Effects of combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage on water and salt transport of saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China

Developing effective irrigation and drainage strategies to improve the quality of saline-alkali soil is vital for enhancing agricultural production and increasing economic returns. In this study, we explored how irrigation and drainage modes (flood irrigation, drip irrigation, and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation) improve the saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China. We aimed to study the transport characteristics of soil water and salt under different irrigation and drainage modes, and analyze the effects of the combination of irrigation and drainage on soil salt leaching, as well as its impacts on the growth of oil sunflower. Our results show that sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation significantly reduced the soil salt content and soil water content at the 0–200 cm soil depth. Under sub-surface pipe drainage combined with drip irrigation, the mean soil salt content was reduced to below 10 g/kg after the second irrigation, and the soil salt content decreased as sub-surface pipe distance decreased. The mean soil salt content of flood irrigation exceeded 25 g/kg, and the mean soil desalination efficiency was 3.28%, which was lower than that of drip irrigation. The mean soil desalination rate under drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation was 19.30% and 58.12%, respectively. After sub-surface drainage regulation under drip irrigation, the germination percentage of oil sunflower seedlings was increased to more than 50%, which further confirmed that combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage is very effective in improving the quality of saline-alkali soil and increasing the productivity of agricultural crops.

Nutrient Accumulation and Distribution in Cotton Promoted by Removal of Mulch Film

Plastic film mulching affects changes in nutrient contents in soil and absorption and utilization of nutrients in plants were by changing hydrothermal condition of soil.The temporal and spatial variation of the total soil salt and nutrient contents with mulch film removed at three different times during the early cotton growth stage and its effects on nutrient absorption and accumulation in cotton plants were studied over 2015-2017.The film removal treatments reduced salt accumulation in normal rainfall year(2017).Film removal increased contents of soil organic matter,the total phosphorus and available potassium at the end of growth stage,increased contents of soil hydrolyzable nitrogen and the total nitrogen in the surface soil layer(0-10 cm),and increased the total nitrogen contents in the deep soil layer(40-50 cm).Film removal increased accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in cotton plants in 2017 and accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrients in cotton plants in heavy rainfall year(2016).These experimental results indicated that removal of mulch film at an appropriate and targeted time in the bud stage of cotton promoted nutrient absorption.

The salt accumulation at the shifting aeolian sandy soil surface with high salinity groundwater drip irrigation in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert

The EC analysis and water serial sampling was performed in the Tarim Desert Highway shelterbelt to explore the water and salt dynamics of the shallow aeolian sandy soil ( 0-30cm) under high salinity groundwater drip irrigation. It was found that in one irrigation cycle, the EC of the shallow shifting aeolian sandy soil ( 0-30cm) increased while the water content decreased. The EC of the surface aeolian sandy soil at the wetting front was far greater than that of the wetting area or the outside of the wetting area. During the irrigation cycle, the EC of the wetting front and the wetting area changed at a significant magnitude, whereas the EC of the outside of the wetting area remained largely steady. The horizontal influence distance of drip irrigation on the salt accumulation at the soil surface was about 100 cm, and the vertical influence depth was 5 cm. The three most abundant ions in the accumulated salt at the aeolian sandy soil surface were Na+, Cl- and SO42-. The salt accumulation at the soil surface was influenced by air temperature, wind speed, mineralization of irrigation water, sand burial thickness, soil texture, and litter content.

Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L.)

Accumulations of copper （Cu） and cadmium （Cd） in six rice cultivars （94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1, and KY1360） were evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination （100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu ＋ 1.0 mg/kg Cd） in a greenhouse. The dry weights of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0%, and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1, and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.

星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora)人工草地氮素积累对松嫩盐碱草地植被演替的影响

通过对星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora)生长不同年数盐碱土壤氮素营养状况的比较,研究氮素积累作用的机理,并探讨其在植被演替中的可能作用。结果表明:在一维生态位空间(土壤氮含量)星星草和羊草(Leymus chinense)之间具有较小的生态位分离值和较大的生态位重叠值,表明羊草对土壤高含氮量具有较强的竞争能力。这些也许是羊草以及其他植物在星星草生长一定年数后能够侵入碱斑土壤的机制。星星草作为盐碱土壤改良和植被恢复的先锋植物,它的生长增强了盐碱草地土壤氮素的矿质化作用和生物固氮强度,并减弱了氮素随地表径流的损失。最终促进了盐碱草地的氮素沉积,达到了适合于其它物种(如羊草)生长的水平,从而使碱斑植被得以恢复。

