Effects of Planting and Maturity Dates on Shattering Patterns under Early Soybean Production System

Seed shattering is a common problem in early soybean production system (ESPS) in the Midsouth, which mainly uses maturity group (MG) IV soybeans. Many studies have been conducted on the genetics of soybean shattering resistance for individual varieties;however, information on the physiology of soybean shattering pattern under specific environmental conditions, which is often critical to soybean growers, is very limited. Field experiments were conducted at Stoneville MS from 2007 to 2009 to investigate the shattering patterns of 80-132 MG IV soybean varieties each year. Results from 2007 and 2008 indicated that, when April-planted MG IV soybeans matured in mid- to late August, pods of most soybean varieties did not shatter within the first three weeks after maturity (WAM) and there was no significant shattering effect on final yields. However, differences in pod shattering among the varieties became apparent in the fourth WAM. Late-planted MG IV soybeans, which matured in early September, had a low shattering rate and could hold seeds up to 6 WAM before reaching a critical shattering point. Most soybean varieties planted in April 2009 did not show significant pod shattering by the end of the fourth WAM. The critical point of shattering was not reached until 6 - 7 WAM. Relatively lower temperatures and abundant rainfall during the late growing season in 2009 may be the main reasons causing delayed shattering in April-planted MG IV soybeans. Results from the May-planting of 2007 and the April-planting of 2009 indicated that soybeans maturing after September have much less problematic shattering. Different weather patterns, especially temperature and rainfall in each year could be essential factors affecting seed shattering patterns.

Impacts of climate warming and crop management on maize phenology in northern China

Climate warming has and will continue to exert a significantly impact on crop phenology in the past and coming decades.Combining observed data of phenology and a crop growth model provides a good approach for quantitating the effects of climate warming and crop management on crop phenology.The purpose of this study is to determine the impacts of temperature change, sowing date(SD) adjustment and cultivar shift on maize phenology in northern China during 1981–2010.Results indicated that climate warming caused anthesis date(AD) and maturity date(MD) of maize to advance by 0.2-5.5 and 0.6-11.1 d/10 a, respectively.Due to climate-driven changes in maize phenology, three growth periods of maize, i.e., vegetative growth period(VGP;from sowing to anthesis), reproductive growth period(RGP;from anthesis to maturity) and whole growth period(WGP;from sowing to maturity) shortened by 0.2-5.5, 0.4-5.6 and 0.6-11.1 d/10 a, respectively.With SD adjustment(i.e., SD advancement), AD and MD occurred early by 0.5-2.6 and 0.1-3.4 d/10 a, respectively.SD adjustment caused duration of VGP of maize to prolong.However, duration of RGP slightly shortened by 0.1-1.3 d/10 a.Furthermore, due to cultivar shift, MD of maize significantly delayed by 4.9-12.2 d/10 a.Durations of VGP, RGP and WGP of maize prolonged by 0.2-4.1, 1.6-8.4 and 4.3-11.8 d/10 a, respectively.In conclusion, our results indicated that cultivar shift, to some extent, could mitigate the negative impact of climate warming on maize phenology.

The environment,especially the minimum temperature,affects summer maize grain yield by regulating ear differentiation and grain development

