Chemical constituents and analgesic activity of Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb.

In the present study,we aimed to investigate the chemical constituents and analgesic activity of Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb. The isolation and purification of components were achieved by a series of chromatography, including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and HPLC. By using spectroscopic analysis, their structures were identified. Using PDE-4A as analgesic target, moleculardocking was conducted between isolated compounds by using Schrodinger software. Neoline is a typical non-ester diterpene alkaloid. It was studied by using the mouse torsion body method and hot plate method. A total of 12 diterpene alkaloids were obtainedand identified as Mesaconitine(1), Bewutine (2), Bewudine (3), Songoramine (4), Songorine (5), Neoline (6), Talasamine (7), isotalatizidine (8), Hokbusine A (9), Mesaconine (10), 8-OEt-14-benzoylmesaconine (11), 8-Methoxy-14-benzoyl-beiwutinine (12).Compounds 9 and 12 were isolated from Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb. for the first time. Twelve diterpenealkaloids could act on the analgesic target. Neoline is a typical non-ester diterpene alkaloid. It had significant analgesic effect. Diterpene alkaloids were the main components of Aconitum kusnezoffiiReichb., and they had good analgesic activity.

Matrix Solid-phase Dispersion Extraction of Alkaloids from the Roots of Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb

Matrix solid-phase dispersion（MSPD） was developed for the extraction of four alkaloids, including aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine and deoxyaconitine, from the roots ofAconitum kusnezoffii Reichb. The determination of the analyte was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The alkaline alumina was used as sorbent. The mixture of acetonitrile and water was used as elution solvent. Several extraction parameters, such as type of sorbent, the ratio of sample to solid support material, type of the elution solvent and the volume of the elution solvent were tested. Mean recoveries ranged from 93.16% to 102.73%, with relative standard deviations from 0.27% to 4.17%. With the extraction efficiency and time expenditure taken into account, MSPD extraction should be a comparatively good method.

Cytotoxicity of Mongolian Medicine <i>Aconitum kusnezoffii</i>

Aconitum kusnezoffii used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory. It is often used not only in Mongolian medicine but also in traditional Chinese medicine. However, there are few studies on its impact of inflammatory cytokines. This study explored the effects of Aconitum kusnezoffii in vitro used human colon cancer (Caco-2) cells. Cytotoxicity was assessed by measuring effects on expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In vitro study demonstrated that incubation of Caco-2 cells with some kinds of Aconitum kusnezoffii at some concentrations inhibit secretion of TNF-α and FAXIU ACONITUM KUSNEZOFFII could inhibit the secretion of IL-1β. While IL-6 and IL-8 levels were unaffected after 24 h of treatment with Aconitum kusnezoffii, qujian Aconitum kusnezoffii, faxiu Aconitum kusnezoffii.

Profiling the Change of Key Chemical Ingredients in Combination of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. and Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f. by UPLC-QTOF/MS with Multivariate Statistical Analysis

In the present study, an ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-QTOF/MS) based chemical profiling approach to rapidly evaluate chemical diversity after codecocting of the combination of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.(wu-tou in Chinese, WT) and Bletilla striata(Thunb.) Reichb.f.(bai-ji in Chinese, BJ) incompatible pair. Two different kinds of decoctions, namely WT-BJ mixed decoction: mixed water extract of each individual herbs, and WT-BJ co-decoction: water extract of mixed two constituent herbs, were prepared. Batches of these two kinds of decoction samples were subjected to UPLC-QTOF/MS analysis, the datasets of tR-m/z pairs, ion intensities and sample codes were processed with supervised orthogonal partial least squared discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) to holistically compare the difference between these two kinds of decoction samples. Once a clear classification trend was found in score plot, extended statistical analysis was performed to generate S-plot, in which the variables(tR-m/z pair) contributing most to the difference were clearly depicted as points at the two ends of "S", and the components that correlate to these ions were regarded as the most changed components during co-decocting of the incompatible pair. The identities of the changed components can be identified by comparing the retention times and mass spectra with those of reference compounds and/or tentatively assigned by matching empirical molecular formulae with those of the known compounds published in the literatures. Using the proposed approach, global chemical difference was found between mixed decoction and co-decoction, and hypaconitine, mesaconitine, deoxyaconitine, aconitine, 10-OH-mesaconitine, 10-OH-aconitine and deoxyhypaconitine were identified as the most changed toxic components of the combination of WT-BJ incompatible pair during co-decocting. It is suggested that this newly established approach could be used to practically reveal the possible toxic components changed/increased of the herbal combination taboos, e.g. the Eighteen Incompatible Medications(Shi Ba Fan), in traditional Chinese medicines.

