Polyphenols and pectin enriched golden kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) alleviates high fructose-induced glucolipid disorders and hepatic oxidative damage in rats:in association with improvement of fatty acids metabolism

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of fleshes from two Actinidia chinensis(ACF), pericarps from two A. chinensis(ACP), and fleshes with pericarps from two A. chinensis(ACFP)on high fructose(HF)-instigated dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and fatty acid metabolism disorders in rats. In general, the above abnormalities were improved after 10 weeks intervention of ACF, ACP, and ACFP. Especially, ACFP considerably ameliorated HF-induced abnormal changes in body weight gain, serum TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C levels, as well as serum and hepatic SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs contents. ACFP also alleviated HF-induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, stabilized HF-caused increase in hepatic MDA and serum ALT, AST levels, and restored HF-declined hepatic T-SOD and GSH-Px activities. Besides, histopathology of the liver further endorsed the protective effects of ACFP on hepatocellular injury. Moreover, ACFP increased HF-dropped acetic, propionic and butyric acid levels. Overall, ACFP employs more efficacious protective effects against HF-induced metabolic disorders and liver damage than ACF and ACP. This study delivers a scientific foundation for developing kiwifruit(counting peel)-based dietary supplements for those with glucolipid-metabolic disorders and liver damage.

Actinidia chinensis Planch.root extract downregulates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to treat gastric cancer:a mechanism study based on network pharmacology

Background:Actinidia chinensis Planch.roots(AcRoots)have been applied as an anti-inflammatory and antitumor drug in the treatment of gastric cancer(GC).However,their mechanisms against GC cells remain unclear.To investigate the anticancer effect of AcRoots in GC and the possible underlying mechanism by using network pharmacology.Methods:Differentially expressed genes between gastric precancerous lesions and cancer were analyzed in Gene Expression Omnibus datasets,and these genes were overlapped with potential targets of AcRoots.Potential targets and pathways for AcRoots treatment of GC predicted by network pharmacology.Furthermore,we used the GC cell line HGC27 to explore the molecular mechanisms in the context of hub genes in apoptosis,invasion,metastasis,and epithelial to mesenchymal transition-promoting factors.Molecular docking between hub targets and active drug components was also performed.Results:Network pharmacological analysis suggested that the potential mechanism was related to the Wnt pathway and predicted nine hub genes.In in vitro studies,AcRoots significantly decreased HGC27 cell viability and promoted apoptosis by upregulating caspase3 and downregulating Bcl2.Moreover,it suppressed invasion and metastasis as well as the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition-related factors.In addition,AcRoots affected the phosphorylation level of GSK3β(Ser9)in the Wnt pathway to promote the degradation ofβ-catenin,resulting in the downregulation of the downstream target genes c-myc,cyclin D1 and snail.All the experimental results were consistent with the network pharmacology results.Conclusion:This study combined network pharmacology with in vitro experiments to provide valid evidence for the clinical promotion of AcRoots.

中华猕猴桃（Actinidia Chinensis）雌雄异株性状变异的研究

通过２ａ调查，发现了介于中华猕猴桃雌株与雄株之间的中间类型，但该类型数量稀少，在野生群体中只占０．５％左右。雌雄异株性状的变异可以从雌株、雄株以及中间类型的花器发育水平上体现。雌花的雌蕊可育，但花粉没有生活力；雄花雌蕊败育，但花粉正常；而中间类型花朵的雌蕊部分发育，而且花粉也有生活力。仅在雌株与中间类型上可以见到明显的“柱头一花柱”结构，但二者在柱头表面乳突的密度与发育水平上显著不同。中间类型花朵的柱头上乳突稀少，而且部分萎陷；花粉粒能在其柱头上发芽，但大多数花粉管不能伸入柱头组织。中间类型的发现不仅对研究雌雄异株性状的演化有一定意义，而且也为培育中华猕猴桃雌雄同株新品种奠定了基础。

中华猕猴桃(Actinidiachinensis)在中国的适生性及其潜在地理分布模拟预测

利用181个地理分布调查数据,基于Arc GIS对中华猕猴桃的目前分布进行空间重建,利用Max Ent生态位模型对中华猕猴桃在中国的适生性及其未来气候变化下潜在可扩散地理范围进行了模拟与预测,分析中华猕猴桃在中国的适生性和扩散潜力及其空间格局,在未来气候变化背景下,预测中华猕猴桃当代及未来至2050年适生区分布格局变化。结果表明:中华猕猴桃当前的潜在适生区主要分布在23°―35°N之间和102°E以东的中亚热带山地丘陵区,如秦岭―大巴山、云贵高原、罗霄山脉―南岭和武夷山脉等地区。中华猕猴桃在当前气候条件下适生区总面积为2 382 381 km2,占中国版图的25.19%,在中等温室气体排放(RCP4.5)情景下预测至2050年,适生区总面积相对当前气候情景略有减少,但空间分布格局变化强烈。预测结果表明:在未来气候变暖影响下,中华猕猴桃潜在适生区具有向北或高纬度地区迁移的趋势。

赣中、北地区中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis Planch.)病害调查与鉴定

经初步调查鉴定我省赣中、北地区中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis Planch.)的病害有13种。其中真菌性病害11种,线虫病害、生理性病害各1种.