Ear differentiation,grain development and their interaction with factors in the growing environment,such as temperature,solar radiation and precipitation,greatly influence grain number and grain weight,and ultimately affect summer maize production.In this study,field experiments involving different sowing dates were conducted over three years to evaluate the effects of temperature factors,average solar radiation and total precipitation on the growth process,ear differentiation,fertilization characteristics,grain filling and yield of summer maize varieties with different growth durations.Four hybrids were evaluated in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain(HHHP),China from 2018 to 2020 with five different sowing dates.The results showed that the grain yield formation of summer maize was strongly impacted by the environment from the silking(R1)to milking(R3)stage.Average minimum temperature(AT_(min))was the key environmental factor that determined yield.Reductions in the length of the growing season(r=–0.556,P<0.01)and the total floret number on ear(R^(2)=0.200,P<0.001)were found when AT_(min) was elevated from the emerging(VE)to R1 stage.Both grain-filling rate(R^(2)=0.520,P<0.001)and the floret abortion rate on ear(R^(2)=0.437,P<0.001)showed quadratic relationships with AT_(min) from the R1 to physiological maturity(R6)stage,while the number of days after the R1 stage(r=–0.756,P<0.01)was negatively correlated with AT_(min).An increase in AT_(min) was beneficial for the promotion of yield when it did not exceeded a certain level(above 23°C during the R1–R3 stage and 20–21°C during the R1-R6 stage).Enhanced solar radiation and precipitation during R1–R6 increased the grain-filling rate(R^(2)=0.562,P<0.001 and R^(2)=0.229,P<0.05,respectively).Compared with short-season hybrids,full-season hybrids showed much greater suitability for a critical environment.The coordinated regulation of AT_(min),ear differentiation and grain development at the pre-and post-silking stages improved maize yield by increasing total floret number and grain-filling rate,and by reducing the floret abortion rate on ear.

Year-to-Year and Maturity Variation in Rainfed Soybean Yield by Planting Dates

The interactions on rainfed soybean yield among planting date, maturity, and year-to-yearclimate change were studied using CROPGRO-soybean model. Simulations were based on 19 plantingdates, maturity groupsⅢ, ⅣandⅤ, 30 years recorded weather data from Corbin, Suffolk,West Point in Virginia, USA. Yield was similar on early plantings and went down with lateplantings. Both grand and year-to-year variation of soybean yield declined linearly withplanting date. Year-to-year climate variation was dominant yield variation source inrainfed soybean production. Interaction occurred between planting date and maturity.Optimal planting dates for different sites lied within 130th-170th day of a year.Irrigation is recommended for profitable crops, especially in Corbin and West Point.

基于MODIS与WOFOST模型同化的区域冬小麦成熟期预测

针对遥感技术只能获取作物的表征信息、对作物内在机理过程变化描述较为困难的问题,引入作物生长模型与遥感数据同化进行作物成熟期预测研究。以叶面积指数(LAI)作为耦合变量,以MODIS LAI(MCD15A3H产品)作为遥感数据源,结合2017—2018年实时气象数据以及气象预报数据,以2018年5月1日为预报时间节点,构建LAI归一化代价函数,采用复合形混合演化算法(Shuffled complex evolution University of Arizona, SCE UA)最小化代价函数,优化WOFOST作物模型的输入参数,用优化后的参数重新驱动WOFOST模型逐像元模拟冬小麦生长过程,得到研究区冬小麦成熟期的预测结果,并使用研究区内农业气象站点的观测数据进行验证。结果表明,冬小麦预测开花期、成熟期的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为2.10、2.48 d,预测精度较高。该方法能够为农作物的大区域成熟期预测提供重要理论基础。

Measurement of ^(129)I in ferromanganese crust with AMS

In the present study, the analytical method for ^129iodine （^129I） in ferromanganese crusts is developed and ^129iodine/^127iodine （^129I/^127I） ratio in ferromanganese crusts is measured by the accelerator mass spectrometry （AMS）. The developed method is applied to analyze ^129I/^127I ratio in two ferromanganese crusts MP5D44 and CXD08-1 collected from the Mid-Pacific Ocean. The results show that ^129I/^127I ratio in MP5D44 and CXD08-1 crusts varies from 7×10^-14 to 1.27×10^-12, with the lowest value falling on the detection limit level of AMS reported by previous literatures. For the depth distribution of ^129I/^127I, it is found that both MP5D44 and CXD08-1 crusts have two growth generations, and the ^129I/^127I profiles in two generations all displayed an approximate exponential decay. According to the ^129I/^127I ratio, the generate age of bottom layer of MP5D44 and CXD08-1 was estimated to be 54.77 and 69.69 Ma, respectively.

