Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: A useful tool in the evaluation of pancreatic and biliary disorders

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography （MRCP） is being used with increasing frequency as a noninvasive alternative to diagnostic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP）. The aim of this pictorial review is to demonstrate the usefulness of MRCP in the evaluation of pancreatic and bilian/system disorders. Because the recently developed techniques allows improved spatial resolution and permits imaging of the entire pancreaticobiliary tract during a single breath hold, MRCP is of proven utility in a variety of pancreatic and bilian/ disorders. It uses MR imaging to visualize fluid in the bilian/and pancreatic ducts as high signal intensity on T2 weighted sequences and is the newest modality for pancreatic and biliary duct imaging. Herein, we present the clinical applications of MRCP in a variety of pancreaticobiliary system disorders and conclude that it is an important diagnostic tool in terms of imaging of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system.

Endoscopic ultrasound guided biliary and pancreatic duct interventions

When endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatog-raphy fails to decompress the pancreatic or biliary system, alternative interventions are required. In this situation, endosonography guided cholangio-pancrea-tography(ESCP), percutaneous radiological therapy or surgery can be considered. Small case series reporting the initial experience with ESCP have been superseded by comprehensive reports of large cohorts. Although these reports are predominantly retrospective, they demonstrate that endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) guided biliary and pancreatic interventions are associated with high levels of technical and clinical success. The proce-dural complication rates are lower than those seen with percutaneous therapy or surgery. This article describes and discusses data published in the last five years relat-ing to EUS-guided biliary and pancreatic intervention.

The abnormal expression of E-cadherin in intrahepatic bile duct epithelia cells in biliary atresia and its relationship with apoptosis

To explore the relationship between the expression of E-cadherin and the apoptosis in intrahepatic bile duct epithelial cells in biliary atresia (BA).Methods The E-cadherin expression was demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining for the liver specimens from 38 children with BA and 16 normal children.The apoptotic intrahepatic bile duct epithelial cells in these specimens were visualized by TdT-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay,and the apoptotic index (AI) was calculated from the percentage of apoptotic cells in total cells.Results The intensity of E-cadherin expression in bile duct epithelial cells in BA group was lower than that in the normal control group (0.33±0.12 vs 0.62±0.20,P<0.01).On the other hand,the AI in BA group was significant higher than that in control group (51.74±19.93 vs 12.34±19.32,P<0.01).An inverse correlation was detected between the intensity of E-cadherin and the AI in the liver from children with BA.Conclusion The abnormal decrease of E-cadherin may lead to an increase of the apoptosis of intrahepatic bile epithelial cells in BA,resulting in developmental disorder of intrahepatic bile duct and ductal plate malformation in the liver.12 refs,4 figs,1 tab.

Pancreatic guidewire placement for achieving selective biliary cannulation during endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography

AIM: To investigate the frequency and risk factors for acute pancreatitis after pancreatic guidewire placement (P-GW) in achieving cannulation of the bile duct during endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP). METHODS: P-GW was performed in 113 patients in whom cannulation of the bile duct was difficult. The success rate of biliary cannulation, the frequency and risk factors of post-ERCP pancreatitis, and the frequency of spontaneous migration of the pancreatic duct stent were investigated. RESULTS: Selective biliary cannulation with P-GW was achieved in 73% of the patients. Post-ERCP pancreatitis occurred in 12% (14 patients: mild, 13; moderate, 1). Prophylactic pancreatic stenting was attempted in 59% of the patients. Of the 64 patients who successfully underwent stent placement, three developed mild pancreatitis (4.7%). Of the 49 patients without stent placement, 11 developed pancreatitis (22%: mild, 10; moderate, 1). Of the five patients in whom stent placement was unsuccessful, two developed mild pancreatitis. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed no pancreatic stenting to be the only significant risk factor for pancreatitis. Spontaneous migration of the stent was observed within two weeks in 92% of the patients who had undergone pancreatic duct stenting.CONCLUSION: P-GW is useful for achieving selective biliary cannulation. Pancreatic duct stenting after P-GW can reduce the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis, which requires evaluation by means of prospective randomized controlled trials.

