The Influence of Information Technology(IT)on Accrual Accounting Adoption:The Case of the Jordanian Public Sector

Jordan is one of many countries that intends to reform its public sector by adopting accrual accounting,which is primarily carried out through the International Public Sector Accounting Standards(IPSAS)implementation plan,scheduled to be completed by 2021.Considering the difficulties of adoption,this process cannot be completed without an appropriate Information Technology(IT)system capable of providing the accounting information required for this reform.Therefore,this study aims to examine the influence of IT on accrual accounting adoption in the Jordanian public sector.The study employed the quantitative survey approach.Based on 331 usable questionnaires,the descriptive findings showed that the use of IT in the Jordanian public sector is relevant to daily accounting transactions in general and to accrual accounting in particular.The regression analysis showed a positive,significant relationship between IT use and accrual accounting practice.The IT specialist should be able to understand the needs of public sector in adopting accrual-based accounting.In line with today’s digitalization age,which integrates advanced technologies and numerous techniques,this study suggests that a combination of accounting and IT experts is a value added to sharpen the competitiveness of public sector reform.This study contributes to the extant literature in public sector,concerning the relationship between IT and accrual accounting adoption in the context of Jordan.

西方国际税收中关于cash,accrual,realization的概念探讨

cash,accrual,realization是税收时间期会计计算的重要概念。在实际工作中,对其在中英文的理解上往往会产生很大差异,因而导致操作上的误区。本文试图从会计和税收角度对这几个概念进行一些探讨。

一种云计算中Accrual失效检测器

为更好地解决云计算中网络环境的动态性对失效检测性能的影响,提出一种适用于云计算环境的双滑动窗口accrual失效检测器(Two Windows Accrual Failure Detector, 2WA-FD).首先,对不同网络环境下心跳消息到达时间间隔的概率分布进行实验分析,发现威布尔分布是一种更加合理的描述心跳消息到达时间间隔的概率分布模型,以此概率分布模型作为计算accrual失效检测器怀疑值的依据能够获得更高的精确度;其次,通过对accrual失效检测器实现架构的分析,通过采用双滑动窗口处理机制处理心跳消息能够更好地应对网络环境的突然变化;最后,通过开源实验数据以及租用云服务器搭建的实验平台比较和分析5种不同的accrual失效检测器实现的性能.实验结果表明,该失效检测器较其他同类型失效检测器在同样的检测负载情况下,能够获得更好的检测速度与检测准确性.因此,本文所提出的基于威布尔分布的双滑动窗口的accrual失效检测器2WA-FD能够准确、快速地发现云计算中的节点失效,有效地降低网络环境动态性对失效检测性能的影响.

The Chinese specialties of A-share accrual anomaly

This paper extends the work of SONG （2008） and finds a significantly positive relation between hedge returns from accrual anomaly and market returns for Chinese A-share market. Since market returns in Chinese well-known ＂policy market＂ is more volatile than those in USA, the hedge risks in China are higher than those in USA. Additionally, higher transaction costs and one-direction trading system also prevent investors in Chinese A-share market from arbitraging on accrual anomaly.

The Effect of Real Activities Manipulation on Accrual Earnings Management： The Case in Indonesia Stock Exchange （IDX）

There are three ways to manage earnings, namely, accruals earnings management, real activities manipulation, and shifting of core expense. The famous methods to manage earnings are accruals earnings management and real activities manipulation. Usually, real activities manipulation is conducted on the going period. The action will increase the loss for the firms at the end of the period. To avoid the loss, managers will manage earnings through accruals （discretionary accruals）. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate whether real activities manipulation positively influences accruals earnings management. To investigate the issue, this study collected data from Indonesia Stock Exchange （IDX）. Samples of this study are the manufacturing companies. There are 196 firms from the year 2003 to 2007. The results of this study support the research hypothesis that real activities manipulation positively influences accruals earnings management. The higher the real activities manipulation effects, the higher the accruals earnings management at the end of the period.There are three ways to manage earnings, namely, accruals earnings management, real activities manipulation, and shifting of core expense. The famous methods to manage earnings are accruals earnings management and real activities manipulation. Usually, real activities manipulation is conducted on the going period. The action will increase the loss for the firms at the end of the period. To avoid the loss, managers will manage earnings through accruals （discretionary accruals）. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate whether real activities manipulation positively influences accruals earnings management. To investigate the issue, this study collected data from Indonesia Stock Exchange （IDX）. Samples of this study are the manufacturing companies. There are 196 firms from the year 2003 to 2007. The results of this study support the research hypothesis that real activities manipulation positively influences accruals earnings management. The higher the real activities manipulation effects, the higher the accruals earnings management at the end of the period.

