Determination of bioactive components in the fruits of Cercis chinensis Bunge by HPLC-MS/MS and quality evaluation by principal components and hierarchical cluster analyses

The fruits of leguminous plants Cercis Chinensis Bunge are still overlooked although they have been reported to be antioxidative because of the limited information on the phytochemicals of C.chinensis fruits.A simple,rapid and sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the identification and quantitation of the major bioactive components in C.chinensis fruits.Eighteen polyphenols were identified,which are first reported in C.chinensis fruits.Moreover,ten components were simultaneously quantified.The validated quantitative method was proved to be sensitive,reproducible and accurate.Then,it was applied to analyze batches of C.chinensis fruits from different phytomorph and areas.The principal components analysis(PCA)realized visualization and reduction of data set dimension while the hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA)indicated that the content of phenolic acids or all ten components might be used to differentiate C.chinensis fruits of different phytomorph.

Polyphenols and pectin enriched golden kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) alleviates high fructose-induced glucolipid disorders and hepatic oxidative damage in rats:in association with improvement of fatty acids metabolism

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of fleshes from two Actinidia chinensis(ACF), pericarps from two A. chinensis(ACP), and fleshes with pericarps from two A. chinensis(ACFP)on high fructose(HF)-instigated dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and fatty acid metabolism disorders in rats. In general, the above abnormalities were improved after 10 weeks intervention of ACF, ACP, and ACFP. Especially, ACFP considerably ameliorated HF-induced abnormal changes in body weight gain, serum TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C levels, as well as serum and hepatic SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs contents. ACFP also alleviated HF-induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, stabilized HF-caused increase in hepatic MDA and serum ALT, AST levels, and restored HF-declined hepatic T-SOD and GSH-Px activities. Besides, histopathology of the liver further endorsed the protective effects of ACFP on hepatocellular injury. Moreover, ACFP increased HF-dropped acetic, propionic and butyric acid levels. Overall, ACFP employs more efficacious protective effects against HF-induced metabolic disorders and liver damage than ACF and ACP. This study delivers a scientific foundation for developing kiwifruit(counting peel)-based dietary supplements for those with glucolipid-metabolic disorders and liver damage.

Genome wide association analysis identifies candidate genes for fruit quality and yield in Actinidia eriantha

Quality and yield are the primary concerns in kiwifruit breeding,but research on the genetic mechanisms of fruit size,shape,and ascorbic acid(ASA)content is currently very limited,which restricts the development of kiwifruit molecular breeding.In this study,we obtained a total of 8.88 million highly reliable single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers from 140 individuals from the natural hybrid offspring of Actinidia eriantha cv.‘White’using whole genome resequencing technology.A genome-wide association study was conducted on eight key agronomic traits,including single fruit weight,fruit shape,ASA content,and the number of inflorescences per branch.A total of 59 genetic loci containing potential functional genes were located,and candidate genes related to single fruit weight,fruit length,ASA content,number of inflorescences per branch and other traits were identified within the candidate interval,such as AeWUSCHEL,AeCDK1(cell cycle dependent kinase),AeAO1(ascorbic oxidase)and AeCO1(CONSTANS-like 4).After constructing an RNAi vector for AeAO1 and injecting it into the fruit of cv.‘Midao 31’to interfere with the expression of the AeAO1 gene,the results showed that the activity of ascorbic oxidase in the fruit of‘Midao 31’significantly decreased,while the content of ASA significantly increased.This study provides valuable insights into the genetic basis of variation in A.eriantha fruit traits,which may benefit molecular marker-assisted breeding efforts.