Role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography inthe management of benign biliary strictures:What's new?

Benign biliary strictures comprise a heterogeneous group of diseases. The most common strictures amenable to endoscopic treatment are post-cholecystectomy, post-liver transplantation, related to primary sclerosing cholangitis and to chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic treatment of benign biliary strictures is widely used as first line therapy, since it is effective, safe, noninvasive and repeatable. Endoscopic techniques currently used are dilation, multiple plastic stents insertion and fully covered self-expandable metal stents. The main indication for dilation alone is primary sclerosing cholangitis related strictures. In the vast majority of the remaining cases, temporary placement of multiple plastic stents with/without dilation is considered the treatment of choice. Although this approach is effective, it requires multiple endoscopic sessions due to the short duration of stent patency. Fully covered self-expandable metal stents appear as a good alternative to plastic stents, since they have an increased radial diameter, longer stent patency, easier insertion technique and similar efficacy. Recent advances in endoscopic technique and various devices have allowed successful treatment in most cases. The development of novel endoscopic techniques and devices is still ongoing.

Surgical treatment of patients with intermediate-terminal pancreatic cancer

AIM： To investigate the surgical treatment of patients with intermediate-terminal pancreatic cancer. METHODS： A retrospective analysis was made of the clinical data of 163 patients with intermediate-terminal pancreatic cancer who were surgically treated between August 1994 and August 2003. RESULTS： A total of 149 patients underwent palliative surgery. The mortality rate of those who underwent cholecystojejunostomy alone was 14.2%, the icterus or cholangitis recurrence rate was 61.9% with an average survival period of 7.1 too. The mortality rate for those who received hepatic duct-jejunostomy （HDJS） was 5.7%, the icterus or cholangitis recurrence rate was 6.8% with an average survival period of 7.1 too. But 31.8% of the patients developed duodenum obstruction within 6 mo after the surgery, six of seven patients with severe pain were given peri-abdominal aorta injection with absolute alcohol and their pain was alleviated. The other patients underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage （PTCD） and their icterus index returned to normal level within 40 d with an average survival period of 7.5 mo. CONCLUSION： Roux-en-y HDJS combined with prophylactic gastrojejunostomy is recommended for patients with intermediate-terminal pancreatic cancer, and biliary prosthesis can partly relieve biliary obstruction in a short term.

Endoscopic multiple metal stenting for the treatment of enteral leaks near the biliary orifice: A novel effective rescue procedure

Between April 2013 and October 2015, 6 patients developed periampul ary duodenal or jejunal/biliary leaks after major abdominal surgery. In all patients, percutaneous drainage of the collection or re-operation with primary surgical repair was attempted at first but failed. A fully covered enteral metal stent was placed in all patients to seal the leak. Subsequently, we cannulated the common bile duct and, in some cases, and the main pancreatic duct inserting hydrophilic guidewires through the stent after dilating the stent mesh with a dilatation balloon or breaking the meshes with Argon Plasma Beam. Finally, we inserted a fully covered biliary metal stent to drain the bile into the lumen of the enteral stent. In cases of normal proximal upper gastrointestinal anatomy, a pancreatic plastic stent was also inserted. Oral food intake was initiated when the abdominal drain outflow stopped completely. Stent removal was scheduled four to eight weeks later after a CT scan to confirm the complete healing of the fistula and the absence of any perilesional residual fluid collection. The leak resolved in five patients. One patient died two days after the procedure due to severe, pre-existing, sepsis. The stents were removed endoscopically in four weeks in four patients. In one patient we experiencedstent migration causing small bowel obstruction. In this case, the stents were removed surgically. Four patients are still alive today. They are still under follow-up and doing well. Bilio-enteral fully covered metal stenting with or without pancreatic stenting was feasible, safe and effective in treating postoperative enteral leaks near the biliopancreatic orifice in our small series. This minimally invasive procedure can be implemented in selected patients as a rescue procedure to repair these challenging leaks.