Cash Flow from Operations, Accruals and Earnings Persistency

Persistency of earnings is an important measure of eamings quality. It is generally accepted that the more the persistency is, the higher the quality of earnings is. We analyze the characteristic factors influencing earnings persistency, use data of A-share listed companies during 1998-2004, and find that earnings persistency is significantly related to the nature of earnings, the cash content of earnings and the quality of accruals.

The Comparison between Accrual Earnings Management and Real Earnings Management

Earnings management is an important topic in modern financial accounting. With the development of social economy, practical circles and theory circles have studied the earnings management more and more carefully. In this paper, we will contrast accrual earnings management with real earnings management in definition, motivation, approach, and economic consequences, and hope to provide some suggestions for our government.

CFO变更与企业财务报告质量

在现代风险导向审计模式下,审计师会关注CFO变更这一信号以识别和评估财务报表重大错报风险,但鲜有文献探究财务报告质量是否因此而下降。以2010—2020年沪深两市A股上市公司为对象,研究CFO变更对企业财务报告质量的影响。研究表明,CFO变更提高了企业应计盈余管理的程度,增加了企业报告小额盈余、进行财务重述以及被出具非标审计意见的可能性,进而导致财务报告质量显著下降;当CFO未兼任内部董事、发生外部继任或非正常变更、任职于非央企时,上述负向作用更加明显。进一步研究表明,CFO变更通过提高企业的代理成本与信息不对称程度从而降低财务报告质量,并最终使企业面临更大的融资约束。

审计费用与高管政治关联对盈余管理的影响

选取2010-2021年期间我国A股市场上的上市公司为对象,形成分析模型,并探讨审计费用、高管政治关联与应计和真实盈余管理之间的相关关系。研究发现:审计费用支出越多,应计盈余管理、真实盈余管理越弱;相对而言,高管存在政治关联的上市公司,其对应的应计盈余管理、真实盈余管理较强;高管政治关联会降低审计费用对真实盈余管理行为的抑制作用,而并没有减弱审计费用对应计盈余管理行为的抑制作用。

Accrual components and stock trading costs

This paper examines the relationship between accrual components and stock trading costs in China and finds that both abnormal and normal accruals are associated with these costs. Moreover, negative accruals, both abnormal and normal, have a greater influence on stock trading costs than positive accruals because of short-selling constraints in the Chinese stock market. Further analysis reveals that investors who are fixated on accruals are unable to separate positive or negative abnormal accruals from earnings in general.Additionally, investors overestimate the persistence of both positive and negative normal accruals. These findings constitute further evidence of the low degree of market efficiency in China. Chinese investors seem to overestimate firm value when abnormal and normal accruals are positive and underestimate it when they are negative, thus leading to an asymmetric effect on trading costs between positive and negative accruals in the face of short-selling constraints in the Chinese stock market.

Accruals quality,underwriter reputation,and corporate bond underpricing:Evidence from China

This study examines the relationship between accruals quality and the underpricing of corporate bonds in China and how underwriter reputation affects this relationship.We?nd that(1)accruals quality is negatively associated with the magnitude of bond underpricing and(2)the impact of low accruals quality on underpricing is partially offset by hiring reputable underwriters.A path analysis shows that approximately 11% of the effect of accruals quality on underpricing is attributable to the indirect path through reputable underwriters,suggesting that accruals quality is more effective than reputable underwriters in lowering bond underpricing.These?ndings are signi?cant for initial bond offerings,but not for secondary bond offerings.We also?nd that low accruals quality is associated with more restrictive non-price contract terms such as greater collateral requirements and stricter covenants.