Actinidia chinensis Planch.root extract downregulates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to treat gastric cancer:a mechanism study based on network pharmacology

Background:Actinidia chinensis Planch.roots(AcRoots)have been applied as an anti-inflammatory and antitumor drug in the treatment of gastric cancer(GC).However,their mechanisms against GC cells remain unclear.To investigate the anticancer effect of AcRoots in GC and the possible underlying mechanism by using network pharmacology.Methods:Differentially expressed genes between gastric precancerous lesions and cancer were analyzed in Gene Expression Omnibus datasets,and these genes were overlapped with potential targets of AcRoots.Potential targets and pathways for AcRoots treatment of GC predicted by network pharmacology.Furthermore,we used the GC cell line HGC27 to explore the molecular mechanisms in the context of hub genes in apoptosis,invasion,metastasis,and epithelial to mesenchymal transition-promoting factors.Molecular docking between hub targets and active drug components was also performed.Results:Network pharmacological analysis suggested that the potential mechanism was related to the Wnt pathway and predicted nine hub genes.In in vitro studies,AcRoots significantly decreased HGC27 cell viability and promoted apoptosis by upregulating caspase3 and downregulating Bcl2.Moreover,it suppressed invasion and metastasis as well as the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition-related factors.In addition,AcRoots affected the phosphorylation level of GSK3β(Ser9)in the Wnt pathway to promote the degradation ofβ-catenin,resulting in the downregulation of the downstream target genes c-myc,cyclin D1 and snail.All the experimental results were consistent with the network pharmacology results.Conclusion:This study combined network pharmacology with in vitro experiments to provide valid evidence for the clinical promotion of AcRoots.

The Correlation between Different Fruiting Branch Diameters of Actinidia chinensis and Fruit Quality Change in Post-ripening Period

he research aimed to explore the correlation between fruiting branch diameter of A. chinensis and fruit quality change during the post-ripening period and the mechanism,which could provide theoretical basis for making scientific management measures during A. chinensis fruit post-ripening period. In this paper,correlation analysis between fruiting branch diameter of A. chinensis and fruit quality change during post-ripening period during 2013- 2015 was conducted. Results were as below:(i) correlation coefficient analysis showed that fruiting branch diameter was highly positive correlation with number of fruit ventricle,significantly positive correlation with single fruit weight when picking and the indexes after the fruit ripening single(single fruit weight,loss rate of single fruit weight,longitudinal diameter of fruit and width of fruit core),lowly positive correlation with sugar content of fruit juice,and positive correlation with thick transverse diameter of fruit after ripening.(ii) Standard errors of regression analysis between fruiting branch diameter and single fruit weight,longitudinal diameter of fruit,wide transverse diameter of fruit,thick transverse diameter of fruit,fruit core length and sugar content of fruit juice were 12. 4248,4. 2731,2. 6452,2. 0260,0. 1337 and 1. 0035 respectively; significance F values of variance analysis were 0. 0743,0. 0658,0. 1950,0. 5733,0. 2600 and 0. 1517 respectively. It showed that fruiting branch diameter had a significant difference with thick transverse diameter of fruit and insignificant differences with other indicators; quadratic curve regression equation and linear regression equation of residual curve,observed value curve,forecast value curve and normal probability curve of were analyzed,and the results were all in line with the law of quadratic curve.(iii)The larger the fruiting branch diameter,the greater the indexes after post-ripening(single fruit weight,longitudinal diameter of fruit,wide transverse diameter of fruit,thick transverse diameter of fruit and sugar content of fruit juice),the better the fruit quality. It was clear that fruiting branch diameter could be as one of important bases of fruit quality change during post-ripening period. Through investigating fruiting branch diameter and the regression equation,it could predict single fruit weight,longitudinal and transverse diameters of fruit,and sugar content of fruit juice index after the ripening.

Fruit development rule of two Chinensis Actinidia cultivars ‘Fengyue’and ‘Cuiyu’

The fruit development rules of two Chinensis Actinidia cultivars were studied in this paper. ‘Fengyue’has the same fruit development cycle as‘Cuiyu’. According to soluble solids content, there are four stages during fruit development phase named comparatively stable period, slow increase period, rapid increase period and stagnating increase period. Fruit firmness change exhibits two periods, i.e. slowly declining period and rapidly declining period. There is an obvious corresponding relation between the changes of fruit firmness and the soluble solids content, i.e. the rapidly declining time of fruit firmness corresponds with the rapidly increasing time of soluble solids content. According to the experiment, the best picking periods of ‘Fengyue’and ‘Cuiyu’are mid September to mid October and early October to early November, respectively.