论注册资本认缴制的兴利除弊:兼论期限利益与交易安全的动态平衡

肇端于2005年《公司法》的注册资本认缴制改革具有正当性与合理性。认缴制的核心是创设了股东延期实缴出资的期限利益,尊重与保护期限利益是一般原则,出资义务加速到期是例外规则。股东期限利益的得丧变更均不妨碍股权的自由转让。认缴制未根本否定资本制度,一旦公司丧失偿债能力,期限利益立即终止,出资义务加速到来。公司不能清偿到期债务的识别标准是执行失败主义,出资加速到期不以股东或公司存在主观过错为要件。有必要建立股东加速出资信息公示制度与敦促债权人及时申报债权的公示催告程序,以确保债权人平等保护。不少判例追究股东恶意转让未实缴出资股权时对公司债权人的赔偿责任,建议以2023年新修订的《中华人民共和国公司法》为基础,完善平衡对冲制度,兼顾公司资本信用与股权流转自由,细化股权转让链条中出资义务加速到期的责任在前后手之间的配置规则。信息披露、5年最长实缴出资期限与出资加速到期连带之债的良性互动,有助于遏制注册资本认缴制的道德风险外溢。

出资义务加速到期规则的解释论

面对注册资本完全认缴制所产生的问题,2023年修订后的《公司法》对有限责任公司改采了限期认缴制,并引入了催缴失权、加速到期等规则予以完善。《公司法》第54条规定,公司不能清偿到期债务的,公司或者已到期债权的债权人有权要求已认缴出资但未届出资期限的股东提前缴纳出资。该条款简明扼要,涵盖了加速到期条件、请求权主体、出资财产入库公司等三重面向。本条规定体现了立法机关的价值判断,实质上系对公司、股东、债权人利益的衡量安排,以公司利益为该制度构建的基点和本旨。该利益衡量方案契合公司法的价值体系,在构成上包括三项旨意:以停止支付而非支付不能为加速到期标准;以公司资本需求为本位允许公司要求加速到期;以入库规则为通道保障公平清偿债权。在规范适用上,出资义务加速到期规则衔接董事催缴义务和催缴失权制度,可以协同保障公司的资本需求和公司利益。

播期对不同熟期组大豆品质的影响

为明确不同播期对大豆品质的影响,本研究以东北地区不同熟期组(早、中、晚)的20个大豆品种为试材,探讨了不同播期(5月13日、5月23日、6月2日、6月12日和6月22日)条件下大豆蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、蛋脂总量等品质指标的变化规律。结果表明:整体而言,播期推迟在10 d以内,对大豆品质影响较小,推迟10~20 d,对蛋白质含量的影响大于对脂肪含量影响,推迟20 d以上,各项品质指标与第1期差异达到显著或极显著水平,推迟40 d时,蛋白质含量和脂肪含量均极显著下降,达到最低值。本研究进一步分析了不同熟期组大豆品质对播期推迟的响应。结果表明:大豆品质指标随播期推迟而变化的趋势与品种的生育日数(即熟期)密切相关,不同熟期组间存在较大差异,播期推迟越晚导致早熟组大豆平均蛋白质含量降低的幅度越大,第3期(6月2日)及以后各期蛋白质含量较第1期(5月13日)下降达到显著、极显著水平,中熟组和晚熟组大豆的蛋白质含量分别在6月2日和6月12日前,差异不显著;晚熟组大豆脂肪含量随播期推迟显著下降,且下降幅度逐渐扩大,早熟组和中熟组大豆的脂肪含量分别在6月2日和6月12日下降未达显著水平;不同熟期组的大豆蛋脂总量总体上随播期的推迟而下降,其下降趋势与蛋白质含量的变化规律基本一致,即早熟组大豆在晚播10 d以上时,蛋脂总量显著下降,而中熟组、晚熟组大豆蛋脂总量分别在6月12日和6月2日播种,蛋脂总量相对稳定;不同熟期组大豆晚播30 d以上时,各项品质指标均会出现严重下降。本研究为沈阳地区晚播大豆的品质预测提供重要参考依据。

