Leaching of phosphorus from incinerated sewage sludge ash by means of acid extraction followed by adsorption on orange waste gel

Ashes from sewage sludge incineration have a high phosphorus content, approximately 8% （W/W）, which indicates a potential resource of the limiting nutrient. Incineration of sewage sludge with subsequent recovery of phosphorus is a relatively new sludge treatment technique. In this article, the leaching of phosphorus by using sulfuric acid as well as hydrochloric acid by means of several batch experiments was presented. At the same time a selective recovery of phosphorus by adsorption was also discussed. The effects of acid concentration, temperature and time on extraction were studied. The phosphorus leaching increased with the increase in acid concentration and temperature. Kinetic studies showed that the complete leaching of phosphorus took place in less than 4 h. Selective adsorption of phosphorus by using orange waste gel provided a hint for recovery of this natural resource, which eventually could meet the ever-increasing requirement for phosphorus. The overall results indicated that the incinerated sewage sludge ash can be treated with acid to efficiently recover phosphorus and thus can be considered a potentially renewable source of phosphorus.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Effects of Three Chlorogenic Acid Extracts

[Objectives] To study the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of chlorogenic acid extracts of Gynura procumbens,Lonicera japonica,and Eucommia ulmoides leaves,and provide a reference for their usage as natural food preservatives and antioxidants. [Methods]The disc diffusion method was applied to study the antibacterial activity of chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves against several common pathogens. In the antioxidant effects,study was carried out on the anti-lipid peroxidation,reducing capacity,and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves,respectively.[Results]Three chlorogenic acid extracts had strong inhibitory effects on bacteria,especially the inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus. At the concentration of 100 mg/m L,the bacteriostatic ring of chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves reached 21. 4,23. 6 and 24. 7 mm respectively. Besides,these chlorogenic acid extracts had significant inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli and Salmonella,but the inhibitory effect on the yeast was not obvious; the antibacterial intensity of antibacterial compounds was chlorogenic acid extracts of E. ulmoides > chlorogenic acid extracts of L. japonica > chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens. Among these three chlorogenic acid extracts,the chlorogenic acid extracts of E. ulmoides had higher anti-lipid peroxidation,reducing capacity,and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity than other two chlorogenic acid extracts. [Conclusions] This paper reveals that among chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves,the chlorogenic acid extracts of E. ulmoides leaves have a stronger antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity.

Process design and economic analysis of methacrylic acid extraction for three organic solvents

In this work,a techno-economic study for the solvent based extraction of methacrylic acid from an aqueous solution is presented.The involved phase equilibrium calculations in process design are verified by measured experimental data.First,experiments are conducted with different solvent candidates to measure LLE(liquid–liquid equilibrium)data and to establish the effects of extraction temperature and dosage of solvent.Next,the binary interaction parameters for the UNIQUAC model to be used for equilibrium calculations are fine-tuned with measured data.Then,a process for the solvent based extraction of methacrylic acid recovery is designed and verified through simulation with the regressed UNIQUAC model parameters.The optimal configuration of the process flowsheet is determined by minimizing the total annualized cost.Among the three solvent candidates considered-cyclohexane,hexane and toluene-the highest efficiency and the lowest total annualized cost is found with toluene as the solvent.

Mild stir-assisted membrane dispersion for enhancing propionic acid extraction

Mild stir-assisted membrane dispersion extraction(MDE) method was employed to enhance propionic acid(HA)extraction and compared to the mechanical stirred extraction(MSE) method. Triocylamine(TOA) and tributyl phosphate(TBP) were chosen as model extractant to extract HA. Firstly, droplet size and the size distribution of organic phase were analyzed, and then the effects of phase ratio, extractant and HA concentration on extraction performance were investigated. Comparing the two extraction methods, the results show mild stir-assisted MDE method reduced the mass transfer equilibrium time compared to MSE method. The mass transfer mechanism was explored by analyzing mass transfer resistance. Mild stir-assisted MDE had less total mass transfer resistance than MSE. When the extractant concentration was 40%, the extraction process was controlled by organic phase mass transfer process with HA volume fraction was 1% and controlled by both of reaction process and organic phase mass transfer process when HA concentration increased to 5%. This work may provide a new type of extraction method for the recovery of organic carboxylic acid.