草乌的研究进展及质量标志物预测

草乌药用价值极高,在中医、蒙医等领域具有悠久的用药历史,但因其中毒剂量和治疗剂量较为接近,治疗窗狭窄,其临床应用受到一定限制,因此全方位建立草乌的质量标准评价体系是十分必要的。从基源考证、化学成分和药理作用等几个方面对草乌的研究现状进行综述。基于中药质量标志物(Q-marker)理论,针对草乌活性毒性的药物特性,结合其化学成分、现代药理毒理活性研究等方面,推测乌头碱型二萜生物碱类和挥发油可作为其Q-marker,为草乌的质量评价研究提供科学依据。

草乌幼苗形成期叶绿体发育的转录组分析

为确定草乌(Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb.)苗期生长发育过程中的转录组特征,本研究利用Illumina测序对草乌从种子萌发到幼苗建成涉及到的四个时期(T1,T2,T3,T4)进行转录分析,挖掘草乌幼苗形成期叶绿体发育关键基因。结果显示,4个时期的6个差异分类检测到的差异基因数量依次为:16 379,28 155,16 100,34 368,38 250和44 568个。GO富集分析显示T3vsT4差异表达基因主要富集到对几丁质的反应,光合系统Ⅰ等。KEGG富集分析显示差异表达基因显著富集的通路主要是光合生物中的碳固定,植物激素信号转导等。草乌幼苗形成期叶绿体发育过程中,19个差异表达基因注释光信号调控叶绿体发育通路上,如GLK1/2,PIFs,HY5基因等。44个差异表达基因注释植物激素信号转导通路上,如AUX/IAA,ARF,DELLA基因等。本研究挖掘到一部分草乌幼苗形成期叶绿体发育相关基因,为进一步研究草乌生长发育相关分子机制提供理论基础。

草乌化学成分、药理作用、毒性及蒙医学毒性控制方法概述

草乌所含的特征性成分二萜类生物碱是其主要毒性成分也是有效成分,具有抗炎、镇痛、抑菌、抗病毒、强心、抗肿瘤、局部麻醉等药理活性的同时也存在各种毒性作用。故传统医药通常通过炮制或配伍,降低其毒性,保障临床用药安全。作为中医药的重要组成部分蒙医药在这方面优势更为突出。

Study on Processing Technology for Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix by Bean Curd

[Objectives] The aim was to explore the best parameters for processing Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix by bean curd. [Methods] Orthogonal test( L_(16)(4~3)) was designed to investigate the optimal soaking time,decocting time and bean curd proportion for processing Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix by bean curd. The contents of monoester alkaloids and diester-alkaloids were measured as the evaluation indexes. [Results]The contents of monoester alkaloids were 0. 11%,0. 07%,0. 062% and 0. 048% respectively under the four levels of soaking time,were0. 081%,0. 066%,0. 074% and 0. 067% respectively under the four levels of decocting time,and were 0. 070%,0. 072%,0. 080% and0. 073% respectively under the four levels of bean curd proportion. The content of diester-alkaloids was all below 0. 034%. The influence intensity of the three factors on the content of monoester alkaloids ranked as soaking time > decocting time > bean curd proportion. Under any of the above conditions,the content of diester-alkaloids was below the limit of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The content of diester-alkaloids was reduced obviously with the increased use of bean curd. [Conclusions] The optimum processing conditions for Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix were A_3B_3C_2,i. e.,soaking time of 6 d,decocting time of 5 h and bean curd proportion of 25%.

基于药效团和分子对接探究诃子制草乌通过瞬时受体电位香草酸1介导的减毒机制

目的:本研究利用药效团、分子对接及实时反转录PCR(RT-PCR)方法探究诃子制草乌通过瞬时受体电位香草酸1(TRPV1)介导的减毒机制。方法:采用Discovery Studio 4.0软件构建基于TRPV1激动剂分子共同特征的TRPV1激活药效团,虚拟筛选出草乌中的潜在活性成分;对草乌成分及诃子制草乌中引入的诃子成分进行Autodock vina分子对接研究;根据结果选出代表性成分,采用实时反转录PCR验证是否可促进心肌细胞中TRPV1 mRNA表达。结果:药效团共筛选出草乌中包括毒性较大的双酯型生物碱乌头碱、新乌头碱及次乌头碱在内的13个成分,分子对接结果表明这13个成分及诃子制草乌引入的诃子成分均有潜力与TRPV1结合。RT-PCR实验中没食子酸和新乌头碱在浓度≥25μmol/L时,均可明显促进大鼠H9c2心肌细胞中TRPV1 mRNA表达的增加,随着给药浓度的增大表达量增加,新乌头碱促进TRPV1 mRNA表达的作用更强。药效团、分子对接结果表明诃子和草乌中均含有多种具备TRPV1激活潜力的成分。结论:实验证明新乌头碱、没食子酸均可在一定程度上激活TRPV1通道,可作为TRPV1的激动剂。根据结果推测,诃子可能会通过拮抗草乌中的活性成分与TRPV1的结合,从而降低草乌通过TRPV1介导的毒性;也可能是诃子制草乌在引入没食子酸等诃子成分后,可在安全剂量范围内使TRPV1通道快速脱敏从而实现减毒。