未届期股东出资责任执行的构造解析

股东出资加速到期规则的实质是公司、债权人与股东利益博弈后的立法选择。债权人得对未届出资期限股东强制执行的法理基础并非执行力主观范围扩张,程序正当的逻辑起点在于股东认缴出资之公司责任财产属性。不应扩大解释《变更追加规定》等司法解释的涵摄范围,未届期股东仅在公司不能清偿债务的前提下,承担未出资本金范围内的出资责任。未经程序确权,债权人变更追加未届期股东为被执行人之穿透式执行力扩张有悖程序法理。加速到期之诉虽可填补执行名义缺位的纰漏,实现程序勾连,但其程序法价值主要在于补足债权执行的程序要件。对未届期股东出资责任的执行应当回归债权执行的基本定位,在债权执行构造内,实现对债权人的个别清偿,以体现程序殊相。未来亟待出台司法解释或指导案例,明晰出资加速到期规则与执行程序的衔接适用细则,厘清对未届期股东出资责任执行的程序脉络,提供程序保障规范,实现公司、股东与债权人利益关系的妥适处理。

股东对债权人直接承担出资赔偿责任:司法解释之误区与新《公司法》之否弃

司法解释确立了股东向公司债权人直接承担责任的规范模式。此种模式的理论基础不明,如果是以代位权为据,则表明此类规定既不必要也不准确;如果是以第三人侵害债权为据,则显属错误。实践中,直接责任模式容易造成个别清偿,且效率不彰。新《公司法》未采纳直接责任模式,不存在法律漏洞。否定直接责任模式,回归民事实体法与程序法的一般规则,可以兼顾公平与效率,不影响对债权人的激励。突破法律逻辑创设直接责任模式,不仅于外在形式上有损法律体系的融贯与协调,而且于内在价值上造成利益失衡,得不偿失。同时,一般法在公司法领域的适用有其限度,需充分尊重公司法的规定及其内在逻辑。新《公司法》第54条关于债权人特别权利和“入库规则”的规定,已排除民法上代位权效果和执行法上债权执行制度的适用。股东及公司管理者有关出资的各项义务和责任,债权人有权请求其向公司履行和承担。

Effects of Gibberellic Acid (GA_(3)) and Salicylic Acid (SA) postharvest treatments on the quality of fresh Barhi dates at different ripening levels in the Khalal maturity stage during controlled atmosphere storage

Barhi dates at Khalal maturity stage are well-known with their pleasant taste,crispy texture,and bright yellow color.It is necessary to extend the duration of Barhi Khalal stage which is too short for effective marketing.This study aimed to inspect the effects of Gibberellic Acid(GA_(3))and Salicylic Acid(SA)postharvest treatments on retaining the high quality of Khalal Barhi fruits during controlled atmosphere storage.Fresh samples of Barhi fruits at Khalal stage harvested at three different ripening levels were dipped after harvesting in GA3(150 ppm)or SA(2.0 mmol/L)and subsequently stored in controlled atmosphere(0°С,5%O_(2),5%CO_(2),80%±5%RH).The results revealed that the GA_(3) and SA treatments reduced the percentage of weight loss and decay in the fruits,while the total soluble solids increased.Moreover,GA_(3) and SA treatments were significantly efficient in limiting the changes in fruit color and texture of Barhi dates compared to the control.Sensorial results support the experimental data and disclosed that the GA_(3)(150 ppm)treatment in the controlled atmosphere(CA)storage was better in conserving the quality of Barhi at the Khalal maturity stage and delaying ripening process.