Rare Earth Separation with 1-Hexyl-4-Ethyloctyl Isopropylphosphonic Acid Extractant

A new extractant 1 hexyl 4 ethyloctyl isopropylphosphonic acid (HHEOIPP or HA) in heptane was employed to extract rare earths from hydrochloric acid medium. The dependence of extraction distribution ratio on equilibrium aqueous pH and the concentration of extractant were investigated. On the basis of slope analysis, it was proposed that two different kinds of extracted species were formed. For rare earth elements (La～Ho) the extracted species was LnA 3(HA) 3 and for heavy rare earth elements (Er～Lu) the species was LnClA 2(HA) 3. The steric hindrance plays an important role in forming the species. The extraction constants and separation factors of the adjacent rare earths were calculated too. Compared with HDEHP and HEH/EHP, HHEOIPP is a valuable extractant with high separation selectivity. The “tetrad effect” between K ex and atomic number was observed.

Clumped Isotope Analysis of Calcite and Dolomite Mixtures Using Selective Acid Extraction

Acid extraction methods have been used in the last half century to selectively extract the CO_(2)produced from different carbonate minerals in mixed samples.However,these methods are often time-consuming and labor intensive.Their application to clumped isotope(Δ47)analysis has not been demonstrated.We propose here an acid extraction method with phosphoric acid for bulk stable and clumped isotope analysis that treats mixtures of calcite and dolomite the same regardless of the proportional composition.CO_(2)evolved from calcite is extracted by allowing a reaction with phosphoric acid to proceed for 10 min at 50℃.We then extract CO_(2)evolved from dolomite by rapid ramping the acid temperature from 50 to 90℃and allowing the reaction to complete.The experimental results show that our method yields accurate calcite and dolomiteΔ_(47)values from mixed samples under different proportional compositions.Our method also displays equal or higher accuracy for calciteδ^(13)C and dolomiteδ^(13)C andδ^(18)O values from mixtures when compared to previous studies.Our approach exhibits higher sample throughput than previous methods,is adequate for clumped isotopic analysis and simplifies the reaction progression from over 24 h to less than 2 h,while maintaining relatively high isotopic obtaining accuracy.It yet poorly resolves calciteδ18O values,as found with previous methods.

Biodiesel Production from Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Larvae Oil: Physichochemical Properties and Acid Composition of Oil as Affected by Oil Extraction Protocol

Biodiesel, a renewable energy source made from natural oils and fats, can be produced using white raffia larvae as a raw material. These larvae have a high lipid content and a short life cycle, making them suitable for this purpose. One crucial step in biodiesel production is oil extraction, and this study aimed to investigate how the extraction protocol affects the fuel properties of the oil. To study the impact of solvent type, solvent volume, and residence time on oil yield, 200 grams of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus were used in a Soxhlet extractor. The researchers examined the physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of the crude grease using the European biodiesel standard (EN14214) and gas chromatography methods, respectively. The study found that hexane as a solvent produced the highest oil yield (64.44%) during a four-hour extraction period with a solvent ratio of 300 ml. Furthermore, the hexane-extracted oil had the highest iodine number (3.02 g/100 g) and cetane number (55.69). These values indicate favorable properties for biodiesel production. The Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae oil proved to be a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids (76%), which were found to be significantly affected by the solvent type. Based on quality assessment, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus can be suitable for biodiesel production. In summary, under the given operational conditions, hexane is the most suitable solvent for Rhynchophorus ferrugineus oil extraction for biodiesel production. Further research in optimizing the extraction process can contribute to the efficient utilization of renewable energy sources like white raffia larvae for biodiesel production.

