The dating and temperature measurement technologies for carbonate minerals and their application in hydrocarbon accumulation research in the paleouplift in central Sichuan Basin, SW China

A new method for reconstructing the geological history of hydrocarbon accumulation is developed, which are constrained by U-Pb isotope age and clumped isotope((35)47) temperature of host minerals of hydrocarbon-bearing inclusions. For constraining the time and depth of hydrocarbon accumulation by the laser in-situ U-Pb isotope age and clumped isotope temperature, there are two key steps:(1) Investigating feature, abundance and distribution patterns of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon inclusions with optical microscopes.(2) Dating laser in-situ U-Pb isotope age and measuring clumped isotope temperature of the host minerals of hydrocarbon inclusions. These technologies have been applied for studying the stages of hydrocarbon accumulation in the Sinian Dengying gas reservoir in the paleo-uplift of the central Sichuan Basin. By dating the U-Pb isotope age and measuring the temperature of clumped isotope((35)47) of the host minerals of hydrocarbon inclusions in dolomite, three stages of hydrocarbon accumulation were identified:(1) Late Silurian: the first stage of oil accumulation at(416±23) Ma.(2) Late Permian to Early Triassic: the second stage of oil accumulation between(248±27) Ma and(246.3±1.5) Ma.(3) Yanshan to Himalayan period: gas accumulation between(115±69) Ma and(41±10) Ma. The reconstructed hydrocarbon accumulation history of the Dengying gas reservoir in the paleo-uplift of the central Sichuan Basin is highly consistent with the tectonic-burial history, basin thermal history and hydrocarbon generation history, indicating that the new method is a reliable way for reconstructing the hydrocarbon accumulation history.

A practical soil radon(^(222)Rn) measurement method

Soil radon measurement of high stability and sensitivity is widely applied,and in some applications,such as in uranium prospecting,^(222)Rn should be distinguished from ^(220)Rn.To meet this requirement,a practical method based on soil radon diffusion and accumulation theory to measure soil radon by Alpha Particle Spectroscopy(α-PS)is discussed in this paper.Theα-PS measurement method can effectively overcome the effects of ^(220)Rn and its daughters (^(216)Po,^(212)Bi,^(212)Po).The system can eliminate the impact of soil radon field disturbance and non-uniformity through soil radon static diffusion.Radon daughters(^(218)Po,^(214)Po)are accumulated under the action of an electrostatic force, which not only enhances the measurement sensitivity,but also increases robustness of the measurement.Simultaneous measurement of multiple points can increase the comparability of measurement data and the measurement efficiency. Experimental data shows that the soil radon measurement method was robust.So it has wide applications such as in geological prospecting,in fissure groundwater exploration and in ground subsidence inspection.

Distribution Characteristics and Accumulation Model for the Coal-formed Gas Generated from Permo-Carboniferous Coal Measures in Bohai Bay Basin, China: A Review

Coal-formed gas generated from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures has become one of the most important targets for deep hydrocarbon exploration in the Bohai Bay Basin,offshore eastern China.However,the proven gas reserves from this source rock remain low to date,and the distribution characteristics and accumulation model for the coal-formed gas are not clear.Here we review the coal-formed gas deposits formed from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures in the Bohai Bay Basin.The accumulations are scattered,and dominated by middle-small sized gas fields,of which the proven reserves ranging from 0.002 to 149.4×108 m3 with an average of 44.30×108 m3 and a mid-point of 8.16×108 m3.The commercially valuable gas fields are mainly found in the central and southern parts of the basin.Vertically,the coal-formed gas is accumulated at multiple stratigraphic levels from Paleogene to Archaeozoic,among which the Paleogene and PermoCarboniferous are the main reservoir strata.According to the transporting pathway,filling mechanism and the relationship between source rocks and reservoir,the coal-formed gas accumulation model can be defined into three types:"Upward migrated,fault transported gas"accumulation model,"Laterally migrated,sandbody transported gas"accumulation model,and"Downward migrated,sub-source,fracture transported gas"accumulation model.Source rock distribution,thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation capacity are the fundamental controlling factors for the macro distribution and enrichment of the coal-formed gas.The fault activity and the configuration of fault and caprock control the vertical enrichment pattern.