荔枝成花、坐果与现“白点”期和末次秋梢期成熟期的关系研究

【目的】探讨妃子笑、怀枝、桂味和糯米糍的最适宜末次秋梢成熟期和现“白点”期,为荔枝控梢促花管理提供生物学指引。【方法】于2009—2021年跟踪调查妃子笑、怀枝、桂味和糯米糍品种的关键物候期、成花枝率和坐果量,利用箱线图、小提琴图、T检验、Pearson相关等方法对数据的分布、差异显著性和相关性进行分析,并研究荔枝秋梢期、现“白点”期与成花和坐果之间的关系。【结果】4个品种共获得522组数据。桂味等4个品种在10月16—31日末次秋梢成熟、1月15日前现“白点”的植株,成花枝率约90%,成熟期坐果量等级最高;在11月1日后末次秋梢成熟、1月16日后现“白点”的植株,成花枝率多下降到60%以下,且数据波动较大,坐果量等级下降为最低。坐果量与现“白点”期和成花枝率均存在极显著相关性,相关系数分别为-0.51和0.54;成花枝率与现“白点”期以及末次秋梢成熟期均存在极显著负相关性,相关系数分别为-0.59和-0.20。【结论】在广州地区,调控妃子笑、怀枝、桂味和糯米糍4个品种末次秋梢在10月16—31日成熟,在1月15日前现“白点”,是在复杂农业气象条件下获得高成花和高产量的最可靠策略。

论认缴出资的加速到期责任

非破产加速到期责任在立法上迄今尚未规定。学理上准确回答加速到期的正当性范围将成为制度构建的关键,其正当性的理由应遵循“为公司生存而合乎商道发展”的原则,实现股东期限利益与债权人利益的统一,将两者转化为“以公司为中心的正常经营发展权”的路径来证成。对加速到期出资范围标准的构成要素分析,既要基于债权区分的类型化,将体现社会责任和民生的非自愿债权作为人格性法益保护,自愿债权进入加速范围应以解除公司的信用危机为限;又要考虑公司的行业战略危机、股东的机会主义行为、出资契约不完全性等要素。法律规则的表达思路为:公司法增设加速到期数额确定的程序性制度和催缴执行制度,加速到期出资范围需以公司为行为主体,债权人、公司三会围绕标准的构成要素进行程序性控制来确定。

播期和种植密度对不同熟性棉花生理特性及产量的影响

以棉花早熟品种‘湘K27’和‘JX0010’为试验材料,以晚熟品种‘HN127’为对照,分别设置2个种植密度(2000株/(667 m^(2)))、3000株/(667 m^(2))和2个播期(5月25日、6月5日),于2021年在湖南农业大学耘园基地进行大田试验,通过测定其生理生化指标和产量构成因素,研究不同种植密度和播期对棉花产量的影响。结果表明:早熟直播棉较晚熟品种SPAD值高;晚熟品种SOD活性总体高于早熟品种,晚播较早播在蕾期到花铃期时能显著提高棉花的SOD活性;从POD活性来看,早熟棉较优;从MDA含量来看,在早播和高种植密度条件下,营养生长期(蕾期)以晚熟品种表现较佳,生殖生长期(花铃期)以早熟品种‘JX0010’最优;品种极显著影响单铃质量、单株铃数和产量,且均表现为早熟品种优于晚熟品种。综合分析,早播有利于提高早熟棉产量,增加种植密度虽在一定程度上可提高产量,但增产潜力不大。

有限责任公司全面认缴制该何去何从?——兼评《公司法(修订草案三审稿)》第47条

《公司法(修订草案三审稿)》中增加了有限责任公司股东认缴的出资需在五年内缴足的规定,引发了理论界和实务界对全面认缴制的又一次讨论热潮。回顾过往商业实践可以发现,全面认缴制在发挥其鼓励投资积极作用的同时,也带来了股东滥用期限利益逃避出资义务的严重问题,由此衍生出大量股东出资纠纷。股东出资义务兼具法定性和约定性双重属性,立法设计中需厘清资本认缴制的边界,划定股东期限利益的范围。《公司法(修订草案三审稿)》将限制认缴期限和股东出资义务加速到期制度作为认缴制的配套约束机制,虽然二者都具备维护资本充实和保护债权人利益的功能,但各自也具有不可替代的制度价值。通过对认缴制的再认识对之进行科学评价无疑具备重要的现实意义。

