ACoRN教程教学对新生儿科实习医生临床能力及自信度提升的影响

目的:探讨新生儿科临床教学中ACoRN教程对实习医生临床能力以及临床自信度提升的影响。方法:选择2019年1月至6月在我院新生儿科轮转实习的医学生共120名,随机分为试验组和对照组,各60名。在实习期间,对照组仅开展传统临床小讲课教学,试验组在传统小讲课后增加ACoRN教程教学。两组实习学生分别在入科第1天(教学前)、第10天(教学后)完成相同的病例情景模拟试卷,该试卷分为临床决策考核和自信度问卷调查两个部分,比较两组学生教学前后分数差异。结果:临床决策考核部分总分100分,课前对照组平均分为(58.00±3.59)分,试验组为(58.08±4.63)分,课后对照组平均分为(71.00±6.81)分,试验组为(84.33±6.12)分,P<0.01;自信度问卷调查部分总分70分,课前对照组平均分为(28.80±3.72)分,试验组为(28.72±4.29)分,课后对照组平均分为(37.62±3.99)分,试验组为(43.82±5.37)分,P<0.01。结论:ACoRN教程在新生儿科临床教学中应用可提升实习医生的临床能力和自信度。

Carbon dioxide enrichment affected flower numbers transiently and increased successful post-pollination development stably but without altering final acorn production in mature pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.)

Acorn production in oak(Quercus spp.)shows considerable inter-annual variation,known as masting,which provides a natural defence against seed predators but a highly-variable supply of acorns for uses such as in commercial tree planting each year.Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases have been very widely reported to influence plant growth and seed or fruit size and quantity via the‘fertilisation effect’that leads to enhanced photosynthesis.To examine if acorn production in mature woodland communities will be affected by further increase in CO_(2),the contents of litter traps from a Free Air Carbon Enrichment(FACE)experiment in deciduous woodland in central England were analysed for numbers of flowers and acorns of pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.)at different stages of development and their predation levels under ambient and elevated CO_(2) concentrations.Inter-annual variation in acorn numbers was considerable and cyclical between 2015 and 2021,with the greatest numbers of mature acorns in 2015,2017 and 2020 but almost none in 2018.The numbers of flowers,enlarged cups,immature acorns,empty acorn cups,and galls in the litter traps also varied amongst years;comparatively high numbers of enlarged cups were recorded in 2018,suggesting Q.robur at this site is a fruit maturation masting species(i.e.,the extent of abortion of pollinated flowers during acorn development affects mature acorn numbers greatly).Raising the atmospheric CO_(2) concentration by 150μL L^(−1),from early 2017,increased the numbers of immature acorns,and all acorn evidence(empty cups+immature acorns+mature acorns)detected in the litter traps compared to ambient controls by 2021,but did not consistently affect the numbers of flowers,enlarged cups,empty cups,or mature acorns.The number of flowers in the elevated CO_(2) plots’litter traps was greater in 2018 than 2017,one year after CO_(2) enrichment began,whereas numbers declined in ambient plots.Enrichment with CO_(2) also increased the number of oak knopper galls(Andricus quercuscalicis Burgsdorf).We conclude that elevated CO_(2) increased the occurrence of acorns developing from flowers,but the putative benefit to mature acorn numbers may have been hidden by excessive pre-and/or post-dispersal predation.There was no evidence that elevated CO_(2) altered masting behaviour.

基于SMT的ACORN v3算法的差分分析

ACORN v3算法是凯撒竞赛胜出的认证加密算法之一。本文考虑状态更新过程中非线性函数对状态差分传递的影响,给出ACORN v3算法非线性函数的差分传递模型,通过分析ACORN v3算法解密验证阶段的状态更新,重新评估了算法抗差分伪造攻击的能力,将ACORN v3算法认证阶段的有效差分伪造攻击轮数的上界从86轮提升到了102轮。本文对该算法初始化阶段分析,在选择IV的攻击条件下,通过在IV处注入差分,给出ACORN v3算法初始化阶段的差分分析,对模型求解情况进行分类,以概率1得到初始化阶段461轮输出密钥流的差分区分器,选取了10对满足输入差分的IV,以99.9%的成功率将初始化461轮的ACORN算法和随机置换产生的密钥流区分开来。