中华猕猴桃(Actinidiachinensis)在中国的适生性及其潜在地理分布模拟预测

利用181个地理分布调查数据,基于Arc GIS对中华猕猴桃的目前分布进行空间重建,利用Max Ent生态位模型对中华猕猴桃在中国的适生性及其未来气候变化下潜在可扩散地理范围进行了模拟与预测,分析中华猕猴桃在中国的适生性和扩散潜力及其空间格局,在未来气候变化背景下,预测中华猕猴桃当代及未来至2050年适生区分布格局变化。结果表明:中华猕猴桃当前的潜在适生区主要分布在23°―35°N之间和102°E以东的中亚热带山地丘陵区,如秦岭―大巴山、云贵高原、罗霄山脉―南岭和武夷山脉等地区。中华猕猴桃在当前气候条件下适生区总面积为2 382 381 km2,占中国版图的25.19%,在中等温室气体排放(RCP4.5)情景下预测至2050年,适生区总面积相对当前气候情景略有减少,但空间分布格局变化强烈。预测结果表明:在未来气候变暖影响下,中华猕猴桃潜在适生区具有向北或高纬度地区迁移的趋势。

中华猕猴桃（Actinidia Chinensis）雌雄异株性状变异的研究

通过２ａ调查，发现了介于中华猕猴桃雌株与雄株之间的中间类型，但该类型数量稀少，在野生群体中只占０．５％左右。雌雄异株性状的变异可以从雌株、雄株以及中间类型的花器发育水平上体现。雌花的雌蕊可育，但花粉没有生活力；雄花雌蕊败育，但花粉正常；而中间类型花朵的雌蕊部分发育，而且花粉也有生活力。仅在雌株与中间类型上可以见到明显的“柱头一花柱”结构，但二者在柱头表面乳突的密度与发育水平上显著不同。中间类型花朵的柱头上乳突稀少，而且部分萎陷；花粉粒能在其柱头上发芽，但大多数花粉管不能伸入柱头组织。中间类型的发现不仅对研究雌雄异株性状的演化有一定意义，而且也为培育中华猕猴桃雌雄同株新品种奠定了基础。

赣中、北地区中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis Planch.)病害调查与鉴定

经初步调查鉴定我省赣中、北地区中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis Planch.)的病害有13种。其中真菌性病害11种,线虫病害、生理性病害各1种.

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Expansin Genes from Litchi chinensis Fruit

Using PCR degenerate primers, designed with reference to the sequences of the conserved amino acids of known expansins, to amplify cDNA fragments in litchi fruit by RT-PCR, two different cDNA fragments , named as Lc-Exp1 and Lc-Exp2 , were cloned. Lc-Exp1 and Lc-Exp2 was respectively composed of 531 bp encoding 177 amino acids and 537 bp encoding 179 amino acids. Eight cysteine residues and three tryp-tophan residues, which is supposed to be the characteristics of expansins, are conserved in both Lc-Exp1 and c-Exp2. In addition, the homology between the two expansins is 71. 6% at nucleotide acid sequences and 76.3% at amino acid sequences. The homology of Lc-Exp1 with Fa-Exp2 or Pp-Exp1 was 92.7% or 92.1%, but that of Lc-Exp2 with Fa-Exp2 or Pp-Exp1 was only 77. 4% or 76.3% at amino acid sequences.

CPPU对软毛猕猴桃（Actinidia chinensis）果实生长和膨大的影响

盛花后３周以４０ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＣＰＰＵ水溶液喷洒６年生软毛猕猴桃的幼果，果实的直线增长期延长约２周；在整个试验期中，处理果的生长速度比对照果大；收获时处理果比对照果重５４％，纵径增加１５．９％，横径增加１８．３％；处理果与对照果的可溶性固形物含量无显著差异。还对ＣＰＰＵ在软猕猴桃生产中的应用前景作了讨论。

Nortriterpenoids from the fruit stalk of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.