高原气候下西藏不同熟期甘蓝型春油菜光温资源利用效率比较分析

为了充分协调产量潜力与气候资源高效利用的关系,研究高原气候下不同熟期甘蓝型春油菜的光温利用效率,选用3个不同熟期甘蓝型春油菜品系,设置4个播期,分析不同播期下西藏甘蓝型春油菜的生长发育及产量形成规律。结果表明:随着播期的推迟,参试油菜生育期间的温度升高,达到有效积温的天数较少,参试油菜生育期缩短;其中苗期、蕾薹期和花期较早播呈缩短趋势,角果成熟期有延长趋势。晚播油菜的茎秆伸长期雨热充足,参试油菜的株高较早播有增加,而茎粗有降低;晚播造成参试油菜前期营养生长不足,成熟期干物质积累较早播下降。晚播油菜生育后期遇持续降雨造成成熟期油菜的有效分枝数、单株有效角果数和单株粒重的降低,较早播油菜明显减产。播期改变了参试油菜的光、温利用效率,早熟品系NY16在B2播期(2021年3月15日)下光、温利用效率较高,分别为0.081 g·MJ^(-1)和1.017 kg·hm^(-2)·℃^(-1);中熟品系NY28和晚熟品系NY52均在B1播期(2021年3月8日)下光、温利用效率较高,分别为0.1 g·MJ^(-1)、1.282 kg·hm^(-2)·℃^(-1)和0.134 g·MJ^(-1)、1.712 kg·hm^(-2)·℃^(-1)。同一播期下中晚熟品系的光、温利用效率大于早熟品系。因此,适时早播可促进甘蓝型春油菜光温利用效率的提高,促进产量形成,早熟品系在3月15-22日,中晚熟品系在3月8-15日播种适宜。西藏一年一熟种植制度下,为充分协调生态条件与生产潜力关系,一定无霜期范围内,中晚熟品系的选育和利用可有效提高甘蓝型春油菜产量。

密封膜片加速贮存试验温度研究与分析

密封膜片的贮存寿命要求一般长达十几年,为了在较短的时间内评估密封膜片的贮存寿命,提出了一种基于温度摸底的加速贮存试验方法,该试验方法是一种粘接式试验,包括步进温度试验和恒定温度试验方法。该文重点对密封膜片加速贮存试验温度进行了试验研究和数据分析,通过试验研究和数据分析发现,密封膜片加速贮存试验的最高温度不宜超过玻璃化转变温度,密封膜片加速贮存试验中存在有机玻璃膜片老化破裂或膜片与结构件脱粘两种失效模式,该研究结果为同类产品的加速贮存试验提供了有效的试验方法和温度范围。

认缴制背景下加速到期制度之肯定及完善

认缴制改革以来,对加速到期制度众说纷纭。加速到期不仅是维护债权人利益的利器,亦可限制股东权利滥用,同时保障公司独立性和股东有限责任,应肯定其对股东和债权人之利益平衡的积极作用。法人人格否认、破产与加速到期本质不同,因股东未实缴致无法清偿不符合其适用条件。在加速到期的制度基础上应建立内部催缴制度,强化紧急情况下约束,健全外部动态监管和信息披露,将事后处理与事前控制相结合,促进加速到期的体系化完善。

授权资本制与认缴制融合的比较法考察

随着2014年《中华人民共和国公司法》的修订,我国公司资本制度在法定资本制的范围内进行了变革,实现了由分期实缴出资到全面执行资本认缴制的转变。全面认缴制的实行解决了以往实缴制度所导致的市场经济受到桎梏的问题。但伴随着认缴制带来便利的同时,在近八九年的实施过程中也暴露出了实施认缴制而产生的许多问题,我国公司资本制度改革迫在眉睫。纵观世界公司资本制度变革之大趋势,引入授权资本制或已成为资本制度改革之不二选择。然而由于我国法律环境以及相关制度与域外有所差异,贸然全面适用授权资本制亦有不妥。只有将授权资本制引入并与现有认缴制度相结合,让公司得以轻装上路,并通过股东出资义务加速到期制度、董事会催缴制度、构建与完善信用机制、控制权转移机制等方法来规避以往认缴制所暴露的弊端,才能更好地促进市场经济的良性发展。