Late Oligocene fossil acorns and nuts of Quercus section Cyclobalanopsis from the Nanning Basin,Guangxi,South China

Quercus is the largest genus within the Fagaceae and has a rich fossil record.Most of the fossil material is attributed to the subgenus Quercus based on leaves,pollen or rarely acorns and nuts.Fossil records of Q.section Cyclobalanopsis characterized by ring-cupped acorns are relatively few and especially those described based on nuts are scant.In this study,we described four new species of Quercus section Cyclobalanopsis based on mummified acorns and nuts:Q.paleodisciformis X.Y.Liu et J.H.Jin sp.nov.,Q.paleohui X.Y.Liu et J.H.Jin sp.nov.,Q.nanningensis X.Y.Liu et J.H.Jin sp.nov.and Q.yongningensis X.Y.Liu et J.H.Jin sp.nov.These species closely resemble the extant species Q.disciformis,Q.hui,Q.kerrii,and Q.dinghuensis.The occurrence of Q.section Cyclobalanopsis in the Oligocene stratum of Guangxi,South China,suggests that the section has diversified within its extant distribution center since the Oligocene.By combining records from other areas,we propose that the section first appeared in the middle Eocene of East Asia(Sino-Japan),has diversified in situ with a few elements scattering into West Asia and southern Europe since the Oligocene and Pliocene,respectively,and finally became restricted in East Asia since the Pleistocene.This indicates that the section originated and diversified in East Asia,before spreading into West Asia no later than the Oligocene and into southern Europe by the Pliocene.Subsequently it disappeared from South Europe and West Asia due to the appearance of the(summer dry)Mediterranean climate and widespread cooling during the Pleistocene.

Response of photosynthesis,growth,and acorn mass of pedunculate oak to diff erent levels of nitrogen in wet and dry growing seasons

The objective was to examine the effects of optimal leaf nitrogen levels>2.0%and suboptimal levels<2.0%,nitrogen nutrition on net photo synthetic rate,stem diameter increment,height growth increment and acorn mass of pedunculate oak during 2010 in the absence of drought stress and during 2011 under the impact of moderate drought stress.According to the results,moderate drought stress significantly reduced net photo synthetic rate,stem diameter increment and height growth increment,while acorn mass was not affected.Suboptimal nitrogen nutrition significantly reduced the net photo synthetic rate and stem diameter increment only in the wet year,acorn mass in both wet and dry years,while height growth increment was not significantly reduced by suboptimal nitrogen nutrition in either year.The results indicate that optimal nitrogen levels can stimulate photo synthetic rate and stem diameter increment of pedunculate oak only in the absence of moderate drought stress.Moreover,the results show that moderate drought stress is a more dominant stressor for photosynthesis and growth of pedunculate oak than suboptimal nitrogen nutrition,while for acorn development,it is the more dominant stressor.

Effect of Acorn Burying Depth on Germination, Seedling Emergence and Development of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata

Acorns of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata Maxim. are often predated by small mammals and birds in natural forests. These animals not only eat the acorns during the acorn ripening season, but also cache and hoard most of the remaining acorns on the forest floor in the soil for their future use. These buried acorns form the main seed resource for regeneration. Burying depth is potentially important for germination and for seedling development. The effects of burying depth on germination and seedling development in relation to acorn size were studied in an experiment, in which acorns were planted at 6 cm-, 12 cm- and 18 cm-depth. The experimental results showed that fewer acorns germinated as burying depth increased. From the deeply buried acorns fewer seedlings emerged at later time than from those acorns buried less deeply. They appeared to have more difficulties to emerge above-ground than die seedlings from shallowly buried acorns. The deeply buried acorns and their seedlings also appeared to be more susceptible to rot. Acorn size did not significantly affect germination and emergence of the seedlings. As early emerged seedlings had longer developmental periods in their first growing season, and therefore grew better than die late emerged seedlings, seedlings from die shallowly buried acorns took the advantage.