An Experimental Method to Quantify Extractable Amino Acids in Soils from Southeast China

The extraction and comparison of soil amino acids using different extractants （deionized water, K2SO4, Na2SO4, NaC1, KCI） were reported. Results showed that 0.5 tool L-1 K2SOa with a 5 times extraction was a better method to assess the concentration of extractable amino acids in soils. The total amino acids extracted from soil planted for tea were similar to the total inorganic nitrogen. While they extracted from vegetable soil and paddy soil were much lower than the total inorganic nitrogen.

Extracting vanadium from stone-coal by oxygen pressure acid leaching and solvent extraction

Vanadium extraction from stone-coal was investigated by oxygen pressure acid leaching and solvent extraction.The mineralogy of the stone-coal from Tongren City of Guizhou Province,China,was investigated by various determination methods. The effects of leaching time,leaching temperature,leaching agent concentration,leaching L/S ratio,granularity of material,additive consumption were investigated based on the mineralogy.The results show that under the conditions of leaching time of 3-4 h, temperature of 150℃,sulfuric acid consumption of 25%?30%,ratio of liquid to solid of 1.2:1,the granularity less than 0.074 mm, additive consumption of 3%-5%,and oxygen pressure of 1.2 MPa,and the vanadium leaching rate can be more than 92%by the method of two-step pressurized acid leaching.The powdery V2O5 product with 99.52%in V2O5 content is obtained by the flowsheet of acid recovery,removing iron by reduction process,solvent extraction,precipitating vanadium with ammonium water,and pyrolysis from the stone-coal oxygen pressure acid-leaching solution.The total recovery efficiency of vanadium is above 85%,which is more than 20%higher than that obtained in the conventional process.Furthermore,the new process does not cause air pollution since no HCl or Cl2 is released by calcination of the raw material.

Synergistic extraction of rare earths by mixture of HDEHP and HEH/EHP in sulfuric acid medium

The extraction of RE（Ⅲ） （RE=La, Nd, Sm, Gd） in sulfuric acid medium using the mixture of HDEHP（H2B2） and HEH/EHP（H2L2） was investigated. The synergistic enhancement coefficient（R） was calculated for La （1.96）, Nd（3.52）, Sm（5.96）, and Gd（5.71）, respectively, at pH=2.0, and it was seen that the R increased with the increase of aqueous quilibrium pH. The configuration of the extracted complexes was considered to be RE（SOa）xH2x（HB2）3 with HDEHP, RE（SOa）xH2x（HL2）3 with HEH/EHP, and RE（HB2）2（HL2） with their mixture as the extractant with the slope method. The equilibrium constants and stability constants were calculated. A cation exchange mechanism was proposed as well.

Extraction Mechanism of Rare Earths with Sec-Octylphenoxy Acetic Acid by Two-Phase Titration Technique

The compositions of the extracted complexes of La, Gd, Er and Y with sec octyl phenoxy acetic acid in heptane and the related apparent extraction equilibrium constants K M were determined using two phase titration technique. The stoichiometric compounds for La, Gd, Er and Y should be LaA 3·2.5HA, GdA 3·3HA, ErA 3·3.1HA and YA 3·4.3HA respectively. And their p K M are 3.43, 3.46, 3.08 and 2.58 respectively.

Optimization of an innovative approach involving mechanical activation and acid digestion for the extraction of lithium from lepidolite

The recovery of lithium from hard rock minerals has received increased attention given the high demand for this element. There- fore, this study optimized an innovative process, which does not require a high-temperature calcination step, for lithium extraction from le- pidolite. Mechanical activation and acid digestion were suggested as crucial process parameters, and experimental design and re- sponse-surface methodology were applied to model and optimize the proposed lithium extraction process. The promoting effect of amorphi- zation and the formation of lithium sulfate hydrate on lithium extraction yield were assessed. Several factor combinations led to extraction yields that exceeded 90%, indicating that the proposed process is an effective approach for lithium recovery.