可降解药物洗脱消化道支架的研究进展与前景

背景:目前消化道支架的临床应用较为普遍,常规的自膨胀金属及塑料支架存在易移位、取出困难、术后再狭窄等问题,可降解药物洗脱消化道支架凭借生物可降解、术后再狭窄率低等优点成为消化道支架研究的热点。目的:总结可降解药物洗脱消化道支架的研究进展,对可降解药物洗脱消化道支架的前景作出展望。方法:检索中国知网、万方、Pub Med、Web of Science数据库中1994年1月至2024年3月发表的相关文献,中文检索词为“可降解,药物洗脱支架,食管支架,胆道支架,胰管支架,肠道支架,消化道支架”,英文检索词为“biodegradable,drug-eluting stent,esophageal stent,biliary stent,pancreatic duct stent,intestinal stent,gastrointestinal stent”,最终纳入64篇文献进行综述分析。结果与结论:(1)可降解药物洗脱消化道支架以生物可降解材料为主体,搭载并局部洗脱不同治疗目的的药物,发挥物理支撑及药物治疗双重作用。通过调整支架材料性质、改进制造工艺及辅助手段可以加快或减缓支架降解速度,满足临床需求。药物洗脱技术以药物涂层、纳米颗粒、聚合物载药膜等为载药平台,使药物精准释放,提高病变部位局部药物浓度,减少药物损耗及毒性药物的全身吸收量。(2)可降解药物洗脱消化道支架主要为一种或多种功能性药物结合可生物降解聚合物、金属或纳米纤维材料。可用的功能性药物分为抗炎抗增生类、抗肿瘤类、溶石类、酶抑制剂类。(3)维持支架机械性能稳定和精准控释药物是可降解药物洗脱消化道支架现阶段需要解决的问题,开发新型可降解消化道支架,研究新型载药及释药方式、制造工艺和辅助手段是未来研究方向。

胰管支架置入对急性胆源性胰腺炎患者预后及并发症的影响

目的分析急性胆源性胰腺炎(ABP)患者应用胰管支架置入治疗对预后及并发症的影响。方法选取2019年1月至2022年12月收治的300例ABP患者,按治疗方法不同分组,A组100例行鼻胆管引流治疗,B组100例行开腹胆总管探查联合T型管引流术治疗,C组100例行鼻胆管引流联合胰管支架置入治疗,对比3组肝功能、并发症、死亡率及恢复情况。结果B组术后总胆红素(TBIL)、天冬酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)水平低于A组(P<0.05);C组术后TBIL、AST、ALT水平低于A组和B组(P<0.05);B组恢复进食时间、体温恢复时间、住院时间较A组更短(P<0.05);C组恢复进食时间、腹痛消失时间、体温恢复时间及住院时间短于A组和B组(P<0.05);C组并发症发生率4.00%低于A组的12.00%(P<0.05);C组1.00%死亡率低于A组8.00%(P<0.05)。结论ABP患者应用胰管支架置入治疗,可有缩短患者恢复时间,有利于改善肝功能,死亡率低,且并发症少。

胃切除术后再发胆道结石患者发生胆源性胰腺炎的影响因素分析

目的探讨胃切除术后合并胆道结石患者发生胆源性胰腺炎的影响因素,并分析再次腹腔镜手术失败的原因。方法回顾性分析2019年1月—2021年12月第九〇九医院收治的胃切除术后再发胆道结石患者69例,其中合并胆源性胰腺炎31例(观察组)、无合并胆源性胰腺炎38例(对照组)。69例患者中腹腔镜手术47例、中转开腹22例,单因素和Logistic多因素分别分析胆源性胰腺炎和腹腔镜手术的影响因素。结果单因素分析发现,胃切除范围、病理性质、淋巴结清扫、重建方式、结石个数、结石大小与胆源性胰腺炎发生相关(P<0.05),既往手术方式、淋巴结清扫、重建方式、结石大小、手术部位是腹腔镜手术中转开腹影响因素(P<0.05);多因素分析发现,全胃切除、病理性质恶性、多发结石、结石直径<5 mm是胆源性胰腺炎发生的独立影响因素(P<0.05),既往开腹手术、非生理性消化道重建、胆道手术是腹腔镜中转开腹的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。结论对于胃切除术后再发胆道结石患者,要尽早治疗避免胆源性胰腺炎的发生,同时也要根据患者个体化情况制定适合的治疗方式。