盐结皮土壤形成发育过程影响下的能量平衡动态变化

地表能量平衡是地气交互作用的关键环节,探究不同下垫面的地表能量平衡特征对了解地表的热量传输具有重要意义。然而,目前对于能量平衡在盐结皮土壤形成过程下的变化特征的研究未见报道,主要难点在于缺少盐结皮形成过程中土壤表面反照率的计算方法,严重影响了盐渍化土壤热量传输的精确定量描述。因此,利用模拟试验结合能量平衡模型,应用反照率计算方法,定量分析了盐结皮土壤形成发育过程下能量平衡的动态变化特征。结果表明:(1)Logistic增长模型可以很好地拟合盐结皮在土壤表面的形成发育过程(R2=0.99)。(2)在持续照射条件下(1000 W·m^(-2),16 d),随着盐结皮的持续发育,盐结皮土壤的反照率比对照高出0.15~0.41,从而显著降低了土壤对热量的吸收,导致盐结皮土壤表面温度比对照降低了16℃。(3)盐结皮土壤的净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量在反照率和表面温度影响下分别比对照减少了47.9%、52.4%、46.8%和47.4%,显著影响了土壤的剖面温度。研究结果对进一步探讨盐结皮影响下的土壤水热传输过程具有重要的科学价值。

水稻机械直播的土壤表层泥浆离散元参数标定

【目的】针对水稻机械直播稻田播前土壤与触土部件的相互作用机理不明确等问题,可利用离散元分析法研究影响水稻精量穴直播质量的因素。由于播前土壤的结构复杂,其表层泥浆与耕层存在一定差异,因此,需分层构建复合土壤模型。为获取精确的水稻机械直播的表层泥浆离散元参数,开展试验研究和仿真分析,并标定表层泥浆的离散元仿真参数。【方法】按照水稻精量穴直播的整地要求处理,并在播种前去田间获取表层泥浆,采用漏斗法进行泥浆堆积角试验,利用数显倾角仪多次测量泥浆堆积角并取平均值。选择EDEM离散元软件中Hertz-Mindlin with JKR接触模型,开展泥浆堆积角仿真试验。以堆积角为响应值,通过Plackett-Burman试验筛选出对堆积角影响显著的3个参数,进一步开展最陡爬坡试验缩小显著性参数的取值范围。采用Box-Behnken试验建立表层泥浆堆积角与筛选的显著性参数的回归模型,并以物理试验测得的泥浆堆积角为目标值,对显著性参数寻优得到最佳参数组合。将最优参数代入仿真软件验证表层泥浆颗粒离散元参数的准确性。【结果】泥浆堆积角物理试验获取表层泥浆堆积角为40.20°。Plackett-Burman试验结果表明,泥浆剪切模量、泥浆-泥浆表面能和泥浆-钢表面能对表层泥浆堆积角有显著性影响,其余试验因素对堆积角的影响均不显著。最陡爬坡试验将显著性参数的最优区间缩小为:泥浆剪切模量1.6~4.6 MPa、泥浆-泥浆表面能0.25~0.35 J/m^(2)、泥浆-钢表面能0.02~0.04 J/m^(2)。通过堆积角回归模型,获取最优解为:泥浆剪切模量1.839 MPa、泥浆-泥浆表面能0.25 J/m^(2)、泥浆-钢表面能0.029 J/m^(2)。将最优参数仿真软件验证的结果为39.10°,与泥浆堆积角物理试验结果的相对误差为2.74%。【结论】基于Hertz-Mindlin with JKR接触模型标定的水稻机械直播的表层泥浆颗粒离散元参数准确可靠,可为构建水稻机械直播稻田土壤的离散元模型提供理论依据。

Effect of Irrigation with Saline Water on Soil Water-Salt Dynamics and Maize yield in Arid Northwest China

An experiment was conducted in non-weighing lysimeters to study the effect of irrigation with saline water on water movement and salt accumulation and maize yield. The experiment was carried out in northwest China,both sufficient and insufficient irrigation were applied in the first year,and only sufficient treatments in the second year. Irrigation with solute concentration of 9 g·L-1 and 6 g·L-1 led to salt accumulation about 6-8 dS·m-1 in certain depths,even downwards to 160 cm received about 4 dS·m-1 for 9 g·L-1 and 2 dS·m-1 for 6 g·L-1,which was two times more than initial. Salt-affected water extracted from soil behaved as low evapotranspiration under sufficient irrigation,and more water was left in the soil. Yield of spring maize was not affected when saturated soil paste electrical conductivity did not exceeded 1.2 dS·m-1.