Objective:The fruit stalk of Schisandra chinensis(Turcz.)Baill.(S.chinensis)has been found to contain bioactive components similar to the fruit of S.chinensis.Here,we report a recent discovery about new nortriterpenoids with a novel skeleton and anti-gastric cancer activity,which were isolated from the fruit stalk of S.chinensis.Methods:The chemical components of ethyl acetate extract from 70%ethanol extract from S.chinensis fruit stalk were separated,purified,and identified by liquid chromatography methods(silica gel,ODS,HPLC)and extensive spectroscopic analyses(NMR,IR,UV,MS,CD).Results:Two new nortriterpenoids,schilancitrilactone M and 25-hydroxyl schindilactone D(1 and 2),along with ten known nortriterpenoids(3-12)were isolated from the fruit stalk of S.chinensis.The isolated compounds were tested for their cytotoxic activities against MGC-803 cells,and the results showed that compounds 6-8 possessed significant activities with IC50 of 9.01,11.77,and 2.74μmol/L,respectively.Conclusion:Twelve nortriterpenoids including two new compounds were isolated from the fruit stalk of S.chinensis for the first time.Among them,compounds 6-8 showed significant anti-gastric cancer activities.We postulated that the fruit stalk of S.chinensis could be used as an anti-gastric cancer drug.

Screening of active fractions from Radix of Actinidiae chinensis in vitro

Objective Radix of Actinidiae chinensis,a medicinal plant used in China,is the dry root of Actini-diaceae plant and has been extensively employed to treat cancers of various organs,including the lung,liver and digestive system.However,up to now,its active antitumor and antiviral fractions remain unclear.The main purpose of this study is to identify the antitumor and antiviral sites of Radix of Actinidiae chinensis,which provides evidences for its further development.Methods Radix of Actinidiae chinensis was extracted by the refluxing sequentially with acetidin,ethanol and water,followed by the column chromatography and thin layer chromatography.The antitumor effects on Bel-7402,SW-620 and MDA-MB-231 tumor cells were investigated to screen the active antitumor sites by cell inhibition,the growth curve and the apoptosis staining.Meanwhile,to screen the active anti-hepatovirus fractions,the cell growth and the secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg in HepG2.2.15 cells were evaluated by the MTT test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay respectively.Results The acetidin fraction Y(Y1+Y2),the ethanol fraction A(A1+A3+A4) and B(A1+A4+A6),and the fraction compound C(A1+A4+Y1) have strong inhibitive effects on Bel-7402,SW-620 and MDA-MB-231 tumor cell lines.Moreover,the tumor cell apoptosis could be induced by the ethanol fraction B and the fraction compound C.In HepG2.2.15 cells,the treatment indexes of the acetidin fraction Y,the ethanol fraction A and the fraction compound C all exceeded 2 on the secretion of HBsAg,indicating the suppre-ssive effects of them on hepatitis B virus.The fraction yields of A,B and C exceeded 50%(60.28%,54.35% and 62.64% respectively),while that of Y did not(17.7%).Conclusion The ethanol fraction B and the fraction compound C are the antitumor sites of Actinidiae chinensis Radix,while the ethanol fraction A and the fraction compound C are its antiviral sites.

Effects of mechanical vibration on root development of Actinidia chinensis plantlet

The root development of Actinidia chinensis planUets was studied in exposure to environmental stress of mechanical vibration at respectively 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 3 Hz, 4 Hz and 5 Hz. The plantlets exposed to vibration stimuli at all those frequencies have a larger total number and a larger total length of roots and a smaller permeability of root plasma-membrane, compared with those cultivated in an environment without vibration stress. Vibration at respectively 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 3 Hz and 4 Hz enhances root activity and the 3 Hz vibration is the most favorable. There is an obvious negative correlation between root activity and permeability of root plasma-membrane. The effects may be explained by the likelihood that mechanical Vibration at an appropriate frequency facilitates roots＇ absorbing water and minerals which are indispensable to inducing and synthesizing in roots some active substances favorable to growth. Nevertheless, overstress damages the integrity of root plasm-membrane, increases the permeability, and results in the disability of protecting root cells.