不同时机行腹腔镜胆总管探查术治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的临床效果

目的 探究不同时机行腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎(ABP)的临床效果。方法 回顾性选取2021年8月至2023年8月郑州大学第一附属医院医治的95例ABP患者临床资料,按照手术时机分为A组(49例)、B组(46例),前者于确诊后72 h内行LCBDE,后者于确诊后72~120 h内行LCBDE。比较两组手术指标、手术前后肝功能[碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)]、生化指标[二胺氧化酶(DAO)、血淀粉酶(AMS)、介导黏附反应的黏附分子(ICAM-1)]、免疫功能[免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、CD8^(+)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)]、并发症。结果 两组出血量和中转开腹例数相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组首次排气时间、首次排便时间、住院时间、手术时间、首次下床时间均短于B组(P<0.05);术后1周与B组相比,A组血清ALP、GGT、ALT水平较低(P<0.05);与术前相比,两组血清DAO、AMS、ICAM-1水平呈下降趋势(P<0.05);与术前相比,两组IgG、CD8^(+)、IgM指标呈上升趋势(P<0.05);两组并发症发生率相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 ABP患者于确诊后72 h内行LCBDE能减少对免疫功能损伤,促进肝功能恢复,改善生化指标,缩短住院时间,促进患者快速恢复。

CT联合分泌型卷曲受体蛋白4及可溶性生长刺激表达基因2蛋白对恶性胆道梗阻患者术后并发胰腺炎的诊断价值

目的探讨计算机断层扫描(CT)联合血清分泌型卷曲受体蛋白4(SFRP4)及可溶性生长刺激表达基因2蛋白(sST2)对恶性胆道梗阻(MBO)患者胆管支架置入术后并发胰腺炎的诊断价值。方法选取行胆管支架置入术的243例MBO患者为研究对象,根据术后并发胰腺炎情况分为胰腺炎组105例和无胰腺炎组138例。采用酶联免疫法检测SFRP4、sST2水平,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线和四表格法分析SFRP4、sST2单独及联合CT诊断术后并发胰腺炎的临床价值。结果胰腺炎组血清SFRP4、sST2水平高于无胰腺炎组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);血清SFRP4、sST2水平诊断术后并发胰腺炎的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.694、0.667。CT诊断术后并发胰腺炎的敏感度为76.19%,特异度为60.87%;CT联合血清SFRP4、sST2水平诊断术后并发胰腺炎的敏感度为98.10%、准确度为76.54%;三者联合诊断的敏感度和准确度高于CT、SFRP4、sST2单独诊断,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论胆管支架置入术后并发胰腺炎的MBO患者血清SFRP4、sST2水平较高,CT联合血清SFRP4、sST2水平对术后并发胰腺炎具有较高的诊断价值。

老年胆总管结石患者经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术插管取石后并发胆道感染、急性胰腺炎的相关因素分析

目的探讨老年胆总管结石患者内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)插管取石后并发胆道感染、急性胰腺炎的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2021年7月至2022年12月于郑州大学附属郑州中心医院接受ERCP治疗的140例老年胆总管结石患者的临床资料,观察ERCP治疗效果及术后并发症发生的相关因素。结果140例接受ERCP的老年患者,138例成功插管,插管成功率为98.57%。129例患者一次性取石成功,一次取净率为93.47%。术后7例患者发生胆道感染,14例发生急性胰腺炎。经单因素、多因素logistic回归分析,高位胆道梗阻、合并糖尿病是老年胆总管结石患者ERCP术后并发胆道感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05);既往慢性胰腺炎史、导丝多次进入胰管、插管困难是老年胆总管结石患者ERCP术后并发急性胰腺炎的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论老年胆总管结石患者ERCP术后并发症影响因素主要为高位胆道梗阻、合并糖尿病、既往慢性胰腺炎史、导丝多次进入胰管、困难插管。

ERCP内镜微创治疗消化道重建术后胆胰管梗阻性病变研究进展

随着经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retro-grade cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)的不断完善和进步,使得ERCP在治疗胆胰管梗阻性病变的应用越来越广泛.在正常胃肠道解剖结构患者中,ERCP的成功率超过95%.然而,消化道重建术后ERCP的内镜入路冗长且复杂,输入攀和吻合口识别困难,肠管粘连及成角等问题,使得ERCP内镜微创治疗胆胰管梗阻病变得极具挑战性,给内镜医生带来不少困难.不同的消化道重建术式,ERCP操作技术的侧重点各不相同.本文结合文献及临床经验,针对不同的消化道重建术后ERCP操作技巧、内镜选择策略及新型辅助技术等方面作一系统阐述.