蒙药诃子汤制草乌总生物碱对乳大鼠心肌细胞的毒性作用研究

目的探讨蒙药诃子汤炮制草乌总生物碱对心肌细胞的毒性作用。方法制备乳大鼠原代心肌细胞,胎盘蓝染色法检测心肌细胞存活率,免疫组织化学染色法鉴定心肌细胞。制备的原代细胞培养3～4 d,分别加入诃子汤制草乌、生草乌总生物碱0.5、0.25、0.125、0.062 5 mg/mL培养30、60 min,MTT法检测心肌细胞存活率,比色法检测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出率,Hoechst33528荧光染色法检测细胞核凋亡率。结果诃子汤制草乌总生物碱、生草乌总生物碱在与心肌细胞共同孵育30 min、60 min时均能降低心肌细胞活力,细胞LDH漏出率增加,发生细胞凋亡;诃子汤制草乌总生物碱所致的心肌细胞毒性作用弱于生草乌总生物碱。结论经诃子汤炮制的草乌总生物碱对心肌细胞的毒性作用明显低于生草乌总生物碱,表明采用诃子汤炮制确能降低草乌的心肌毒性。

蒙药草乌炮制前后二维红外相关光谱的分析研究

采用二维相关红外技术,并借助于变温过程所跟踪的动态光谱对蒙药生草乌进行了分析研究。蒙药生草乌和制草乌的一维谱图较相似,导数光谱进一步分析,1 745,1 468,1 337 cm-1处吸收峰在经过酸奶炮制之后向底波数位移,1 657 cm-1处吸收峰在经过炮制之后向高波数位移,而二维红外相关谱则差别较大,在1 300～800 cm-1波数范围内,生品的二维红外光谱存在3个主要的自动峰(1 650,1 560,1 470cm-1),其中以1 560 cm-1峰最强。自动峰和交叉峰形成明显的3×3的对称分布,均为正相关;制草乌在这一范围内的自动峰主要在4个区域,1 220与1 200 cm-1两个吸收峰组成的一个区域,1 140和1 070 cm-1两个尖锐的峰区,以及1 000～900 cm-1区域内宽大重叠的峰,各自动峰均为正相关。凭借二维红外相关谱上的自动峰和交叉峰可以较直观地鉴别生草乌和制草乌,而且还可以揭示两者相应各官能团的变化规律。该法快速、准确,可为鉴别药材加工后结构的变化规律提供一种新的方法和手段。

草乌传粉过程中的广告效应与回报物质研究

虫媒传粉植物与其传粉者之间的相互作用被认为是被子植物花多样性的一个重要选择压力。这种相互作用体现在植物对传粉者的吸引以及传粉者行为对花粉的转运两个方面。本项研究通过去除不同的花部器官研究了草乌(Aconitum kusnezoffii)对其传粉者的吸引,并结合传粉者的访问行为和草乌花的生物学特性探讨了传粉过程与交配系统的适应。红光熊蜂(Bombus ignites)是草乌的有效传粉者。去除花萼片显著降低了红光熊蜂的访问频率,但去除特化成蜜腺叶的花瓣并没有显著改变红光熊蜂的访问频率,这表明草乌吸引红光熊蜂的主要结构是由5枚萼片组成的花部外观形态,而非花瓣。花蜜是草乌提供给红光熊蜂的回报物质,糖浓度为39.23%,组氨酸浓度为0.25μg/μL。草乌花较大、单花花期长、雌雄异熟、花粉寿命长,是一个自交亲和但需传粉者传粉完成繁殖过程的异交物种。草乌花序是无限花序,当上部的花处于雄性阶段时,下部的花正好处于雌性阶段。而红光熊蜂在草乌花序上的访问顺序通常自下而上,带来异交花粉为下部的花进行异花授精,同时又带走上部花的花粉,这就很好地促进了草乌的异交。草乌雄蕊自外向内逐渐成熟,是一种有效的限制传粉者单次访问浪费大量花粉的花粉装配策略,能提高植物通过花粉散布获得的雄性适合度。

蒙药草乌叶中一个新二萜生物碱Beiwucine

AIM: To look for new principles of high activity and low toxicity from the leaves of Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb. METHODS: The constituents were separated by using various column chromatography and their sturctures were identified on the basis of spectral analysis. RESULTS: Three compounds were isolated from the leaves of Aconitum kusnezoffii . Their structures were elucidated as beiwutine (I). 8 OEt 14 benzoylmesaconine (II) and beiwucine (III). CONCLUSION: Compound III was shown to be a new diterpenoid alkaloid.