Environment and Human Behaviors——Taking “The Acorn Gatherer” as a Case Study

Human living environment interacts with human behaviors.Environment to some degree determines human behaviors which in return reshape and sustain the dynamic environment.Taking Richard Jefferies' The Acorn Gatherer as a case study,this paper makes an argument that the behaviors of the villagers in the story can be more adequately interpreted in view of the backward countryside environment,and the same is true with the author Richard Jefferies' non-interference in the omniscient third-person point of view in writing the story.It is Richard Jefferies' family environment that makes up his viewpoint of writing,reflecting his critical loving of the countryside,where lives boom and conventions are extremely followed.

Social Conventions and Human Tragedy—On Richard Jefferies's The Acorn Gatherer

The Acorn Gatherer by Richard Jefferies is an allegorical tragedy, in which a nameless boy, born out of wedlock, is viewed as a sort of icon of sin, and is ultimately driven to death by the rigid and unforgiving social conventions.

基于Nonce重用的ACORN v3状态恢复攻击

基于差分代数方法,利用猜测确定技术给出了Nonce重用两次情况下ACORN v3的状态恢复攻击,攻击所需的计算复杂度为2122.5c,数据复杂度和存储复杂度可忽略不计,其中c是求解线性方程组的复杂度。针对Nonce多次重用时的情形进行了分析,发现ACORN v3较复杂的滤波函数,使由密钥流直接提取关于内部状态线性方程的方法变得不可行,从而有效规避了通过增加Nonce重用次数来显著降低攻击复杂度的安全风险。

Fouling acorn barnacles in China——a review

We review the species composition, distribution, and seasonal variation of fouling acorn barnacles in Chinese waters--from Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea to East and South China Seas. Thirty-two species of acorn barnacles were found, of which, the dominant species are Amphibalanus amphitrite, A. reticulatus, A. variegates, Balanus trigonus, Fistulobalanus kondakovi, Megabalanus tintinnabulum, Striatobalanus amaryllis, and Eurapha withersi in the fouling communities. A. amphitrite is the dominant species in the coastal waters of Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea and A. reticulatus is dominant in the East and South China Seas. The settlement period of fouling acorn barnacles is usually in summer and autumn. From north to south with the decrease of latitude, their settlement period obviously extends, even to the whole year, and the species number also increases. Other environmental factors, such as salinity and distance from shore, also play an important role in the distribution of fouling acorn barnacles.

面向ACORN v3消息认证码的随机差分故障分析

轻量级认证加密算法ACORN v3作为CAESAR竞赛最终胜出的代表算法之一,其新颖的设计和轻量化高效实现的特点受到国内外密码学界的广泛关注.本文根据差分故障攻击模型,对ACORN v3用于认证时的抗差分故障攻击能力进行了分析:针对MAC长度有限造成唯一定位故障概率不高的问题,给出了提高唯一定位故障概率的交互验证策略和改进的高概率优先策略;证明了认证比特差分代数表达式具有特定的规律,据此将每次故障注入的猜测复杂度由49 bit降至0.713 bit;利用差分代数方法,给出了由认证比特差分建立相关内部状态低次方程的算法和基于方程求解的状态恢复攻击,攻击所需的计算复杂度为2^(0.713·n+0.415·N 3)·c,其中,n为故障注入次数,N3为需要线性化的方程个数,c是求解342比特变元线性方程组的复杂度,数据复杂度和存储复杂度可以忽略不计.

Mapping spatial variation in acorn production from airborne hyperspectral imagery

Masting is a well-marked variation in yields of oak forests. In Japan, this phenomenon is also related to wildlife management and oak regeneration practices. This study demonstrates the capability of integrating remote sensing techniques into map- ping spatial variation of acorn production. The hyperspectral images in 72 wavelengths （407-898 nm） were acquired over the study area ten times over a period of three years （2003-2005） during the early growing season of Quercus serrata using the Airborne Im- aging Spectrometer Application （AISA） Eagle System. With the canopy spectral reflectance values of 22 sample trees extracted from the images, yield estimation models were developed via multiple linear regression （MLR） analyses. Using the object-oriented classi- fication approach in eCognition, canopies representative of individual oak trees （Q. serrata） were identified from the corresponding hyperspectral imagery and combined with the fitted estimation models developed, acorn yield over the entire forest were estimated and visualized into maps. Three estimation models, obtained for June 27 in 2003, July 13 in 2004 and June 21 in 2005, showed good performance in acorn yield estimation both for the training and validation datasets, all with R2 〉 0.4, p 〈 0.05 and RRMSE 〈 1 （the relative root mean square of error）. The present study shows the potential of airborne hyperspectral imagery not only in estimating acorn yields during early growing seasons, but also in identifying Q. serrata from other image objects, based on which of the spatial distribution patterns of acorn production over large areas could be mapped. The yield map can provide within-stand abundance and valuable information for the size and spatial synchrony of acorn production.

