The dating and temperature measurement technologies for carbonate minerals and their application in hydrocarbon accumulation research in the paleouplift in central Sichuan Basin, SW China

A new method for reconstructing the geological history of hydrocarbon accumulation is developed, which are constrained by U-Pb isotope age and clumped isotope((35)47) temperature of host minerals of hydrocarbon-bearing inclusions. For constraining the time and depth of hydrocarbon accumulation by the laser in-situ U-Pb isotope age and clumped isotope temperature, there are two key steps:(1) Investigating feature, abundance and distribution patterns of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon inclusions with optical microscopes.(2) Dating laser in-situ U-Pb isotope age and measuring clumped isotope temperature of the host minerals of hydrocarbon inclusions. These technologies have been applied for studying the stages of hydrocarbon accumulation in the Sinian Dengying gas reservoir in the paleo-uplift of the central Sichuan Basin. By dating the U-Pb isotope age and measuring the temperature of clumped isotope((35)47) of the host minerals of hydrocarbon inclusions in dolomite, three stages of hydrocarbon accumulation were identified:(1) Late Silurian: the first stage of oil accumulation at(416±23) Ma.(2) Late Permian to Early Triassic: the second stage of oil accumulation between(248±27) Ma and(246.3±1.5) Ma.(3) Yanshan to Himalayan period: gas accumulation between(115±69) Ma and(41±10) Ma. The reconstructed hydrocarbon accumulation history of the Dengying gas reservoir in the paleo-uplift of the central Sichuan Basin is highly consistent with the tectonic-burial history, basin thermal history and hydrocarbon generation history, indicating that the new method is a reliable way for reconstructing the hydrocarbon accumulation history.

A practical soil radon(^(222)Rn) measurement method

Soil radon measurement of high stability and sensitivity is widely applied,and in some applications,such as in uranium prospecting,^(222)Rn should be distinguished from ^(220)Rn.To meet this requirement,a practical method based on soil radon diffusion and accumulation theory to measure soil radon by Alpha Particle Spectroscopy(α-PS)is discussed in this paper.Theα-PS measurement method can effectively overcome the effects of ^(220)Rn and its daughters (^(216)Po,^(212)Bi,^(212)Po).The system can eliminate the impact of soil radon field disturbance and non-uniformity through soil radon static diffusion.Radon daughters(^(218)Po,^(214)Po)are accumulated under the action of an electrostatic force, which not only enhances the measurement sensitivity,but also increases robustness of the measurement.Simultaneous measurement of multiple points can increase the comparability of measurement data and the measurement efficiency. Experimental data shows that the soil radon measurement method was robust.So it has wide applications such as in geological prospecting,in fissure groundwater exploration and in ground subsidence inspection.

Distribution Characteristics and Accumulation Model for the Coal-formed Gas Generated from Permo-Carboniferous Coal Measures in Bohai Bay Basin, China: A Review

Coal-formed gas generated from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures has become one of the most important targets for deep hydrocarbon exploration in the Bohai Bay Basin,offshore eastern China.However,the proven gas reserves from this source rock remain low to date,and the distribution characteristics and accumulation model for the coal-formed gas are not clear.Here we review the coal-formed gas deposits formed from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures in the Bohai Bay Basin.The accumulations are scattered,and dominated by middle-small sized gas fields,of which the proven reserves ranging from 0.002 to 149.4×108 m3 with an average of 44.30×108 m3 and a mid-point of 8.16×108 m3.The commercially valuable gas fields are mainly found in the central and southern parts of the basin.Vertically,the coal-formed gas is accumulated at multiple stratigraphic levels from Paleogene to Archaeozoic,among which the Paleogene and PermoCarboniferous are the main reservoir strata.According to the transporting pathway,filling mechanism and the relationship between source rocks and reservoir,the coal-formed gas accumulation model can be defined into three types:"Upward migrated,fault transported gas"accumulation model,"Laterally migrated,sandbody transported gas"accumulation model,and"Downward migrated,sub-source,fracture transported gas"accumulation model.Source rock distribution,thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation capacity are the fundamental controlling factors for the macro distribution and enrichment of the coal-formed gas.The fault activity and the configuration of fault and caprock control the vertical enrichment pattern.