Temperature Effects on the Electrical Performance of Large Area Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Using the Current Shunt Measuring Technique

The temperature effects on the electrical performance of a large area multicrystalline silicon solar cell with back-contact technology have been studied in a desert area under ambient conditions using the current shunt measuring technique. Therefore, most of the problems encountered with traditional measuring techniques are avoided. The temperature dependency of the current shunt from 5oC up to 50oC has been investigated. Its temperature coefficient proves to be negligible which means that the temperature dependency of the solar cell is completely independent of the current shunt. The solar module installed in a tilted position at the optimum angle of the location, has been tested in two different seasons (winter and summer). The obtained solar cell short circuit current, open circuit voltage and output power are correlated with the measured incident radiation in both seasons and all results are discussed.

Resource types, formation, distribution and prospects of coal-measure gas

Coal-measure gas is the natural gas generated by coal, carbonaceous shale, and dark shale in coal-measure strata. It includes resources of continuous-type coalbed methane (CBM), shale gas and tight gas reservoirs, and trap-type coal-bearing gas reservoirs. Huge in resources, it is an important gas source in the natural gas industry. The formation and distribution characteristics of coal-measure gas in San Juan, Surat, West Siberia and Ordos basins are introduced in this paper. By reviewing the progress of exploration and development of coal-measure gas around the world, the coal-measure gas is confirmed as an important strategic option for gas supply. This understanding is mainly manifested in three aspects. First, globally, the Eurasian east-west coal-accumulation belt and North American north-south coal-accumulation belt are two major coal-accumulation areas in the world, and the Late Carboniferous–Permian, Jurassic and end of Late Cretaceous–Neogene are 3 main coal-accumulation periods. Second, continuous-type and trap-type are two main accumulation modes of coal-measure gas;it is proposed that the area with gas generation intensity of greater than 10×10^8 m^3/km^2 is essential for the formation of large coal-measure gas field, and the CBM generated by medium- to high-rank coal is usually enriched in syncline, while CBM generated by low-rank coal is likely to accumulate when the source rock and caprock are in good configuration. Third, it is predicted that coal-measure gas around the world has huge remaining resources, coal-measure gas outside source is concentrated in Central Asia-Russia, the United States, Canada and other countries/regions, while CBM inside source is largely concentrated in 12 countries. The production of coal-measure gas in China is expected to exceed 1000×10^8 m^3 by 2030, including (500–550)×10^8 m^3 conventional coal-measure gas,(400–450)×10^8 m^3 coal-measure tight gas, and (150–200)×10^8 m^3 CBM.

准噶尔盆地侏罗系煤岩气成藏条件及勘探潜力

准噶尔盆地侏罗系西山窑组、八道湾组两套煤层广覆式分布,煤系地层气资源十分丰富。但作为一个全新的天然气领域,盆地煤岩气基础研究薄弱、成藏特征、富集规律及资源规模不清。为探索深部煤岩的含气性,2020年钻探风险探井CT1H井,测试获最高日产气5.7×10^(4)m^(3),试采日产气量稳定在2×10^(4)m^(3),证实煤岩气领域具备高产稳产能力。通过对深部煤岩岩石学特征、煤岩储集性能、演化特征、煤岩气成藏控制因素等系统研究,明确了盆地煤岩演化程度低,属于中—低阶煤,西山窑组煤岩以中—大孔为主,八道湾组煤岩以微—小孔为主;构建了盆地煤岩气古生中储与自生自储两类成藏模式;结合烃源岩、构造、煤岩储层特征及气测异常响应等多种控藏因素对盆地煤岩气潜在领域进行了分类评价,优选了滴南—白家海、齐古两大煤岩气勘探有利区,计算二者2000~4000m埋深煤岩气资源量超万亿立方米。