Dose-Response Relationship between Dietary Polyphenols from Acorns and Parotid Gland Hypertrophy in Pigs

Proline contents of parotid glands (PG) in pigs constantly increase after the inclusion of different amounts of ripe hulled acorns in the diet providing high polyphenols levels. The dose-response relationship was estimated on natural hydrolizable tannins (expressed as tannic acid equivalent TAE) amounts of 25.8 to 36.1 g TAE/kg DM in experimental diets. Macroscopic and histological morphometry of parotid glands greatly varied according to feed intake and dosages of TAE ingested. The PG response (hypertrophy grade) on acorns’ tannins content in the diet was positively correlated (R2 = 0.748): the response to the protein precipitating activity (PPA) of tannins consisted of a functional parotidomegaly (hypertrophy), 1.34 up to 3.55 folds than control PGs, following an oral dosage 0.596 up 1.72 TAE g·kg body weight·d-1 respectively, after one week exposure.

Production of micro-cuttings from acorns to test the plasticity of response to contrasting soil water regimes

We collected acorns from selected Quercus robur and Quercus petraea mother trees growing at sta- tions with different depths to the water table. We produced pairs of micro-cuttings from these single acorns. The obtained pairs of cuttings represented phenotypes of high similarity according to photosynthetic parameters. These pairs of cuttings were used to test the plasticity of response to contrasting water regimes. For each pair, one cutting was submitted to drought and the other was submitted to waterlogging. Drought response was recorded according to gas exchange traits （stomatal closure and water use effi- ciency）. The response to waterlogging was recorded according to the capacity to form hypertrophied lenticels and to maintain the CO2 assimilation rate. Intermediary phenotypes presenting both high water use efficiency and the capacity to develop hypertrophied lenticels were expected.

Social Conventions and Human Tragedy in the Acorn Gatherer

The Acorn-gatherer,written by Richard Jeffries gives a tragic picture of the country life in the late Victorian Age.Through the tragic life and death of the illegitimate child,Jeffries exposes the people's oppressions and misfortunes as the result of religious moralities and social conventions.The article is to expound the essence of the boy's human tragedy through religious origins,moral alienation,and distorted ethics in addition to the contrastive interpretation between his bitter situation and the sweet nature.

基于响应面法的橡碗子色素染色丝绸工艺优化

橡碗子是中国古代最常用的黑色天然染料之一,也可用于现代生态染色。以硫酸亚铁为媒染剂,K/S值和Integ值作为响应值,采用响应面法(Response surface method,RSM)对橡碗子色素在丝绸上的染色工艺进行优化。先采用Plackett-Berman实验筛选出影响染色工艺的显色因素为染色温度、染料用量和媒染温度;再利用RSM获得橡碗子色素染色丝绸的最优染色工艺条件为染色温度86.5℃、染料用量200%(o.w.f)、媒染温度53.5℃。实验结果显示,RSM为橡碗子色素在丝绸上的染色工艺提供了一种简单可靠的优化方法,其中以Integ值为响应值的模型表现出了更优异的交互性。该优化工艺可为天然染料橡碗子的现代染色应用研究提供参考,也可为其他单宁类天然染料的染黑工艺研究提供借鉴。

自橡子壳中提取橡子壳棕色素的实验研究

从橡子壳中提取橡子壳棕色素的实验研究分别从橡子壳棕色素提取、分离纯化、稳定性和成分研究四方面进行探讨。通过单因素实验和正交实验优化确定橡子壳棕色素的最佳提取工艺,得到的最佳提取工艺为:提取时间为3 h,提取温度为70℃,料液比为1:35。分离纯化采用柱层析法,通过柱层析法结果分析得出:橡子壳内壳进行分离纯化最佳,初始色价更高且节省成本,经过柱层析法洗脱后,洗脱液的色价更高于初始色价,达到了分离纯化的目的。对于纯化后的橡子壳棕色素分别从光照、温度以及pH值等三个方面进行稳定性研究,橡子壳棕色素热稳定很好,酸性和碱性条件下稳定性同样出色,保存时需要避光保存。采用高效液相色谱法对橡子壳棕色素的成分进行了研究,得到的结论是橡子壳棕色素中含有单宁酸,不含有儿茶酚等成分,因此我们可以初步判断橡子壳棕是一种多酚类化合物,跟焦糖色素类似。本文的研究为工业化生产橡子壳棕色素提供了工艺参考。