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF GLYCYRRHIZIC ACID FROM LICORICE ROOT-EFFECT OF THE PROPERTY OF SOLUTION ON EXTRACTION OF GA

The property of extraction solution is an important factor influencing the extraction efficiency. In the present work, the effect of the property of solution on extraction of GA was studied, which including the concentration of ethanol, ammonia and cation (M+), pH of extraction solution, different kinds of organic solvent etc. The results show that 50%-60%(v/v) ethanol can reach high percentage extraction of GA. If 1% (v/v) ammonia solution was added into 60%(v/v) ethanol, the percentage extraction can be increased from 2.0% to 2.31%. Without ammonia, 50mmol/L [M+] (M+ = K+, NH4+) was added into 60%(v/v) ethanol, percentage extraction of GA can reach about 2.26%. If pH of solution (60% ethanol) was adjust to pH=4.0, it can reach high percentage extraction. If pH of solution (60% ethanol + 50mmol [M+], pH=6.1) was adjust tO PH=4.0, especially M+ is K+ or NH4+, it can reach almost same extraction efficiency as that of 1% ammonia solution + 60% ethanol, and the operation environment can be greatly improved.

Research on Extraction Process of Gallic Acid from <i>Penthorum chinense</i>Pursh by Aqueous Ethanol

Penthorum chinense Pursh is rich in gallic acid, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal and antitumor activities. In order to optimize their extraction conditions, various extraction parameters were chosen to identify their effects on gallic acid extraction. With extraction amount of gallic acid as index, based on single factor analysis, influence of solid/liquid ratio, ethanol concentration, fetch time and extraction temperature on extraction technology were investigated by orthogonal test. The optimization conditions for gallic acid extraction were determined as follows: ethanol concentration 60%, extraction time 2.5 h, temperature 90°C and solid/liquid ratio 1:30. The corresponding gallic acid content was 4.85%. This optimized extraction process was stable and feasible.

Extraction process of chlorogenic acid in flos lonicerae by enzymatic treatment

A new method of extracting chlorogenic acid from flos lonicerae, and treating the materials with enzyme before being extracted by ethanol is developed, and the optimum conditions are also investigated in detail. Three important factors, enzyme dosage, treatment time and treatment temperature are adapted to optimize the extraction process. The experimental results show that the extract yield of flos lonicerae and chlorogenic acid can be obviously increased by the cellulase treatment, 61.5 mg chlorogenic acid is obtained from 1.00 g flos lonicerae at most. The optimal temperature of enzymatic treatment is 40 50 ℃. Compared with the use of single cellulase, the combined treatment of cellulase and pectinase increase the extract yield obviously but fail to improve that of chlorogenic acid.

Extraction Process and Content Determination of Caffeic Acid in Laggera alata from Different Production Areas of Guangxi

[Objectives] To establish a method for determining the content of Laggera alata( D. Don) Sch. Bip. Ex Oliv. using caffeic acid the target component,and to compare the content of caffeic acid in the medicinal materials of L. alata in different production areas of Guangxi.[Methods]The content was determined by Inertsil~ODS-3 chromatographic column C_(18)( 4. 60 mm × 250 mm,5 μm,mobile phase: acetonitrile-0. 1% phosphoric acid( 22∶ 78),detection wavelength: 320 nm,flow rate: 1. 0 m L/min,column temperature: 30℃,and injection volume: 10 μL. [Results] The caffeic acid showed a good linear relationship in the range of injection volume of 0. 025 92-0. 259 2 μg( R =0. 999 5). The average recovery rate was 98. 33%( RSD = 1. 85%). L. alata in different production areas of Guangxi contained the caffeic acid,and there was a great difference in the caffeic acid. L. alata in Baise had the highest content of caffeic acid,while that in Guilin had the lowest content of caffeic acid. [Conclusions]This method can accurately determine the content of caffeic acid and is expected provide a scientific basis for the development and utilization of herbal medicine L. alata.