Auditor choice and accruals patterns of cross-listed firms

We examine the association between auditor choice and the accruals patterns of Chinese listed firms that cross-list in Hong Kong.Our evidence suggests that the clients of Big 4 auditors report lower unsigned discretionary accruals relative to the clients of non-Big 4 auditors.Further,we find that cross-listed firms with non-Big 4 auditors are more likely to understate their earnings and experience larger reversals of accruals in the future than cross-listed firms with Big 4 auditors.These findings suggest that Big 4 auditors play a meaningful role in improving earnings quality for cross-listed firms,which helps to explain why crosslisted firms have higher earnings quality than their domestic counterparts,as documented in the previous literature.

权责发生制政府会计改革对政府债务的影响——基于国际数据的研究

自20世纪70年代以来,全球已经历了四次大规模的债务积累浪潮,在最近一轮债务浪潮中新兴市场和发展中国家的债务规模出现了最大幅度的增长。近年来,政府债务风险成为全球各国金融治理的重点,全面统计政府债务是防范风险的基本前提。引入权责发生制的政府会计改革有助于促进政府债务的全面核算和披露。选取几个具有代表性的国家,综合采用时间序列分析和面板固定效应模型等方法,实证检验政府会计改革对政府债务的影响。研究发现,引入权责发生制的政府会计改革有助于披露政府债务的真实水平,但同时也会引起政府部门杠杆率上升。进一步研究发现,双权责发生制改革对政府债务的影响效应比单权责发生制改革更为强烈;政府会计改革对政府债务的影响存在短期和长期的不同效应,随着改革的深入推进,政府部门杠杆率呈现出先升后降的变动趋势。总体而言,权责发生制的政府会计改革有助于披露政府债务的真实规模,正确评估政府债务水平,防范政府债务风险。我国政府会计的改革实践可以从上述结论中得到借鉴和参考,但更需根据我国的实际情况制定渐进式的改革方案,才能有效发挥会计改革的正面效应。

政府财务报告审计的主体、内容和方法

中国特色政府财务报告审计制度尚在健全完善中,一些关键问题亟待研究解决。结合中国的法律及制度环境,按照“谁来审—审什么—怎么审”的主线,探讨了政府财务报告审计主体及独立性、审计内容、审计思路及方式方法。研究认为:由于财政资金的运动过程没有变化,不应当改变国家审计机关的审计主体地位,购买社会审计要限定审计对象范围、创新审计费用支付、加强审计质量控制;有必要组建国家、省、市、县审计委员会,由全国人大和地方各级人大产生,各级审计机关可作为同级审计委员会的决策执行机构,不再向同级人民政府负责,业务运行独立于政府体系,时机成熟时再从政府序列撤销;暂不审计财政中长期可持续性,先审计两大核心财务报表,重点关注基础信息的完备性、抵销的充分性和调整的准确性,有无利用抵销阈值操纵盈余的行为,政府会计准则制度完备后,再审计政府财政财务管理情况及其他事项;要结合运用统计抽样、判断抽样方法,推进政府财务报告大数据审计,实现上下级财政之间、同级财政与预算单位之间的会计数据关联。

政府会计制度下公立医院成本管理改进研究

随着医改政策的落实,逐步推行药品零差率实现医保控费,打破了公立医院过去“以药养医”“以械养医”的营利模式,国家财政对医疗服务补偿机制逐渐转变为采取定向拨款、差额补偿等多种方式,公立医院承受的资金压力与日俱增。加上民营医疗队伍不断壮大,医疗市场竞争愈发激烈。公立医院作为非营利性事业单位,除了公益性外,经营性特征也日渐突出。2019年政府会计落地实施,为公立医院成本管理提供了新的契机。公立医院需优化成本管理体系,为政府部门监管医疗服务价格、完善医保支付政策提供数据支持,实现持续健康发展。文章以政府会计为背景,阐述对公立医院成本管理的影响,深入剖析问题及原因,并提出改进措施,为广大公立医院提供参考。

