基于AE-BP模型的杨木胶合板应力损伤识别

【目的】利用声发射(AE)技术对应力损伤全过程中的杨木胶合板进行无损检测,并利用BP神经网络对AE检测结果进行识别,以提高胶合板损伤检测精度。【方法】以市场占有量较高的托盘用杨木胶合板作为研究对象,在联合AE和应力损伤试验过程中,提取6个AE特征参数,利用声发射RA-AF联合分析法区分杨木胶合板产生裂纹的类型,采用K-均值聚类分析方法确定损伤演化程度和AE特征参数之间的对应关系,利用BP神经网络建立损伤识别模型,并对识别网络进行测试训练。【结果】AE信号幅度和上升时间可有效地表征杨木胶合板应力损伤从微裂纹萌生、产生宏观裂纹至完全断裂的损伤演化过程;通过RA-AF联合分析发现:杨木胶合板在应力损伤试验第一阶段主要为剪切破坏损伤,第二、三阶段主要为拉伸破坏损伤;通过K-均值聚类分析发现损伤类型与AE峰值频率之间的存在较强对应关系,可有效的表征不同的损伤类型:在31 kHz内为基体开裂,在31~100 kHz内为脱胶分层,大于100 kHz为纤维断裂;构建AE-BP神经网络模型对应力损伤类型训练样本的拟合优度是95.94%,测试集的拟合优度是98.89%,模型总拟合优度是96.51%,网络训练效果较好。【结论】在应力承载AE监测过程中,通过构建AE-BP模型,可对杨木胶合板产生的未知损伤进行有效检测并准确识别。

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定真空精炼镁合金物料中铁、铜、镍

真空精炼是目前镁金属提纯的重要工艺,工艺原料及真空精炼提纯镁金属过程残留物中Fe、Cu、Ni含量的准确测定对工艺参数的优化及调整具有重要的指导作用。传统测定方法中以邻二氮杂菲分光光度法、新亚铜灵分光光度法、丁二酮肟分光光度法测定三种元素含量,结果准确,但操作繁琐,周期较长,难以满足工业生产中高效、快速测定的需要,且方法中所需的有机萃取剂对环境污染较大。选择电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定真空蒸馏精炼镁合金物料中Fe、Cu、Ni,系统探究溶解酸、溶解温度、溶解时间对物料溶解和测定的影响,选择盐酸(1+1)和过氧化氢溶解体系,200℃加热条件下反应20 min为最佳消解镁合金原料条件;选择王水溶解体系,200℃加热条件下反应25 min为真空精炼残留物最佳溶解条件。并探讨ICP-AES测定过程中各元素的检出限和测定下限以及共存元素的干扰情况,建立了ICP-AES法测定真空精炼提纯镁合金物料的方法。测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为Fe 5.9%~11.5%、Cu 2.6%~11.8%、Ni 3.4%~11.5%,各元素加标回收率为Fe 96.4%~102%、Cu 101%~108%、Ni 103%~105%;按照建立的方法测定镁合金原料、真空精炼残留物中的铁、铜、镍,并与国家标准方法测定结果进行对比,结果相一致。实现了ICP-AES法快速、准确测定真空蒸馏精炼镁合金物料中铁、铜、镍含量,对及时、高效、准确评估真空精炼提纯镁工艺及产品具有重要意义。

A robust triaxial localization method of AE source using refraction path

Acoustic emission(AE)localization algorithms based on homogeneous media or single-velocity are less accurate when applied to the triaxial localization experiments.To the end,a robust triaxial localization method of AE source using refraction path is proposed.Firstly,the control equation of the refraction path is established according to the sensor coordinates and arrival times.Secondly,considering the influence of time-difference-of-arrival(TDOA)errors,the residual of the governing equation is calculated to estimate the equation weight.Thirdly,the refraction points in different directions are solved using Snell’s law and orthogonal constraints.Finally,the source coordinates are iteratively solved by weighted correction terms.The feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method are verified by pencil-lead breaking experiments.The simulation results show that the new method is almost unaffected by the refraction ratio,and always holds more stable and accurate positioning performance than the traditional method under different ratios and scales of TDOA outliers.