HPLC测定蒙药草乌中药效组分含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法同时测定蒙药草乌中乌头碱、新乌头碱、次乌头碱含量的方法。方法:Ex-tend-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.3mol·L-1三乙胺(65∶35),流速为0.8mL·min-1,检测波长为235nm,柱温为35℃。结果:乌头碱、次乌头碱、新乌头碱分别在0.35～1.75μg,0.5～2.5μg,1～5μg呈良好的线性关系。结论:本方法简便、准确、分离效果好、线性范围宽、灵敏度高,可用于本品的质量控制。

浸泡程度对草乌炮制品传统质量及生物碱成分的影响

目的:研究草乌药典炮制法中"浸泡至内无干心"的科学性。方法:制备浸泡不及、适中和太过的草乌浸泡品及其煮制品,观察性状,采用药典法测定各样品中新乌头碱、乌头碱、次乌头碱、苯甲酰新乌头碱、苯甲酰乌头碱、苯甲酰次乌头碱的含量。结果:浸泡适中炮制品易于切制,饮片片型平坦,不易破碎。浸泡后生物碱成分含量均降低,双酯型生物碱的降低率分别约为:20%、20%、46%,单酯型生物碱的降低率分别约为:8%、25%、37%。煮制使双酯型生物碱含量显著降低,单酯型生物碱含量显著增加。双酯型生物碱总量较生品均降低99%以上;单酯型生物碱总量分别是生品的2.7倍、2.9倍、3.7倍。结论:草乌浸泡至"内无干心"煮制品成分变化适中,饮片质量佳。故草乌浸泡至"内无干心"具有一定科学性。

草乌花煎煮过程中三酯型乌头生物碱的酯交换反应

目的研究草乌花煎煮过程中脂类生物碱的变化。方法利用电喷雾离子阱质谱分析,比较草乌花乙醇提取液、草乌花单煎液和草乌花煎煮后残渣中的生物碱。结果在草乌花单煎液中易溶于水的别那宁质量分数显著提高,未检测到脂肪酸酯型生物碱,三酯型脂类生物碱成为煎煮过草乌花中的主要生物碱。结论在草乌花煎煮过程中,双酯型和三酯型乌头生物碱除发生水解反应外,还发生酯交换反应生成双酯型和三酯型脂类生物碱。三酯型乌头生物碱的C8位乙酰基被各种长链脂肪酰基取代的酯交换反应为首次报道。

骨伤薰洗灵质量标准研究

目的 :对骨伤薰洗灵进行定性研究。方法 :根据处方各药材所含成分的理化性质 ,采用显微鉴别与薄层鉴别方法鉴定其药物组成。结果 :方法简便 ,结果可靠。其中制川乌、制草乌、艾叶的薄层鉴别未见报道。结论

高效液相色谱法测定草乌中乌头碱含量

目的建立反相高效液相色谱方法定量分析药材生草乌中乌头碱的含量。方法XTerraTMRP185μm,(150mm×4.6mm)色谱柱;流动相为乙腈:10mmol·L-1碳酸氢铵50∶50(V/V)等度洗脱;流速1.0ml/min;检测波长230nm。结果乌头碱的线性范围为5～20μg,最小检出浓度为0.5μg/ml。结论该方法灵敏、快速、准确,适用于生药、饮片、药酒中乌头碱的检测。

几种杀虫植物对蚜虫的生物活性及与化学杀虫剂混用的联合毒力

通过杀虫植物的筛选测定发现,马齿苋(Portulacaoleracea)、北乌头(Aconitumkusnezoffii)、大籽蒿(Artemisiasieversiana)3种植物的丙酮提取液对禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphumpadi)、绣线菊蚜(Aphispomi)和菜缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphumpseudobrassicae)具有较高的生物活性。以不同溶液进行提取,马齿苋的水浸液和丙酮浸液活性较高,北乌头的丙酮浸液活性最高。与化学农药混用,3种植物提取液对吡虫啉和氧化乐果均表现明显增效,而与抗蚜威混用则无明显的增效作用。