Temperature Effects on the Electrical Performance of Large Area Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Using the Current Shunt Measuring Technique

The temperature effects on the electrical performance of a large area multicrystalline silicon solar cell with back-contact technology have been studied in a desert area under ambient conditions using the current shunt measuring technique. Therefore, most of the problems encountered with traditional measuring techniques are avoided. The temperature dependency of the current shunt from 5oC up to 50oC has been investigated. Its temperature coefficient proves to be negligible which means that the temperature dependency of the solar cell is completely independent of the current shunt. The solar module installed in a tilted position at the optimum angle of the location, has been tested in two different seasons (winter and summer). The obtained solar cell short circuit current, open circuit voltage and output power are correlated with the measured incident radiation in both seasons and all results are discussed.

Resource types, formation, distribution and prospects of coal-measure gas

Coal-measure gas is the natural gas generated by coal, carbonaceous shale, and dark shale in coal-measure strata. It includes resources of continuous-type coalbed methane (CBM), shale gas and tight gas reservoirs, and trap-type coal-bearing gas reservoirs. Huge in resources, it is an important gas source in the natural gas industry. The formation and distribution characteristics of coal-measure gas in San Juan, Surat, West Siberia and Ordos basins are introduced in this paper. By reviewing the progress of exploration and development of coal-measure gas around the world, the coal-measure gas is confirmed as an important strategic option for gas supply. This understanding is mainly manifested in three aspects. First, globally, the Eurasian east-west coal-accumulation belt and North American north-south coal-accumulation belt are two major coal-accumulation areas in the world, and the Late Carboniferous–Permian, Jurassic and end of Late Cretaceous–Neogene are 3 main coal-accumulation periods. Second, continuous-type and trap-type are two main accumulation modes of coal-measure gas;it is proposed that the area with gas generation intensity of greater than 10×10^8 m^3/km^2 is essential for the formation of large coal-measure gas field, and the CBM generated by medium- to high-rank coal is usually enriched in syncline, while CBM generated by low-rank coal is likely to accumulate when the source rock and caprock are in good configuration. Third, it is predicted that coal-measure gas around the world has huge remaining resources, coal-measure gas outside source is concentrated in Central Asia-Russia, the United States, Canada and other countries/regions, while CBM inside source is largely concentrated in 12 countries. The production of coal-measure gas in China is expected to exceed 1000×10^8 m^3 by 2030, including (500–550)×10^8 m^3 conventional coal-measure gas,(400–450)×10^8 m^3 coal-measure tight gas, and (150–200)×10^8 m^3 CBM.

基于网络演算的复杂产品系统供应商风险度量

复杂产品系统研制过程中供应商之间协同设计制造复杂性高,风险通过供应商间的协作关系相互作用和传导。面向复杂产品系统,构建供应商层次网络,考虑供应商风险累积与风险应对及时性的交互影响,通过引入通信领域网络演算理论,基于积压和时延性能指标刻画风险的特征,将不确定的供应商风险量化问题转化为最坏边界求值问题,实现风险的确界度量。以航空复杂产品系统为例对模型进行验证,可以辨识供应商在协同研制过程中面临的重要风险,为复杂产品系统供应商风险管理提供参考依据。

即时绩效系统在石化销售行业中的应用与研究

文章介绍了即时绩效系统的整体建设思路、系统架构、技术路线、使用情况及提升方案等,围绕石化销售企业人力资源管理效能,着力解决加油站员工绩效指标纷繁复杂及激励质量参差不齐造成的导向不清、动力不足等问题。借助信息化手段,即时绩效系统依托加油卡及便利店系统实现了交易数据的实时获取与自动计算,助力员工通过移动端或管理后台实时查看所获的联量薪酬。