Shear band evolution and acoustic emission characteristics of sandstone containing non-persistent flaws

Direct shear tests were conducted on sandstone specimens under different constant normal stresses to study the coalescence of cracks between non-persistent flaws and the shear sliding characteristics of the shear-formed fault.Digital image correlation and acoustic emission(AE)techniques were used to monitor the evolution of shear bands at the rock bridge area and microcracking behaviors.The experimental results revealed that the shear stresses corresponding to the peak and sub-peak in the stressdisplacement curve are significantly affected by the normal stress.Strain localization bands emerged at both the tip of joints and the rock bridge,and their extension and interaction near the peak stress caused a surge in the AE hit rate and a significant decrease in the AE b value.Short and curvilinear strain bands were detected at low normal stress,while high normal stress generally led to more microcracking events and longer coplanar cracks at the rock bridge area.Furthermore,an increase in normal stress resulted in a higher AE count rate and more energetic AE events during friction sliding along the shearformed fault.It was observed that the elastic energy released during the crack coalescence at the prepeak stage was much greater than that released during friction sliding at the post-peak stage.More than 75%of AE events were located in the low-frequency band(0e100 kHz),and this proportion continued to rise with increasing normal stress.Moreover,more AE events of low AF value and high RA value were observed in specimens subjected to high normal stress,indicating that greater normal stress led to more microcracks of shear nature.

CMT+P焊接行为及其AE特征频率

为了研究冷金属与脉冲复合焊(cold metal transfer and pulse,CMT+P)的焊接行为,使用PCI数据采集卡、高速相机、红外成像仪及声发射采集系统对焊接过程进行同步监测.发现脉冲射滴过渡发生前,焊机输出电流突增,同时焊丝尖端释放猛烈电弧光,随后熔滴滴入焊道,熔池温度增加,声发射(acoustic emission,AE)信号显示出1个波峰.发生CMT短路过渡时,焊机输出电流同时为焊丝熔化和焊丝伸出提供能量,待到焊丝尖端接触基板瞬间形成短路,熔池温度持续降低,AE信号微弱,伴随着熔滴因过热收缩而爆断,熔滴短路过渡完成.对AE信号进行离散傅里叶变换(discrete Fourier transform,DFT)后,可通过特征频率对CMT+P各个周期及阶段进行过程识别.结果表明,575 kHz和415 kHz可作为脉冲电弧周期和CMT短路周期的特征频率,推断180 kHz是脉冲电弧的特有频率,575 kHz的频率则是基础电弧提供,415 kHz处的频率则在CMT短路接触瞬间产生.

基于DIC与AE技术的湿筛混凝土轴拉试验研究

为探究不同加载速率(1×10^(-6)、5×10^(-6)、25×10^(-6)s^(-1))下湿筛混凝土的单轴拉伸试验裂缝扩展规律,结合声发射(AE)技术和数字图像相关(DIC)技术对湿筛混凝土试件进行实时监测,从而获得不同加载速率下试件位移-荷载曲线、声发射信号及裂缝扩展位置。结果表明:在轴向拉伸过程中,加载速率越快,试件损伤指数逐渐向线性发展;同时,混凝土试件的断裂主要是粗骨料与胶凝材料的胶结面破坏,并伴有少量粗骨料被拉断,骨料断裂位置与声发射能量信号反映匹配度较高;随着加载速率增加,试件主裂缝位移占轴向位移的比例显著增加,说明加载速率越快,试件内部应变集中越严重,从而加重试件破坏程度。研究成果对于湿筛混凝土断裂性能的研究具有一定的参考价值。