徐家围子断陷沙河子组煤岩气成藏条件及突破方向

为明确徐家围子断陷煤岩气勘探有利区,综合地震、岩心和地球化学等多种资料,系统分析了煤岩气成因、烃源岩类型、储层特征和储盖组合等有利成藏条件。结果表明:(1)沙河子组1号、2号煤层是形成于三角洲前缘和滨浅湖沼泽环境的稳定煤岩,煤岩厚度为3~10m,TOC平均约为29.65%,正处于高—过成熟阶段;(2)沙河子组煤层气以甲烷为主,为自生自储的高—过成熟煤型气;(3)煤岩储集空间类型多样,以张性微裂隙、原生植物组织孔、气孔和矿物质孔为主,孔隙度和渗透率分别平均为4.74%和4.42mD,是深层有利储层;(4)沙河子组顶部发育泥岩、泥质粉砂岩2种盖层和3种储盖组合,顶底泥岩型和顶泥底砂型储盖组合封闭性高,与煤层内广泛分布的超压封存箱一起,为煤岩气的保存创造了有利条件;(5)在煤层气藏地质特征研究基础上,通过生烃模拟估算研究区各生烃洼槽的资源量,并结合煤岩厚度、埋藏深度、成熟度等多种参数,优选宋站洼槽1号煤层和徐西洼槽2号煤层2个有利区,泥质盖层厚度大于5m的区域为近期煤层气勘探突破方向。

基于网络演算的复杂产品系统供应商风险度量

复杂产品系统研制过程中供应商之间协同设计制造复杂性高,风险通过供应商间的协作关系相互作用和传导。面向复杂产品系统,构建供应商层次网络,考虑供应商风险累积与风险应对及时性的交互影响,通过引入通信领域网络演算理论,基于积压和时延性能指标刻画风险的特征,将不确定的供应商风险量化问题转化为最坏边界求值问题,实现风险的确界度量。以航空复杂产品系统为例对模型进行验证,可以辨识供应商在协同研制过程中面临的重要风险,为复杂产品系统供应商风险管理提供参考依据。

即时绩效系统在石化销售行业中的应用与研究

文章介绍了即时绩效系统的整体建设思路、系统架构、技术路线、使用情况及提升方案等,围绕石化销售企业人力资源管理效能,着力解决加油站员工绩效指标纷繁复杂及激励质量参差不齐造成的导向不清、动力不足等问题。借助信息化手段,即时绩效系统依托加油卡及便利店系统实现了交易数据的实时获取与自动计算,助力员工通过移动端或管理后台实时查看所获的联量薪酬。

辽河坳陷东部凹陷煤系成因生物气特征及勘探突破

辽河坳陷东部凹陷是我国最早发现生物气的地区之一,勘探早期由于中深层勘探效果较好,对浅层生物气一直未重视,缺乏对浅层生物气源岩和分布规律的正确认识。在对已钻井发现浅层气(藏)地球化学特征开展系统分析基础上,以碳同位素值等为重要指标,将东部凹陷浅层气划分为原生生物气、生物—过渡带气、改造型生物气和混合气4种类型;进一步探讨了浅层气成因,认为研究区内浅层生物气主要为煤系地层成因;深化研究形成了浅层生物气分布明显受煤系地层、碎屑岩优质储层、沙河街组沙三上亚段和沙一段两套区域性封盖层等因素控制,构造晚定型、油气晚期充注成藏有利于形成浅层气的规模富集等地质认识。以此为指导,发现了高产工业气流井与规模储量,开辟了辽河坳陷煤系成因生物气勘探新局面。