辽河坳陷东部凹陷煤系成因生物气特征及勘探突破

辽河坳陷东部凹陷是我国最早发现生物气的地区之一,勘探早期由于中深层勘探效果较好,对浅层生物气一直未重视,缺乏对浅层生物气源岩和分布规律的正确认识。在对已钻井发现浅层气(藏)地球化学特征开展系统分析基础上,以碳同位素值等为重要指标,将东部凹陷浅层气划分为原生生物气、生物—过渡带气、改造型生物气和混合气4种类型;进一步探讨了浅层气成因,认为研究区内浅层生物气主要为煤系地层成因;深化研究形成了浅层生物气分布明显受煤系地层、碎屑岩优质储层、沙河街组沙三上亚段和沙一段两套区域性封盖层等因素控制,构造晚定型、油气晚期充注成藏有利于形成浅层气的规模富集等地质认识。以此为指导,发现了高产工业气流井与规模储量,开辟了辽河坳陷煤系成因生物气勘探新局面。

一种基于波束重置提高测角精度的方法

针对雷达天线转动时波束对回波信号产生调制,导致多脉冲积累雷达比幅测角时测量精度下降的问题,分析了测角精度恶化产生的机理,提出了基于波束重置提高测角精度的方法,并进行了仿真分析和试验验证.仿真和试验结果表明,该方法可行有效;当积累脉冲数较多时,与传统方法相比,本文提出的方法测量精度更高,适用范围更广.

冬小麦测墒补灌下土壤氮素迁移特征模拟研究

【目的】探究冬小麦测墒补灌条件下土壤氮素迁移特征。【方法】基于田间试验,设置4个灌溉处理,灌水上下限分别为田间持水率的60%~70%(W1)、70%~80%(W2)、80%~90%(W3)和不灌溉处理(CK),施氮量均为240 kg/hm^(2)。利用田间试验数据对RZWQM 2模型进行率定、验证,进而模拟水氮调控对土壤硝态氮累积量和氮素利用的影响。【结果】土壤剖面含水率、土壤硝态氮量和产量的标准均方根误差(NRMSE)分别为9.3%~25.0%、0.3%~29.7%、4.03%~11.19%,平均相对误差(MRE)分别为8.0%~24.2%、1.4%~30.4%、5.29%~11.98%,一致性指标(D)均高于0.65;基于验证后的RZWQM 2模型,在W1、W2、W3测墒补灌条件下,设置5个氮素施用水平(180、200、220、240kg/hm^(2)和260kg/hm^(2)),W2、W3处理的土壤硝态氮累积量较W1处理分别增加了30.9%~59.7%、49.6%~79.6%;W2条件下,将施氮量控制在220~240kg/hm^(2)更有利于土壤硝态氮在0~1m土层内的累积,累积量为108.30~125.10kg/hm^(2)。【结论】RZWQM2模型可用于模拟冬小麦测墒补灌条件下的土壤氮素迁移,测墒补灌W2和施氮量220~240 kg/hm^(2)为合理的水氮管理措施。

赣北棉区棉花干物质积累特征和产量对减氮措施的响应

为探究减氮措施对棉花干物质积累特征及产量的影响,设置常规施氮(N_(1),施氮量345 kg·hm^(-2))、减氮20%(N_(2),施氮量276 kg·hm^(-2)),减氮20%其中配施10%有机肥(N_(3),施氮量276 kg·hm^(-2),化肥与有机肥配施比例9∶1)和不施氮(N4)共4个处理,分析棉花干物质积累特征参数、产量、养分含量对不同减氮措施的响应。结果表明,与N_(1)处理相比,N_(2)与N_(3)处理吐絮期棉花生殖器官干物质分配比例显著增加10.29%、15.10%,干物质积累时长缩短10.97%、13.27%,生殖器官干物质积累快增期持续时长增加11.76%、90.04%,加快了棉花生育进程;N4处理干物质积累平均速率降低45.30%,干物质积累最大速率出现时间延缓。2年平均籽棉产量与经济效益均以N_(3)处理最大,分别为3496.87 kg·hm^(-2)和22956.64元。因此,N_(3)处理即减氮20%并配施10%有机肥处理为赣北棉区高产、节肥并具有最佳经济效益的减氮措施。以上结果为降低赣北棉区氮肥投入量提供指导意义。