宏观视角下政府综合财务报告的应用:现实发展与推进对策

政府综合财务报告的分析应用是适应现代财政制度,推进国家治理现代化的必然要求。近年来,随着我国政府会计改革的不断深入,权责发生制政府综合财务报告的编制基本实现了各级政府部门的全覆盖,但是,作为服务于政府财政决策制定与管理财政行为、高效履行政府受托责任的政府综合财务报告,在衔接宏观决策管理行为、识别预警财政风险、应用评估指标的设定、契合预算绩效管理需求等报告应用方面还存在优化空间。为此,结合政府综合财务报告实施目标,本文建议以加强宏观视角分析为切入点,通过完善报告内容编制、应用指标设计与范围设定、与全过程预算绩效管理衔接和推动数据共享共用等方面,构建服务政府决策管理与财政财务管理的政府综合财务报告应用体系,从而充分发挥政府综合财务报告制度服务国家治理的效能。

浅议权责发生制在行政事业单位会计制度中的运用

在我国经济的长期发展中,行政事业单位中的会计制度也在不断地发展。但是从整体上看,以收付实现制为主。在收付实现制应用的过程中,重点工作是加强对行政事业单位内部资金的有效管理,从而为相关公众的发展提供资金支持。随着行政事业单位内部工作的不断增加,传统的会计制度已经很难满足工作的实际需要,极大地阻碍了行政事业单位会计信息的查询和核算,影响了行政事业单位内部工作效率的提升。目前,许多行政事业单位开始积极进行内部会计制度的改革,希望在单位发展的过程中通过权责发生制的会计制度应用来提升内部资金管理的效率,从而真正弥补传统会计工作方式的不足。文章首先针对当前行政事业单位资金管理的具体特点进行了分析,总结了传统的收付实现制应用中存在的相关问题,分析了权责发生制在行政事业单位中使用的必要性,并制订了具体的工作策略,希望能够为行政事业单位的快速发展提供具体参考和支持。

Accruals: An overview

The paper provides a broad discussion of the topic "accruals". Though much of what is said is familiar from the literature on accruals, the paper tries to develop concepts and show how theses forge tight links across a variety of themes. The starting point of the analysis concerns the construct of an accrual.The case is made that it should rest solely on consecutive balance sheets and the splitting of assets/liabilities into(i) cash and approximate cash,assets/liabilities and(ii) all other kinds of assets/liabilities. Given this divide of assets/liabilities one can measure the components in the foundation equation: cash earnings + net accrual = comprehensive earnings. The paper then proceeds to discuss how the net accrual relates to growth in a firm's operating activities and the extent to which it can be informative or misleading.This topic in turn integrates with the issue of a firm's quality of earnings and the role of accounting conservatism. Among the remaining topics, the paper discusses how one conceptualizes diagnostics to assess whether or not a period's accrual is likely to be biased upwards or downwards. It gives rise to a consideration of how one constructs accruals that may be more informative than GAAP accruals and the role of value-relevance studies to assess the information content of accrual constructs. The paper ends with a list of suggestions how future research may be modified in light of the discussions in this paper.

监管强度预期与上市公司盈余管理——基于证监会随机抽查威慑作用的研究

有效的监管措施有助于提升信息披露质量,而监管政策的威慑效果一直是学界和业界关心的重要问题之一。本文通过手动获取2016-2020年间证监会上市公司现场检查“双随机”抽查的相关数据,以企业预期抽查概率作为监管强度预期的度量,实证分析了“双随机”抽查制度对于上市公司盈余管理行为的威慑作用。研究发现:现场“双随机”抽查机制对上市公司应计盈余管理具有威慑作用,监管强度预期越高的企业,盈余管理行为越弱;企业所在地区市场化水平、法治化水平、企业产权性质以及公司治理水平能够强化这一威慑作用的影响;企业审计费用与监管强度预期呈负相关关系,而对被抽中进行现场检查的企业,审计师会要求更高的审计费用。上述研究结果为评估证监会上市公司现场检查“双随机”制度的效果及其影响提供一定的实证证据。

盈余管理、财务困境与审计费用

选取2015—2021年A股上市公司为样本,研究盈余管理与审计费用的关系,并分析了财务困境对二者的调节作用。结果显示:应计与真实盈余管理与审计费用均呈显著正相关关系;财务困境会加强盈余管理对审计费用的正向影响;进一步研究发现,在非国有企业,盈余管理对审计费用的正向作用更显著。