煤系氦气富集机理与资源潜力-以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘为例

【背景】氦气因其化学性质稳定、导热性能好等优势,被广泛应用于国防、军工、航空、航天等高科技领域,具有不可替代的作用。目前我国氦气主要源于进口,对外依存度高,氦气资源安全问题突出。前人对氦气的研究主要集中在常规天然气,对煤系氦气的关注较少。【目的和方法】为了明确煤系中氦气资源分布及资源潜力,对鄂尔多斯盆地东缘(鄂东缘)煤系气进行取样分析,系统研究氦气分布规律及其控制因素。并结合沁水盆地煤层气中氦气测试结果,对比这两大盆地煤系中氦气富集机理,深入研究煤系中氦气资源潜力。【结果和结论】结果表明:鄂东缘韩城和大宁–吉县深部煤层气中氦气含量高于中浅部煤层气,其中,韩城深部和中浅部煤层中氦气平均体积分数分别为0.0428%和0.0130%,大宁–吉县深部和中浅部煤层中氦气平均体积分数分别为0.0307%和0.0121%;煤系致密气和深部煤层气中氦气含量相当,其中,韩城和大宁–吉县致密气中氦气平均体积分数分别为0.0467%和0.0355%,但都属于贫氦煤层气;三交北区块煤系气中氦气含量较高,平均0.0930%,近一半的井可以达到富氦煤系气标准。鄂东缘煤系中原位自生氦气极少,主要来源于深部基底岩石、铝土岩和紫金山岩体,氦源岩的分布决定了煤系中氦气的分布。鄂东缘断裂系统是深部氦源和紫金山岩体中氦气的有利运移通道,断裂系统的发育强度和位置是氦气运移、聚集的关键,有效的盖层和封闭的水体环境是氦气保存的必要条件。沁水盆地原位自生氦气较少,成藏后期剧烈构造抬升是煤层氦气散失近90%的主要原因。深部煤层气和煤系致密气中氦气浓度相对较低,但是资源量巨大,应加大煤系氦气资源勘查力度。同时,应加强对贫氦–含氦煤系天然气的提氦技术攻关,有效利用煤系天然气中的低浓度氦气,以保障国家的氦气资源安全。

一种基于波束重置提高测角精度的方法

针对雷达天线转动时波束对回波信号产生调制,导致多脉冲积累雷达比幅测角时测量精度下降的问题,分析了测角精度恶化产生的机理,提出了基于波束重置提高测角精度的方法,并进行了仿真分析和试验验证.仿真和试验结果表明,该方法可行有效;当积累脉冲数较多时,与传统方法相比,本文提出的方法测量精度更高,适用范围更广.

液压挖掘机液能回收再利用节能装置测控系统

液压挖掘机动臂下降重力势能和回转制动动能均以节流和溢流的形式转化为了油液的热能,严重影响整机能效,亟需提高液压挖掘机液压系统的效率。针对这一问题,提出了基于三腔蓄能器的挖掘机液能回收再利用的节能装置方案,可以回收挖掘机动臂势能和回转制动动能,用于驱动动臂举升。首先,介绍了节能装置的工作原理。其次,设计并开发了节能装置的测控系统,采用CoDeSys编写了下位机控制器程序,直接控制节能装置的动作实现能量回收和再利用;运用C#语言开发了上位机程序进行节能装置电控系统和液压系统的模拟调试和数据监控,并实现了节能装置的远程无线通讯功能。试验结果表明:该测控系统实现了对插装阀开闭和比例节流阀开度的快速、精准控制;达到了对节能装置远程控制和数据实时采集的目标;节能装置的动臂势能回收效率为84.9%,动臂节能效率为52.8%,回转制动工况下的动能回收效率为41.1%。