液压挖掘机液能回收再利用节能装置测控系统

液压挖掘机动臂下降重力势能和回转制动动能均以节流和溢流的形式转化为了油液的热能,严重影响整机能效,亟需提高液压挖掘机液压系统的效率。针对这一问题,提出了基于三腔蓄能器的挖掘机液能回收再利用的节能装置方案,可以回收挖掘机动臂势能和回转制动动能,用于驱动动臂举升。首先,介绍了节能装置的工作原理。其次,设计并开发了节能装置的测控系统,采用CoDeSys编写了下位机控制器程序,直接控制节能装置的动作实现能量回收和再利用;运用C#语言开发了上位机程序进行节能装置电控系统和液压系统的模拟调试和数据监控,并实现了节能装置的远程无线通讯功能。试验结果表明:该测控系统实现了对插装阀开闭和比例节流阀开度的快速、精准控制;达到了对节能装置远程控制和数据实时采集的目标;节能装置的动臂势能回收效率为84.9%,动臂节能效率为52.8%,回转制动工况下的动能回收效率为41.1%。

综采工作面采空区积水治理探究

采空区积水对综采工作面的安全回采有着重大的影响。为此,必须对综采工作面附近的采空区积水进行治理。以山西A矿的采空区积水为例,探讨了其治理措施。主要措施有加强采空区积水探测、做好水害预防工作以及做好防治水预案等。可以为煤矿采矿区积水的防治提供一定的指导。

高速公路通过不稳定堆积体监控量测技术

目前,我国高速建设的快速发展,国家对生态环境、施工安全等方面要求较高,在复杂地质条件下施工,经常会碰到大面积滑坡体,给施工和附近环境造成较大安全隐患及破坏。该监测方法采用全自动化监测和常规监测相结合,全自动化监测系统不受气候条件的限制全天候进行连续监测,实时上传数据,系统可以人工设置监测极限值、变化速率,能在超出极限值时自动报警,还可通过该系统的子模块视频监控系统实时的观测边坡区域的现实场景,第一时间了解现场情况。为动态设计边坡加固提供了有力的依据,大大降低了施工及运营安全风险。

基于OSL原理的Al_(2)O_(3):C核辐射剂量测量系统研究综述

核辐射剂量测量是辐射监测中的一项重要内容。基于光释光(Optically Stimulated Luminescence,OSL)原理搭建掺碳氧化铝(Al_(2)O_(3):C)核辐射剂量测量系统的相关研究迄今已有数十年的历史。该系统将Al_(2)O_(3):C中存储的辐射能量以光信号的形式释放,之后使用光电转换器件将光信号转换为电信号,通过对电信号的采集分析实现辐射剂量的测量,具有灵敏度高、远程探测、保护人员安全、抗电磁干扰等优势。本文介绍了该系统在国防、医疗剂量及个人剂量监测等领域的研究成果,探讨了其未来发展趋势,以期对OSL核辐射剂量测量系统的研究人员提供参考借鉴。

牛瘤胃积食的综合防控技术

牛瘤胃积食的综合防治是一项长期而艰巨的任务,需要共同努力,不断探索和创新防治技术。通过对瘤胃积食发病机制的分析,简述了常用的治疗方法,包括药物治疗技术、手术治疗技术和其他辅助治疗方法等。强调了研究的创新性,即通过饲养管理措施、早期诊断与治疗技术和牛瘤胃积食的预防饲料添加技术等手段实现了综合防控,为牛瘤胃积食的综合防控提供了有效的技术手段,对于改善牛的健康和提高生产性能具有重要意义。