燕麦+木霉调控黄河三角洲盐渍土主要障碍因子效应研究

[目的]探寻适应盐渍土的作物和辅助技术。[方法]通过黄绿木霉菌剂处理土壤,早春和秋季2次种植燕麦,观察改良盐渍土效应。[结果]黄河三角洲盐渍土壤环境特性为季节性盐表聚影响作物生长发育,土壤水稳性团聚体少,土壤生物量少、活性低。黄绿木霉处理土壤播种燕麦后,土壤覆盖时间延长,秋末控制了秋季积盐第一高峰,中度盐渍土比相邻大豆收获地降盐77.99%,重度盐渍土比相邻草枯后裸露地降盐87.24%,春末控制了春季积盐第二高峰,中度盐渍土比相邻上茬大豆地降盐76.11%,重度盐渍土比相邻草枯后裸露地降盐85.67%;黄绿木霉菌剂处理重度盐渍土壤,与对照相比,真菌、细菌、固氮菌、放线菌分别提高5.90倍、1.27倍、48.13%、71.12%,黄绿木霉增殖的同时增加土壤微生物数量,利用微生物耐盐及嗜盐特点,创建了无数个低盐微区域,利于燕麦的根系生长发育;增加土壤根系数量和微生物数量,提高土壤有机质,土壤水稳性团聚体提高,中度盐渍土提高50%以上,重度盐渍土提高81.55%;燕麦通过蒸腾作用代替土壤水分蒸发,改变了盐随水来的运移通道和积盐位置,储存燕麦植株的可溶性盐随着茎秆及籽粒收获移出农田高达545.67 kg/hm^(2),降低了土壤含盐量。[结论]利用燕麦+黄绿木霉菌剂技术处理消减盐表聚打破季节性积盐规律,通过地上、地下生物的共同作用,降低土壤盐度,丰富土壤微生物,提高土壤有机质,改善土壤结构,加快了培育土壤的进度。

外源碳输入对常绿阔叶林土壤碳排放的影响

为研究外源葡萄糖输入量对土壤CO_(2)排放动态过程的影响及机理,以中亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤为研究对象,在培养温度为恒温20℃,土壤田间持水量60%的条件下,输入不同浓度的葡萄糖(碳含量分别为0、50、150、450μg·g^(-1),分别标记为CK、C_(1)、C_(2)、C_(3)处理)进行室内培养试验,测定不同浓度葡萄糖输入下不同时间的土壤CO_(2)排放。结果表明:C_(2)、C_(3)处理的土壤CO_(2)排放速率和土壤CO_(2)累积排放量均显著升高(P<0.05);C_(2)、C_(3)处理28 h后,土壤CO_(2)排放速率随培养时间的延长显著升高(P<0.01),土壤CO_(2)累积排放量随培养时间的延长显著升高(P<0.01);当培养时间超过65 h后,C_(1)处理的土壤CO_(2)排放速率随培养时间的延长有显著降低的趋势(P<0.01),C_(3)处理的土壤C/N、DOC变化量较CK显著增大(P<0.05),土壤CO_(2)排放速率与C/N、DOC含量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。不同浓度葡萄糖输入对土壤CO_(2)排放的影响存在异质性,在中亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤中,根系分泌物葡萄糖的输入增加可能会改变土壤C、N含量,提高CO_(2)排放量,从而进一步加速土壤碳损失。

Combined application of a straw layer and flue gas desulphurization gypsum to reduce soil salinity and alkalinity

Burying a straw layer and applying flue gas desulphurization(FGD)gypsum are effective practices to ameliorate soil salinization or alkalization and to increase crop yield;however,little information exists on the effects of such integration in saline-alkali soils.A soil column experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a straw layer plus FGD gypsum on soil salinity and alkalinity.We placed a straw layer(5 cm thick)at a depth of 30 cm and mixed FGD gypsum into the 0–20 cm soil layer at application rates of 7.5,15.0,22.5,and 30.0 t ha^-1,with no straw layer and FGD gypsum as a control(CK).The soil water content in the 0–30 cm soil layer was significantly higher(>7.8%)in the treated soil profiles after infiltration than in the CK,but decreased after evaporation.The electrical conductivity(EC)of the 10–30 cm soil layer was 230.2%and 104.9%higher in the treated soil profiles than in the CK after infiltration and evaporation,respectively,and increased with increasing rates of FGD gypsum application,with Ca^2+and SO4^2-being the main dissolved salts.Compared to those in the CK,the concentrations of Na^+,Cl^-,and HCO3-decreased in the treated soil profiles at depths above 55 cm,but the other soluble ions increased,after infiltration.A similar trend occurred after evaporation for all soluble ions except for HCO3-.The p H and exchangeable sodium percentage in the treated soil profiles were significantly lower than those in the CK over the entire profile,and decreased with increasing FGD gypsum application rates.Therefore,the incorporation of a straw layer plus FGD gypsum can reduce salinity and alkalinity,but the quantity of FGD gypsum should be controlled in saline-alkali soils.