Role of endoscopic ultrasound in idiopathic pancreatitis

Recurrent acute pancreatitis(RAP) is defined based on the occurrence of two or more episodes of acute pancreatitis. The initial evaluation fails to detect the cause of RAP in 10%-30% of patients, whose condition is classified as idiopathic RAP(IRAP). Idiopathic acute pancreatitis(IAP) is a diagnostic challenge for gastroenterologists. In view of associated morbidity and mortality, it is important to determine the aetiology of pancreatitis to provide early treatment and prevent recurrence. Endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) is an investigation of choice for imaging of pancreas and biliary tract. In view of high diagnostic accuracy and safety of EUS, a EUS based management strategy appears to be a reasonable approach for evaluation of patients with a single/recurrent idiopathic pancreatitis. The most common diagnoses by EUS in IAP is biliary tract disease. The present review aims to discuss the role of EUS in the clinical management and diagnosis of patients with IAP. It elaborates the diagnostic approach to IAP in relation to EUS and other different modalities. Controversial issues in IAP like when to perform EUS, whether to perform after first episode or recurrent episodes, comparison among different investigations and the latest evidence significance are detailed.

New 14-mm diameter Niti-S biliary uncovered metal stent for unresectable distal biliary malignant obstruction

AIM To investigate whether an uncovered self-expandable metal stent(UCSEMS) with a large diameter could prevent recurrent biliary obstruction(RBO).METHODS Thirty-eight patients with malignant biliary obstruction underwent treatment with an UCSEMS with a 14-mm diameter(Niti-S 14). Retrospectively, we evaluated technical and functional success rate, RBO rate, time to RBO, survival time, and adverse events in these patients.RESULTS Stent placement success and functional success were achieved in all patients. Two patients(5.3%) had RBO due to tumor ingrowth or overgrowth. The median time to RBO was 190(range, 164-215) d. The median survival time was 120(range, 18-502) d. The 6-mo non-RBO rate was 91%. Other adverse events other than RBO occurred as follows: Acute cholecystitis, post-ERCP pancreatitis, hemobilia, and fever without exacerbation of liver injury, and liver abscess in 4(10.3%), 3(7.9%), 2(5.3%), 1(2.6%), and 1(2.6%), respectively. Migration of the stents was not observed.CONCLUSION Niti-S 14 is considered to be a preferable metal stent because of a low rate of RBO with no migration.

Comparison between needle-knife fistulotomy and standard cannulation in ERCP

AIM: To compare the rates of success and complications of two different methods of access into the common bile duct (CBD). METHODS: Between October 2007 and November 2008, 173 consecutive patients (71 men, 102 women, mean age 68.6 years) requiring endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the papilla and endoscopic treatment were studied. In the first 88 patients CBD cannulation was performed through supra-papillary fistulotomy (group F); in the following 85 patients standard cannulation was performed through the Oddi sphincter (group S). Indications for the procedure were: choledocholithiasis, biliary obstruction, postoperative leak, sclerosing cholangitis, and Mirizzi’s syndrome. RESULTS: Deep CBD cannulation was successful in 85/88 patients (96.5%) in group F vs 60/85 patients (70.6%) in group S (P < 0.0001). The remaining 25 group S patients in whom cannulation failed were shifted to fistulotomy. Fistulotomy was successful in 21/25 patients (84%). As for complications, hyperamilasemia occurred in 7 (7.9%) group F patients vs 7 (8.2%) group S patients (P = NS); mild pancreatitis in 1 (1.1%) group F patient vs 5 (5.8%) group S patients (P = NS); bleeding in 3 (3.4%) group F patients vs 3 (3.5%) group S patients (P = NS). CONCLUSION: Needle-knife fistulotomy should represent either the first approach to therapeutic cannulation or rescue therapy after unsuccessful standard cannulation.

