离,而低焓工况为平均分离;两者回流面积中的能量都以中低频为主,但低焓工况低频能量占比更大。进一步对高焓工况干扰区内的流向速度脉动和O组分质量分数脉动进行特征正交分解分析,发现分离泡变化过程中的能量主要集中在剪切层,这与低焓流动一致;气体组分的能量模态在分离激波处最高,表明激波是引起组分脉动的主要原因。