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法与EDTA滴定法联用测定含白云岩矿石中氟化钙

氟化钙的测定目前较多采用的是国家标准方法GB/T 5195.1—2017和DZG93-05非金属矿萤石分析规程两种方法,前者测定范围≥60%,后者测定范围>3%。两种方法各有优缺点,然而却都无法满足矿石中含有白云岩时的测定。对于萤石矿与白云岩共存样品,直接采用国家标准方法,测定结果偏高,行业标准方法测定的精密度和准确度也很难达到要求。通过对方法进行优化,在样品中加入含钙冰乙酸分离碳酸钙,过滤残渣用混合酸分解后,直接取澄清液在Ca 317.933 nm处,使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定氟化钙含量,根据测定结果,将氟化钙质量分数大于15%的样品用EDTA滴定法再次测定。按照实验方法测定实际样品,两种方法测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)分别为1.9%和0.77%,加标回收率为97.9%~102%,可满足含白云岩矿石中氟化钙的准确测定。

Predicting microseismic,acoustic emission and electromagnetic radiation data using neural networks

Microseism,acoustic emission and electromagnetic radiation(M-A-E)data are usually used for predicting rockburst hazards.However,it is a great challenge to realize the prediction of M-A-E data.In this study,with the aid of a deep learning algorithm,a new method for the prediction of M-A-E data is proposed.In this method,an M-A-E data prediction model is built based on a variety of neural networks after analyzing numerous M-A-E data,and then the M-A-E data can be predicted.The predicted results are highly correlated with the real data collected in the field.Through field verification,the deep learning-based prediction method of M-A-E data provides quantitative prediction data for rockburst monitoring.

Mechanical properties and acoustic emission characteristics of soft rock with different water contents under dynamic disturbance

Uniaxial compression tests and cyclic loading acoustic emission tests were conducted on 20%,40%,60%,80%,dry and saturated muddy sandstone by using a creep impact loading system to investigate the mechanical properties and acoustic emission characteristics of soft rocks with different water contents under dynamic disturbance.The mechanical properties and acoustic emission characteristics of muddy sandstones at different water contents were analysed.Results of experimental studies show that water is a key factor in the mechanical properties of rocks,softening them,increasing their porosity,reducing their brittleness and increasing their plasticity.Under uniaxial compression,the macroscopic damage characteristics of the muddy sandstone change from mono-bevel shear damage and‘X’type conjugate bevel shear damage to a roadway bottom-drum type damage as the water content increases.Dynamic perturbation has a strengthening effect on the mechanical properties of samples with 60%and less water content,and a weakening effect on samples with 80%and more water content,but the weakening effect is not obvious.Macroscopic damage characteristics of dry samples remain unchanged,water samples from shear damage and tensile–shear composite damage gradually transformed into cleavage damage,until saturation transformation monoclinic shear damage.The evolution of acoustic emission energy and event number is mainly divided into four stages:loading stage(I),dynamic loading stage(II),yield failure stage(III),and post-peak stage(IV),the acoustic emission characteristics of the stages were different for different water contents.The characteristic value of acoustic emission key point frequency gradually decreases,and the damage degree of the specimen increases,corresponding to low water content—high main frequency—low damage and high water content—low main frequency—high damage.

一种ALMAE-SWSupAE裂纹声发射信号识别算法研究

针对裂纹声发射信号的识别问题,基于大边缘自编码器(LMAE)和堆叠融合监督自编码器(SFSupAE)设计了自适应大边缘堆叠权重监督自编码(ALMAE-SWSupAE)算法。针对LMAE中的固定k值问题,引入自适应k值算法,修改h(s)运算方法解决数据溢出问题;在SFSupAE中引入子分类器的性能权重优化分配策略,并设计新的权重函数;使用铝合金试件进行拉伸裂纹实验,识别采集到的声发射信号。研究结果表明:所提出的ALMAE-SWSupAE算法法识别准确率达到98.89%,相较于SSAE、SDAE、CAE、StAE和SAE方法性能具有明显提升,并在消融实验中证明了其改进有效性。

Numerical modeling techniques for noise emission of free railway wheels

In this article,we consider the numerical prediction of the noise emission from a wheelset in laboratory conditions.We focus on the fluid-structure interaction leading to sound emission in the fluid domain by analyzing three different methods to account for acoustic sources.These are a discretized baffled piston using the discrete calculation method(DCM),a closed cylindrical volume using the boundary element method(BEM)and radiating elastic disks in a cubic enclosure solved with the finite element method(FEM).We provide the validation of the baffled piston and the BEM using measurements of the noise emission of a railway wheel by considering ground reflections in the numerical models.Selected space-resolved waveforms are compared with experimental results as well as with a fluid-structure interaction finite element model.The computational advantage of a discretized disk mounted on a baffle and BEM compared to FEM is highlighted,and the baffled pistons limitations caused by a lack of edge radiation effects are investigated.