ANTITUMOR EFFECT OF ACTINIDIA CHINENSIS POLYSACCHARIDE ON MURINE TUMOR

A new polysaccharide compound (ACPS-R) has recently been isolated from the root of Actinidia Chinensis Planch. When given inttaperitoneally to the transplantable tumor bearing mice at dose of 75-125 mg/kg, the tumor inhibition rate was more than 88.8% in Ehrilich ascitic cancer (EAC) or ascitic from of hepatoma (HepA) and more than 49.6% in solid hepatoma (HepS). The treatment effect of ACPS-R on EAC at dose of 80-100 mg kg and 125 mg/kg were comparable to that of cyclophosphamide at dose of 15 mg/kg and 22.5 mg/kg, respectively. ACPS-R could also prolong the life of EAC- or P388-bearing mice, and increase the percentage of EAC-free mice. In addition, when ACPS-R was used in combination with 5-Fu, the antitumor effect was enhanced as compared with 5-Fu alone. A marked increase in cAMP levels end cAMP cGMP ratio of spleen of EAC-bearing mice were observed after treatment of ACPS-R. The increase of both para meters nearly reached the normal levels of healthy mice. The increases of cAMP, cAMP cGMP and tumor remission had statistical significance. It showed an intermediate inhibitory effect of ACPS-R on DNA synthesis by incorporating 3H-TdR into EAC cells.The results indicated that ACPS-R acts as a new antitumor polysaccharide, and the treatment effect of Actinidia root in folk medicine is probably related to ACPS-R.

Effects of Stored Pollens from Wild <i>Actinidia eriantha</i>Vines on Some Fruit Quality Traits

Our study was conducted to determine In vitro germination ability of pollens from 25 wild Actinidia eriantha genotypes after one year freeze storage, afterwards we examined fertilization ability of stored pollens of 8 genotypes selected according to In vitro test results from aforementioned 25 genotypes, and finally investigated effects of stored viable pollens from “MH67”, “MH55”, “MH48” and “MH45” genotypes on fruit quality characters of the female experimental plant “M3” as the main purpose. Non-pollinated “M3” kiwifruit plant was taken as control. We found that In vitro germination and fertilization ability of different stored pollen sources, and also fruit quality characters including dry matter, total sugar, titratable acid, vitamin C, total polyphenol, total flavonoid, chlorophyll (“a”, “b”, and total) and carotenoid contents except total soluble solid content were significantly different. MH67 and MH45 genotypes were evaluated as the most suitable pollenizers which can be recommended as new candidate cultivars because of long term storage ability and brought about desired fruit quality characters. They also will be investigated more at further breeding studies.

藤梨根多糖对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用

目的:探究藤梨根(Actinidia chinensis root)多糖提取物对慢性酒精性肝损伤(Alcoholic liver injury,ALI)模型小鼠的保护作用研究。方法:采用超声法提取藤梨根多糖,随机将60只雄性健康昆明小鼠分为空白对照组、模型组、阳性对照组、藤梨根多糖低、中、高剂量组,除空白组外,其余各组小鼠连续灌胃56°红星二锅头酒15天,复制急性酒精性肝损伤模型后处死,检测各组小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)含量及肝组织中丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathioneperoxidase,GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)水平,以及血清中肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)含量,计算小鼠肝脏指数,并对肝组织进行病理切片观察。结果:实验结果表明,与模型组相比,藤梨根多糖各浓度组血清AST、ALT、TG、TC水平显著降低(P<0.05);肝脏SOD和GSH水平上升显著(P<0.05);IL-6、TNF-α和MDA含量下降,有统计学意义(P<0.05);肝脏病理学改变明显改善。结论:藤梨根多糖能缓解快速大量饮酒引起的肝损伤,其机制可能与其抗氧化作用相关。