Water,Salt and Heat Influences on Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Seasonally Frozen Soils in Hetao Irrigation District,Inner Mongolia,China

To investigate carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)dynamics in seasonally frozen soils under saline and shallow groundwater supply conditions,in-situ lysimeter experiments with different groundwater table depths(WTD=1.8 and 2.2 m)were conducted in Inner Mongolia,China during the wintertime of 2012-2013.Changes in soil organic C and total N in multiple layers during various periods,as well as their relationships with soil water,salt,and heat dynamics were analyzed.Accumulation of soil organic C and total N during freezing periods was strongly related to water and salt accumulation under temperature and water potential gradients.Water and salt showed direct influences on soil C and N dynamics by transporting them to upper layer and changing soil microbial activity.Salt accumulation in the upper layer during freezing and thawing of soil affected microbial activity by lowering osmotic potential,resulting in lower C/N ratio.Nitrogen in soil tended to be more mobile with water during freezing and thawing than organic C,and the groundwater table also served as a water source for consecutive upward transport of dissolved N and C.The changes in C and N in the upper 10 cm soil layer served as a good sign for identification of water and salt influences on soil microbial activity during freezing/thawing.

大棚土壤盐分累积特征与调控措施研究

通过对昆明地区不同年限的大棚土壤的管理现状调查分析及采集次生盐渍化严重的土壤做调控盐分的盆栽模拟试验,研究了保护地大棚土壤次生盐渍化的形成特征以及土壤调理剂对大棚土壤盐分的调控效果,结果表明:随着大棚年限的增长,耕层土壤的盐分在增加,盐分组成以Ca2+和NO-3为主,0～60cm土层的盐分剖面由露地的直筒型向倒锥形发展,由泥炭、沸石、锯末等改良材料组合成的土壤调理剂控盐效果显著,耕层土壤全盐含量降幅在19%～32%之间。

覆砂对土壤入渗、蒸发和盐分迁移的影响

探讨覆砂厚度对土壤水分入渗、蒸发、盐分迁移的影响,对新疆干旱区农田抑盐、保水及合理的覆砂制度制定具有重要意义。本文采用定水头法入渗和模拟稳定蒸发条件,研究覆砂厚度对土壤水分入渗、蒸发过程以及盐分迁移的影响。以覆砂厚度为影响因子,在土壤表层设置4个厚度,分别是0(对照)、1.7、3.6、5.7 cm。研究结果表明:(1)覆砂抑制了土壤水分净入渗能力,这一抑制作用随着覆砂厚度增加而减弱;(2)覆砂可以显著抑制土壤蒸发,随着覆砂厚度的增加抑制力增大。在20天蒸发过程中,覆砂处理蒸发呈稳定态势,且累积蒸发量符合线性方程,而对照符合Rose经验公式;(3)覆砂可以改变土壤盐分在剖面中的运移,尤其减弱了盐分的表聚。总之,覆砂显著地抑制了土壤蒸发和盐分表聚,即在覆砂厚1.7 cm上就可达显著效果,但对土壤的净入渗能力具有抑制作用。

新疆三工河流域尾闾绿洲地下水变化与土壤积盐的响应

研究地下水动态和土壤积盐过程有助于了解地下水抬升对土壤积盐的作用规律，合理利用水资源，防止土壤盐渍化。根据1985年、2000年和2005年的地下水等值线图资料，结合研究区1983～2005年水资源利用和0～20cm土壤层总盐数据以及土地利用数据，利用GIS技术和地统计学方法，分析了近23a来地下水动态，以及地下水抬升与地表积盐的关系。结果表明：区域输水灌溉是地下水水位抬升的直接动因。年均地下水水位抬升0．09m，地下水位每抬升1m，造成区域地表积盐区增加144．45hm^2，地下水位的抬升对区域灌溉景观的积盐面积的扩张作用要强于非灌溉景观，在灌溉景观中耕地积盐速率最快，达0．43t·hm^-2·a^-1，23a间，单位面积的积盐量增加了40．04％，在非灌溉景观中，盐碱地的积盐作用较强，积盐速率达0．68t·hm^-2·a^-1．