Acoustical properties of a 3D printed honeycomb structure filled with nanofillers:Experimental analysis and optimization for emerging applications

The novelty of this research lies in the successful fabrication of a 3D-printed honeycomb structure filled with nanofillers for acoustic properties,utilizing an impedance tube setup in accordance with ASTM standard E 1050-12.The Creality Ender-3,a 3D printer,was used for printing the honeycomb structures,and polylactic acid(PLA)material was employed for their construction.The organic,inorganic,and polymeric compounds within the composites were identified using fourier transformation infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.The structure and homogeneity of the samples were examined using a field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM).To determine the sound absorption coefficient of the 3D printed honeycomb structure,numerous samples were systematically developed using central composite design(CCD)and analysed using response surface methodology(RSM).The RSM mathematical model was established to predict the optimum values of each factor and noise reduction coefficient(NRC).The optimum values for an NRC of 0.377 were found to be 1.116 wt% carbon black,1.025 wt% aluminium powder,and 3.151 mm distance between parallel edges.Overall,the results demonstrate that a 3Dprinted honeycomb structure filled with nanofillers is an excellent material that can be utilized in various fields,including defence and aviation,where lightweight and acoustic properties are of great importance.

Acoustic emission signal identification of different rocks based on SE-1DCNN-BLSTM network model

In order to study fracture mechanism of rocks in different brittle mineral contents,this study pro-poses a method to identify the acoustic emission signal released by rock fracture under different brittle miner-al content(BMC),and then determine the content of brittle matter in rock.To understand related interference such as the noises in the acoustic emission signals released by the rock mass rupture,a 1DCNN-BLSTM network model with SE module is constructed in this study.The signal data is processed through the 1DCNN and BLSTM networks to fully extract the time-series correlation features of the signals,the non-correlated features of the local space and the weak periodicity law.Furthermore,the processed signals data is input into the fully connected layers.Finally,softmax function is used to accurately identify the acoustic emission signals released by different rocks,and then determine the content of brittle minerals contained in rocks.Through experimental comparison and analysis,1DCNN-BLSTM model embedded with SE module has good anti-noise performance,and the recognition accuracy can reach more than 90 percent,which is better than the traditional deep network models and provides a new way of thinking for rock acoustic emission re-search.

Study on Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Deformation Damage Process of Zirconia Ceramics

Zirconia ceramics have become increasingly widely used in recent years and are favored by relevant enterprises. From the traditional dental field to aerospace, parts manufacturing has been used, but there is limited research on the deformation and damage process of zirconia ceramics. This article analyzes the acoustic emission characteristics of each stage of ceramic damage from the perspective of acoustic emission, and explores its deformation process characteristics from multiple perspectives such as time domain, frequency, and EWT modal analysis. It is concluded that zirconia ceramics exhibit higher brittleness and acoustic emission strength than alumina ceramics, and when approaching the fracture, it tends to generate lower frequency acoustic emission signals.

湿法消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定水凝胶中Mg的含量

为了准确测定水凝胶样品中的金属元素含量,以Mg为例,通过优化电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)仪参数,考察硝酸及硝酸-高氯酸湿法消解以及硝酸-微波消解法对于样品消解程度的不同,建立了湿法消解-ICP-AES法测定水凝胶中Mg绝对含量的方法。结果表明,在110℃下用硝酸消解2 h与硝酸-高氯酸(1∶1)以及硝酸-微波消解得到的溶液相比,Mg含量几乎没有明显差别。在选定条件下,方法的日内和日间精密度良好,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=3)分别为0.38%和1.2%;加标回收率为97.6%~98.2%。方法准确、适用、可靠,适用于水凝胶中Mg的绝对含量测定,可为水凝胶中金属元素的定量分析提供一种借鉴。