Acorn size and tolerance to seed predators:the multiple roles of acorns as food for seed predators,fruit for dispersal and fuel for growth

Fitness of parents and offspring is affected by offspring size.In oaks(Quercus spp.),acorns vary considerably in size across,and within,species.Seed size influences dispersal and establishment of oaks,but it is not known whether size imparts tolerance to seed predators.Here,we examine the relative extent to which cotyledon size serves as both a means for sustaining partial consumption and energy reserves for developing seedlings during early stages of establishment.Acorns of 6 oak species were damaged to simulate acorn predation by vertebrate and invertebrate seed predators.Seedling germination/emergence and growth rates were used to assess seedling performance.We predicted that if cotyledons are important for dispersal,acorns should show tolerance to partial seed consumption.Alternatively,if the cotyledon functions primarily as an energy reserve,damage should significantly influence seedling performance.Acorns of each species germinated and produced seedlings even after removing>50%of the cotyledon.Seed mass explained only some of the variation in performance.Within species,larger acorns performed better than smaller acorns when damaged.Undamaged acorns performed as well or better than damaged acorns.There was no pattern among individual species with increasing amounts of damage.In some species,simulated invertebrate damage resulted in the poorest performance,suggesting alternative strategies of oaks to sustain damage.Large cotyledons in acorns may be important for attracting seed dispersers and sustaining partial damage,while also providing energy to young seedlings.Success of oak establishment may follow from the resilience of acorns to sustain damage at an early stage.

超声处理对橡子淀粉理化性质的影响

该研究综合运用显微、流变、质构等手段,分析超声处理对橡子淀粉结构和理化性质的影响。结果表明,超声处理会导致橡子淀粉分解,淀粉颗粒表面亦出现凹陷,其程度与超声处理时间正相关。超声处理后淀粉颗粒的偏光十字现象虽然保留,但颗粒粒径增大,出现聚集。随着超声时间的延长,淀粉糊的透明度下降,但其冻融稳定性、沉降体积、温度大于75℃时的溶解度和膨胀度显著改善。淀粉糊的峰值黏度、最低黏度、终值黏度均随着超声时间的延长而下降,但糊化温度保持稳定,且适当的超声波处理可提高淀粉凝胶强度。

Does multiple seed loading in Blue Jays result in selective dispersal of smaller acorns?

Studies from both tropical and temperate systems show that scatter-hoarding rodents selectively disperse larger seeds farther from their source than smaller seeds,potentially increasing seedling establishment in larger-seeded plants.Size-biased dispersal is evident in many oaks(Quercus)and is true both across and within species.Here,we predict that intraspecifc variation in seed size also influences acorn dispersal by the Blue Jay(Cyanocitta cristata Linnaeus),but in an opposite manner.Blue Jays are gape-limited and selectively disperse smaller acorn species(e.g.pin oaks[Quercus palustris Münchh]),but often carry several acorns in their crop during a single dispersal event.We predict that jays foraging on smaller acorns will load more seeds per trip and disperse seeds to greater distances than when single acorns are carried in the bill.To test this,we presented free-ranging Blue Jays with pin oak acorns of different sizes over a 2-year period.In each of 16 experimental trials,we monitored the birds at a feeding station with remote cameras and determined the number of acorns removed and the distance acorns were dispersed when cached.Jays were significantly more likely to engage in multiple seed loading with smaller seeds in both years of the study.During the second year,these smaller acorns were dispersed farther than larger acorns,and during the first year,larger acorns were dispersed farther,revealing an inconsistent response to seed size during our study.We suggest that in some circumstances,multiple seed loading by Blue Jays may favor dispersal in some plant species.