典型设施栽培土壤盐分变化规律及潜在的环境效应研究

研究了山东寿光设施土壤盐分的变化规律。结果表明:(1)设施土壤的盐分含量高,变化幅度大。耕层盐分含量为2.69 g kg-1(CV=58%),而相应的露地仅为0.61 g kg-1(CV=14%)。(2)设施土壤连续种植到4 a左右,其耕层的盐分含量则可达到限制作物正常生长的临界点,此后盐分含量随采取的各种管理措施而有所降低。土壤次生盐渍化是造成温室可持续利用周期较短的主要原因。(3)除HCO-3外,NO3-、SO24-、Cl-、Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+在剖面的累积明显高于露地,且以NO-3和Ca2+的相对富集为主要特征,两者可占耕层盐分离子总量的47.4%和19.3%。(4)与露地相比,盐分离子在设施土壤剖面存在着明显的累积和向下迁移现象,同时在剖面的分布还具有明显的表聚特征,其中NO-3的大量累积和向下层迁移已严重影响到当地地下水水质。

设施土壤盐分的累积、迁移及离子组成变化特征

通过对我国不同地区设施栽培现状的野外调查和取样分析,研究了设施栽培条件下土壤盐分的累积、迁移及离子组成变化特点。结果表明：1）设施栽培条件下,土壤含盐量的变化幅度大,且均明显高于露地土壤,各研究区域内已有40%8-9%的土壤含盐量超过了作物正常生长的临界浓度。2）设施栽培的可持续利用周期较短,连续种植到4年左右的设施土壤,其耕层盐分的累积量可达到作物的生长障碍临界点,之后因设施使用率的下降以及采取的措施而有所降低,但仍高于露地土壤。设施连续使用会导致土壤环境质量的不断恶化。3）设施土壤剖面（0-100 cm）盐分含量均高于相邻露地,盐分含量随土层深度增加而降低,其中耕层（0-20 cm）的盐分含量显著高于其下各层;盐分离子在土壤剖面的运移同时存在着明显的向底层迁移和向表层聚集两种方式,但以表聚为主;此外,盐分离子的大量累积和向底层迁移,特别是NO3^-的淋溶已严重影响到部分地区的地下水水质。4）设施栽培后,土壤中的NO3^-、SO4^2-、Cl^-、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋均有不同程度的累积,阴离子以NO3^-和SO4^2-为主,阳离子以Ca^2＋为主。盐分的大量累积以及某些离子的相对富集在一定程度上引起了作物养分的供需失衡、土壤酸化、棚室内CO2供应不足等生产问题。

设施土壤盐分积累及防治措施研究进展

就国内外学者对设施 (温室、大棚 )土壤盐分积累问题的现状、成因、危害及防治措施的研究现状作一介绍 。

盐胁迫富集发芽大豆γ-氨基丁酸的工艺优化

在单因素试验基础上,应用响应面试验研究氯化钠浓度、培养时间和培养温度对大豆发芽富集γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)的影响,目的是优化盐胁迫条件下发芽大豆富集GABA的最佳培养条件。研究结果表明:豆芽在盐胁迫条件下富集GABA的最优条件是氯化钠浓度133.5mmol/L、培养时间5.5d、培养温度33.3℃,在此条件预测的最高GABA富集量为1205.24μg/g。方差分析和验证实验显示,模型可准确的预测盐胁迫条件下大豆发芽过程中GABA的富集。

沈阳地区河流灌渠沿岸农田表层土壤中重金属的污染现状评价

用地积累指数法和单因子内梅罗综合指数法研究了沈阳地区蒲河、浑河、细河以及沈抚灌渠周边农田表层土壤中7种重金属的污染状况。结果表明,表层土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Pb和Cr的最大值出现在细河周边,Zn和Cu的最大值出现在沈抚灌渠周边,Hg、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr6种重金属的平均含量在各个区域中差别明显。Cd与Hg之间的相关系数高,表明Cd、Hg来源相同;Pb、Zn、As、Cu相关性好,判定可能来自同一来源。地积累指数和单因子内梅罗综合指数计算结果表明,Cd、Hg、Zn污染在这些河流地区较普遍,Pb、Cu、Cr和As在部分地区受到污染,部分细河沿岸农田土壤受到严重污染。