ICP-AES测定稀土强化黑色二氧化钛中镧铈钇的方法研究

采用HF-HNO_(3)混合酸作为消解试剂,选择Y(360.073 nm)、La(408.672 nm)、Ce(413.380 nm)为分析线,建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定稀土强化黑色二氧化钛中La、Ce、Y这3种稀土元素的方法。通过系列实验,探讨了样品消解条件、基体效应、共存元素干扰,分析谱线选择等对待测元素测定的影响。结果表明:当试样溶液中待测元素浓度低于5.0 mg/L时,基体钛对待测元素有影响,须采用基体匹配消除影响;共存元素干扰实验表明,当各共存元素溶液低于200 mg/L时,互不干扰测定。各元素方法检出限如下:La为0.0009%,Ce为0.0013%,Y为0.0004%,回收率为97.8%~102.6%,变异系数CV值为0.56%~3.19%;该方法用于测定稀土强化黑色二氧化钛中各稀土元素测定结果与理论值基本一致,测定结果准确可靠。

基于AE的花岗岩三维裂隙连通逾渗模型研究

深部开采面临着错综复杂的环境和技术难题,探究北山深部花岗岩的破坏过程,通常使用的传统意义的声发射描述因数据分布的过于杂乱而导致辨识难度增加且无法精确地探知其内部关联。通过建立三维裂隙连通逾渗模型,能够实现裂隙的可视化精确描述。结果表明:以声发射能量数为损伤变量,采用ANSYS建立出考虑损伤的模型,并植入FLAC3D数值模拟软件中,模拟出花岗岩三轴条件下的全过程破坏情况,将破坏过程分为4个阶段:裂隙闭合阶段,线弹性变形阶段,裂隙萌生发育阶段,残余应力阶段。不同围压情况下的峰值应力与实验相统一,证明了损伤模型的有效性,为未来的岩石破坏研究提供参考。

Implications for identification of principal stress directions from acoustic emission characteristics of granite under biaxial compression experiments

The rock fracture characteristics and principal stress directions are crucial for prevention of geological disasters.In this study,we carried out biaxial compression tests on cubic granite samples of 100 mm in side length with different intermediate principal stress gradients in combination with acoustic emission(AE)technique.Results show that the fracture characteristics of granite samples change from‘sudden and aggregated’to‘continuous and dispersed’with the increase of the intermediate principal stress.The effect of increasing intermediate principal stress on AE amplitude is not significant,but it increases the proportions of high-frequency AE signals and shear cracks,which in turn increases the possibility of unstable rock failure.The difference of stress in different directions causes the anisotropy of rock fracture and thus leads to the obvious anisotropic characteristics of wave velocity variations.The anisotropy of wave velocity variations with stress difference is probable to identify the principal stress directions.The AE characteristics and the anisotropy of wave velocity variations of granite under two-dimensional stress are not only beneficial complements for rock fracture characteristic and principal stress direction identification,but also can provide a new analysis method for stability monitoring in practical rock engineering.

The study of acoustic emission (AE) forecasting coal and rock disaster technique

Introduced the coal and rock AE propagation rule,wave guide fixing technics onAE sensors,and AE forecasting coal and rock disaster on the scene and so on,The coaland rock AE propagation rule that follows the exponent attenuation function on different AEfrequencies,different quality factors and different propagation distances were analyzedand deduced by theory,numerical simulation,and by actual experiment.Consequently,itwas deduced that the coal and rock AE propagation rule follows the exponent attenuationfunction.Based on the correlative theory of wave dynamics and AE sensor,the AE waveguide propagation mechanical model on the sensor fixing manner is found,and the relationsof displacement and speed and acceleration between the AE signal source and theAE signal receiving terminal are presented.The effect of the AE sensor fixing manners oncoal and rock surfaces,coal and rock bottoms and wave guides were studied by actualexperiment.For the results,the effect of the AE sensor fixing manner on wave guides isbetter than on coal and rock surfaces,and was equivalent to the fixing manner on coal androck bottoms.Based on the above study results,actual coal and rock dynamistic disasterswere successfully forecasted.