冬小麦测墒补灌下土壤氮素迁移特征模拟研究

【目的】探究冬小麦测墒补灌条件下土壤氮素迁移特征。【方法】基于田间试验,设置4个灌溉处理,灌水上下限分别为田间持水率的60%~70%(W1)、70%~80%(W2)、80%~90%(W3)和不灌溉处理(CK),施氮量均为240 kg/hm^(2)。利用田间试验数据对RZWQM 2模型进行率定、验证,进而模拟水氮调控对土壤硝态氮累积量和氮素利用的影响。【结果】土壤剖面含水率、土壤硝态氮量和产量的标准均方根误差(NRMSE)分别为9.3%~25.0%、0.3%~29.7%、4.03%~11.19%,平均相对误差(MRE)分别为8.0%~24.2%、1.4%~30.4%、5.29%~11.98%,一致性指标(D)均高于0.65;基于验证后的RZWQM 2模型,在W1、W2、W3测墒补灌条件下,设置5个氮素施用水平(180、200、220、240kg/hm^(2)和260kg/hm^(2)),W2、W3处理的土壤硝态氮累积量较W1处理分别增加了30.9%~59.7%、49.6%~79.6%;W2条件下,将施氮量控制在220~240kg/hm^(2)更有利于土壤硝态氮在0~1m土层内的累积,累积量为108.30~125.10kg/hm^(2)。【结论】RZWQM2模型可用于模拟冬小麦测墒补灌条件下的土壤氮素迁移,测墒补灌W2和施氮量220~240 kg/hm^(2)为合理的水氮管理措施。

CPR1000机组中压安注箱的压力范围问题及改进研究

CPR1000机组中压安注箱的设计目的在于在失水事故期间在氮气压力的作用下短时间内淹没堆芯,从而避免燃料熔化和堆芯损坏。中压安注箱的氮气压力是失水事故分析的关键安全参数。目前,CPR1000机组在实际运行中关于中压安注箱的压力控制范围未考虑仪表测量不确定度(0.6 bar),存在中压安注箱的实际压力控制范围超出安全分析假设的潜在风险,可能影响中压安注箱的安全功能。本文基于对上述问题的安全分析和外部调研,提出了针对核电厂执照文件、运行程序及报警设置等方面的改进建议,旨在保障机组的安全运行,分析认为这些改进是可行的。

粮食自动分级的类型与预防措施

自动分级是粮食储藏过程中不可避免的现象,主要综述了自动分级与储粮的关系、形成的原因,分析了不同入仓方式和不同仓型中的自动分级情况,总结了减缓粮食自动分级的措施及注意事项,以期为粮食储藏过程中自动分级的处理与利用提供一定的指导,以提高储粮的安全性。

赣北棉区棉花干物质积累特征和产量对减氮措施的响应

为探究减氮措施对棉花干物质积累特征及产量的影响,设置常规施氮(N_(1),施氮量345 kg·hm^(-2))、减氮20%(N_(2),施氮量276 kg·hm^(-2)),减氮20%其中配施10%有机肥(N_(3),施氮量276 kg·hm^(-2),化肥与有机肥配施比例9∶1)和不施氮(N4)共4个处理,分析棉花干物质积累特征参数、产量、养分含量对不同减氮措施的响应。结果表明,与N_(1)处理相比,N_(2)与N_(3)处理吐絮期棉花生殖器官干物质分配比例显著增加10.29%、15.10%,干物质积累时长缩短10.97%、13.27%,生殖器官干物质积累快增期持续时长增加11.76%、90.04%,加快了棉花生育进程;N4处理干物质积累平均速率降低45.30%,干物质积累最大速率出现时间延缓。2年平均籽棉产量与经济效益均以N_(3)处理最大,分别为3496.87 kg·hm^(-2)和22956.64元。因此,N_(3)处理即减氮20%并配施10%有机肥处理为赣北棉区高产、节肥并具有最佳经济效益的减氮措施。以上结果为降低赣北棉区氮肥投入量提供指导意义。

高精度城市道路积水监测网络设计及实现

以STM32为控制模块,利用高精度电容式水位传感器为感应探头及24位高精度模数转换芯片ADS1218实现城市道路积水水位的精确测量,采用无线传输模块EC20 R2.1传输各测量节点水位数据形成高精度城市道路积水监测网络.

浅析壳牌气化炉十字吊架积灰原因及控制措施

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