Equilibrium of liquid-liquid extraction of 2-phenylbutyric acid enantiomers: Experiment and model

The utilization of liquid–liquid extraction for the separation of 2-phenylbutyric acid（2-PBA） enantiomers was proposed. Factors affecting the extract process were investigated, including organic solvents, β-cyclodextrin derivatives, cyclodextrin concentration, p H and temperature. A model was proposed to describe the separation process based on the homogeneous phase reaction mechanism. Important parameters of this model were determined experimentally. The physical distribution coefficients for molecular and ionic 2-PBA were0.129 and 7.455, respectively. The equilibrium constants of the complexation reactions were 89.36 and36.78 L·mol^-1 for（＋）-and（-）-2-PBA, respectively. The model was verified by experiments and proved to be an excellent means to optimize the separation system. Through modeling prediction and experiment, the best conditions（e.g., pH value of 3.00, extractant concentration of 0.1 mol·L^-1, temperature of 5.0 ℃） were acquired. Under this condition, the maximum enantioselectivity（2.096） was obtained.

Comparison of Protein and Amino Acids in the Extracts of Two Edible Mushroom, <i>Pleurotus sajor-caju</i>and <i>Schizophyllum commune</i>

This study was undertaken to determine total protein (%) and profiles of amino acid and made comparison between the aqueous and organic solvent extracted mushroom. Extraction was made from two edible, Pleurotus sajor-caju (commercial) and Schizophyllum commune (wild) types of mushrooms. Four types of solvents were used for the extraction include 100% aqueous, 50% ethanol, 50% methanol and 50% acetone. True protein of mushroom extract was analyzed with colorimetric Lowry method and amino acids were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The range of 1.06% to 3.43% and 1.30% to 2.17% total protein value were obtained in the extracts of P. sajor-caju and S. commune respectively, while the highest total protein of 3.43% was determined in aqueous extracted P. sajor-caju mushroom. The amount of total amino acids of S. commune and P. sajor-caju were in the range of 308.65 mg/g to 443.84 mg/g and 172.52 mg/g to 400.76 mg/g, respectively. The highest content of 443.84 mg/g total amino acids and 77.08 mg/g of essential amino acids were obtained in the aqueous extracted Schizophyllum commune. On the other hand the total content of essential amino acids (EAA). Essential amino acid of both mushrooms was dominated by leucine along with threonine and alanine, but the highest contents were determined from the extract of Schizophyllum commune. Aqueous extraction was effective in both types of mushroom for the protein components as well essential amino acids compared to other organic solvents that were used in extraction process in this study.

Recovery of oxalic acid from mother-liquor containing hydrochloric acid and cobalt by solvent extraction with P350

The solvent of P350 was applied to extract and separate the oxalic acid from the mother-liquor originated from the precipitation of cobalt by oxalic acid,and its extraction mechanism was deduced.Some factors,including the concentration of P350, the concentration of hydrochloric acid and the concentration of oxalic acid were investigated to determine the best distribution coefficient of the oxalic acid.In the case of phase ratio(O/A)at 2.0,the extraction of the oxalic acid was more than 95%and its concentration in the extraction raffinate was lower than 0.004 0 mol/L after six-stage counter-current extraction.While the phase ratio(O/A)of the stripping was at 1.0,the recovery of oxalic acid attained more than 95%after ten-stage counter-current stripping.

Scorpion ethanol extract and valproic acid effects on hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in a rat model of chronic-kindling epilepsy induced by lithium chloride-pilocarpine

The present study analyzed the effects of ethanol extracts of scorpion on epilepsy prevention and hippocampal expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in a lithium chloride-pilocarpine epileptic rat model. Results were subsequently compared with valproic acid. Results showed gradually- increased hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein expression following model establishment; glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA expression was significantly increased at 3 days, reached a peak at 7 days, and then gradually decreased thereafter. Ethanol extracts of scorpion doses of 580 and 1 160 mg/kg, as well as 120 mg/kg valproic acid, led to a decreased number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells and glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA expression, as well as decreased seizure grades and frequency of spontaneously recurrent seizures. The effects of 1 160 mg/kg ethanol extracts of scorpion were equal to those of 120 mg/kg valproic acid. These results suggested that the anti-epileptic effect of ethanol extracts of scorpion were associated with decreased hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in a rat model of lithium chlofide-pilocarpine induced epilepsy.