Evidence of the Near-Source Accumulation of the Tight Sandstone Gas in Northern Ordos Basin,North-Central China

The tight sandstone gas in Upper Paleozoic Formation of the northern Ordos Basin is a typical giant unconventional tight gas province. Evidences from geochemistry, reservoir geology and paleotectonic setting all verify that the present-day tight sandstone gas accumulation in the Ordos Basin is the result of near-source accumulation. The evidences are listed as following： tight sandstone gas is mainly distributed in the area with high gas-generating strength; gas composition was not subjected tofractionation; gas saturation significantly decreases with the distance away from the source rocks; gas isotopes suggest their origin is the same and maturity is consistent with in-place source rocks; reservoirs have experienced three types of densification digenesis, including intense compaction, siliceous cementation and calcareous cementation, which took place before the formation of a large amount of tight sandstone gas, forming tight reservoirs with low porosity and permeability, fine pore throat and great capillary resistance; the paleo-structural gradient ratio is small from the main hydrocarbon generation period to present. It is indicated the present distribution of tight sandstone gas in the northern Ordos Basin is the result of near-source and short-distance migration and accumulation.

Evaluation of the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System Based on Snow Accumulation Observations over the Ross Ice Shelf

Recent snow height measurements(2008–15) from nine automatic weather stations(AWSs) on the Ross Ice Shelf are used to examine the synoptic and seasonal variability in snow accumulation,and also to evaluate the performance of the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System(AMPS) for precipitation. The number of snow accumulation events varies from one station to another between 2008 and 2015,thus demonstrating geographic dependence. The interannual variability in snow accumulation is too high to determine its seasonality based on the current AWS observations with limited time coverage.Comparison between the AMPS and AWS snow height measurements show that approximately 28% of the AWS events are reproduced by AMPS. Furthermore,there are significant correlations between AMPS and AWS coincident event sizes at five stations(p < 0.05). This finding suggests that AMPS has a certain ability to represent actual precipitation events.

煤系气叠置含气系统与天然气成藏特征——以沁水盆地榆社—武乡示范区为例

中国煤系气资源丰富,其中沁水盆地是中国煤系气分布的主要盆地之一,明确煤系气叠置含气系统分布特征,有助于实现煤系气的共探合采。为此,以沁水盆地榆社—武乡示范区石炭系—二叠系含煤地层为研究对象,在分析煤系气地质特征的基础上,划分了煤系气叠置含气系统,研究了煤系气的源岩—储层共生组合特征、储层分布特征、共生成藏特征,并详细分析了示范井的压裂合采效果,预测了示范井产量。研究结果表明:①研究区目标煤系空间上发育3个独立叠置含气系统,其中含气系统Ⅰ是以15号煤和富有机质泥岩为主要烃源岩的“泥岩—煤—泥岩”组合;含气系统Ⅱ是以11号、12号煤和富有机质泥岩为主要烃源岩的“泥岩—砂岩—煤—泥岩”组合和以8号煤与富有机质泥岩为主要烃源岩的“泥岩—煤—砂岩—泥岩”组合;含气系统Ⅲ是以3号煤和富有机质泥岩为主要烃源岩的“泥岩—煤—砂岩”组合;②煤系气储层具有单层厚度薄、累计厚度大的空间展布特征,各含气系统中气藏组合类型以煤层气为主,页岩气和致密砂岩气发育较差;③示范井煤系气合采甜点含气层段发育于含气系统Ⅱ和Ⅲ,具备压裂合采基础,运用电缆桥塞与射孔联作投球分层压裂工艺配套技术实现了深部煤系气的有效开采。结论认为:①叠置含气系统兼容性是控制煤系气开采的关键因素,未来仍需不断优化排采制度以提高煤系气的合采产能;②研究成果对深化煤系气共生成藏机理、优选合采甜点层段、释放深部煤层气资源和实现煤系气高效合采均具有理论和实践意义。