Duodenoscopy in treatment of acute gallstone pancreatitis

Objective: To probe the potential use of duodenosco- py in the diagnosis and treatment of acute gallstone pancreatitis (GP). Methods: Fourty-five patients with acute GP were randomly divided into endoscopic retrograde cholan- giopancreatography (ERCP) group (n=20) and non-ERCP group (n=25). Each group was subdivi- ded into mild and severe groups according to A- PACHE Ⅱ scores. They were given supportive treat- ment combined with traditional Chinese medicine. The patients in the ERCP group received ERCP within 24 hours after admission. If there were stones in the common bile duct with stenosis of the inferior extremity or ampulla, endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) was performed to extract the stones by basket. If no calculi were identified or multiple stones were large, endoscopic naso-biliary drainage (ENBD) was carried out. Results: The incidence of complication, length of hospitalization and cost were markedly lower in pa- tients with severe acute GP in the ERCP group than those in the non-ERCP group (P<0.05), in contrast to the 2 mild subgroups of the ERCP and non-ERCP groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: It is feasible, effective and safe to apply duodenoseopy in the treatment of severe acute GP.

Bedside score predicting retained common bile duct stone in acute biliary pancreatitis

BACKGROUND Retained common bile duct(CBD) stone after an acute episode of biliary pancreatitis is of paramount importance since stone extraction is mandatory.AIM To generate a simple non-invasive score to predict the presence of CBD stone in patients with biliary pancreatitis.METHODS We performed a retrospective study including patients with a diagnosis of biliary pancreatitis. One hundred and fifty-four patients were included. Thirty-three patients(21.5%) were diagnosed with CBD stone by endoscopic ultrasound(US).RESULTS In univariate analysis, age(OR: 1.048, P = 0.0004), aspartate transaminase(OR:1.002, P = 0.0015), alkaline phosphatase(OR: 1.005, P = 0.0005), gamma-glutamyl transferase(OR: 1.003, P = 0.0002) and CBD width by US(OR: 1.187, P = 0.0445)were associated with CBD stone. In multivariate analysis, three parameters were identified to predict CBD stone;age(OR: 1.062, P = 0.0005), gamma-glutamyl transferase level(OR: 1.003, P = 0.0003) and dilated CBD(OR: 3.685, P = 0.027),with area under the curve of 0.8433. We developed a diagnostic score that included the three significant parameters on multivariate analysis, with assignment of weights for each variable according to the co-efficient estimate. A score that ranges from 51.28 to 73.7 has a very high specificity(90%-100%) for CBD stones, while a low score that ranges from 9.16 to 41.04 has a high sensitivity(82%-100%). By performing internal validation, the negative predictive value of the low score group was 93%.CONCLUSION We recommend incorporating this score as an aid for stratifying patients with acute biliary pancreatitis into low or high probability for the presence of CBD stone.

基于损伤控制理念的胆道疾病处理与治疗

急性胆道疾病严重威胁病人生命。病情危重病人的急诊手术治疗预后较差。我科整合多学科优势,总结经验,对胆道急症病人采取分阶段处理,大大改善预后。对于急性重症胆囊炎病人,先行经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流缓解梗阻,择期手术治疗,显著降低胆道损伤发生率、术后死亡率和重症监护病房入住率。对于胆囊管通畅的胆源性胰腺炎病人,先行经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流缓解胰腺炎症状,择期行内镜乳头括约肌切开或腹腔镜胆总管探查术,更安全。对于胆管扩张的肝内外胆管结石病人,先行内镜鼻胆管引流或经皮经肝胆管穿刺引流解除梗阻,大大提高生存率。对于胆道恶性肿瘤伴黄疸病人,应用经皮经肝胆管穿刺引流或内镜鼻胆管引流尽早减黄,之后经皮经肝胆管穿刺引流置入支架以达到延长生命的目的。