基于主成分分析与聚类分析的软枣猕猴桃果实品质综合评价

为科学评价不同软枣猕猴桃品种果实品质,建立软枣猕猴桃果实品质评价体系,以10个软枣猕猴桃品种为试验材料,在可食条件对其果实外观品质与营养品质等指标进行测定和比较,并运用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析对软枣猕猴桃果实品质进行综合评价。结果表明,不同品种软枣猕猴桃果实品质指标存在差异性和相关性,其中维生素C含量差异最大,变异系数为53.08%;果实色泽亮度(L*值)差异最小,变异系数为6.04%。通过主成分分析将18个品质指标简化为6个主成分,其累计方差贡献率达90.571%,能够反映原品质指标的大部分信息。10个软枣猕猴桃品种品质指标综合得分从高到低依次为‘龙城2号’、‘魁绿’、‘佳绿’、‘婉绿’、‘甜心宝’、‘绿宝’、‘馨绿’、‘翠玉’、‘丰绿’、‘苹绿’。根据聚类分析将10个软枣猕猴桃品种分为五类,其中第Ⅰ类的‘龙城2号’与‘魁绿’果实综合品质最优。该研究为软枣猕猴桃品种选育、种植推广及合理加工利用提供了参考。

猕猴桃果实淀粉代谢研究进展

猕猴桃为国际重要水果种类,已成为我国精准扶贫、乡村振兴的“金果果”。淀粉作为植物光合作用固定碳形成的主要碳水化合物,在植物的整个生长发育过程中具有重要作用。猕猴桃果实属于淀粉积累型水果,在临近商业采收时淀粉积累达到峰值,然后随着果实软化成熟淀粉降解为糖,果实甜度增高,风味品质形成。同时,猕猴桃属于呼吸跃变型果实,具有生理后熟属性,采后易软化,不耐贮藏。淀粉作为细胞内容物对维持细胞膨压,支持果实硬度起着重要作用。随着猕猴桃基因组的测序完成,猕猴桃果实淀粉代谢分子研究取得新的进展,尤其是淀粉降解方面,但是目前对猕猴桃果实淀粉代谢进展的整理与归纳还鲜有报道。因此,从猕猴桃果实淀粉的理化性质、植物淀粉代谢途径以及猕猴桃果实淀粉代谢分子机制三个方面展开,并结合淀粉与猕猴桃果实风味品质、成熟软化的关系,对猕猴桃果实淀粉研究现状与进展进行综述,为以后创制优质高淀粉耐贮藏猕猴桃新材料或选育新品种,以及建立即食供应的快速后熟技术体系提供理论支撑。

黑龙江省延寿县驯化软枣猕猴桃品种果实品质比较分析

以2022年10月1日于黑龙江省延寿县长寿山庄采摘4种野生驯化的软枣猕猴桃品种(“果佬一号”“果佬二号”“东林一号”和“东林二号”)的果实和叶片为试材,采用多种生理指标测定方法,研究了果实品质特征,叶片、果实及植株的形态特征,以期为今后的广泛推广种植提供参考依据。结果表明:“果佬一号”和“果佬二号”果实较大,其果实平均鲜质量较高,分别为41.65 g和42.55 g。“果佬一号”和“东林二号”具有较高的可溶性糖含量,分别为6.19 mg·g^(-1)FW和6.21 mg·g^(-1)FW;“果佬二号”的维生素C含量最高为48.07μmol·g^(-1)FW;“果佬二号”和“东林二号”的可溶性固形物含量约比其他2个品种高10%;“果佬一号”和“东林一号”的可滴定酸含量约比其他2个品种高46%;“果佬二号”的固酸比最高为30.75。综上所述,4种驯化的软枣猕猴桃中,“果佬一号”产量较高且品质也较好,是综合性状均表现优良的品种;而“果佬二号”的果实红芯、适口性较好,同时也具有多个综合的优良品质,适宜推广;此外“东林一号”果实耐储运、红芯、植株颜色多变,既可用于酿酒或制作果醋,也可以用于观赏;“东林二号”果实红芯、品质好、产量适中,也较适合推广。