A high-quality Actinidia chinensis(kiwifruit)genome

Actinidia chinensis(kiwifruit)is a perennial horticultural crop species of the Actinidiaceae family with high nutritional and economic value.Two versions of the A.chinensis genomes have been previously assembled,based mainly on relatively short reads.Here,we report an improved chromosome-level reference genome of A.chinensis(v3.0),based mainly on PacBio long reads and Hi-C data.The high-quality assembled genome is 653 Mb long,with 0.76%heterozygosity.At least 43%of the genome consists of repetitive sequences,and the most abundant long terminal repeats were further identified and account for 23.38%of our novel genome.It has clear improvements in contiguity,accuracy,and gene annotation over the two previous versions and contains 40,464 annotated protein-coding genes,of which 94.41%are functionally annotated.Moreover,further analyses of genetic collinearity revealed that the kiwifruit genome has undergone two whole-genome duplications:one affecting all Ericales families near the K-T extinction event and a recent genus-specific duplication.The reference genome presented here will be highly useful for further molecular elucidation of diverse traits and for the breeding of this horticultural crop,as well as evolutionary studies with related taxa.

A high-quality genome of Actinidia eriantha provides new insight into ascorbic acid regulation

Actinidia eriantha is one of the species of kiwifruit with a particularly high ascorbic acid (AsA) content.However, the molecular mechanism driving AsA richness in fruit remains unclear.In order to reveal the molecular mechanism of AsA richness in A. eriantha, this study constructed a regulatory network related to AsA metabolism by combining genomics,metabolomics and transcriptomics.We assembled a high-quality genome of A. eriantha ‘Ganlv 1’ with only five remaining gaps.The assembly is comprised of 29 pseudochromosomes with a total size of 615.95 Mb, and contig N50 of 20.35 Mb.Among them,24 of the pseudochromosomes were obtained directly from telomere-to-telomere.The LTR assembly index score and consensus quality value were 21.34 and 39.90%, respectively.Subsequently, 61 metabolites and 2 092genes were found to be differentially accumulated/expressed during fruit development by metabolome and transcriptome assays, respectively.AsA metabolism and the cyclic regeneration pathway were found to have high expression levels throughout fruit growth and development,suggesting its crucial role in the regulation of AsA.Furthermore,the AsA contents are highly associated with ascorbate peroxidase genes.The genome obtained in this study provides genomic resources for the genetic and breeding research ofA. eriantha, and the constructed regulatory network can provide a public data platform for future research on kiwifruit.

Exogenous cytokinin application to Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ fruit promotes fruit expansion through water uptake

Exogenous application of a cytokinin-like compound forchlorfenuron(CPPU)can promote fruit growth,although often at the expense of dry matter(DM),an important indicator of fruit quality.Actinidia chinensis var.deliciosa‘Hayward’fruit are very responsive to CPPU treatments,but the mechanism underlying the significant fruit weight increase and associated decrease in DM is unclear.In this study,we hypothesised that CPPU-enhanced growth increases fruit carbohydrate demand,but limited carbohydrate supply resulted in decreased fruit DM.During fruit development,CPPU effects on physical parameters,metabolites,osmotic pressure and transcriptional changes were assessed under conditions of both standard and a high carbohydrate supply.We showed that CPPU increased fruit fresh weight but the dramatic DM decrease was not carbohydrate limited.Enhanced glucose and fructose concentrations contributed to an increase in soluble carbohydrate osmotic pressure,which was correlated with increased water accumulation in CPPU-treated fruit and up-regulation of water channel aquaporin gene PIP2.4 at 49 days after anthesis.Transcipt analysis suggested that the molecular mechanism contributing to increased glucose and fructose concentrations was altered by carbohydrate supply.At standard carbohydrate supply,the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with reduced starch synthesis and increased starch degradation.When carbohydrate supply was high,the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with a general decrease in starch synthesis but up-regulation of vacuolar invertase and fructokinase genes.We conclude that CPPU affected fruit expansion by increasing the osmotically-driven water uptake and its effect was not carbohydrate supply-limited.

Actinidia deliciosa as a complemental therapy against nephropathy and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

This study aimed to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant role of Actinidia deliciosa(kiwifruits)aqueous extract in streptozotocin-treated rats.Animals were distributed into;control,A.deliciosa aqueous extract(ADAE;1 g/kg orally),streptozotocin(STZ;50 mg/kg,i.p,single dose),and STZ plus ADAE,respectively.Results showed that ADAE had high antioxidant and radical scavenging potency.Elevation in blood sugar level,lipid peroxidation(LPO),kidney function biomarkers,and perturbations in hematological parameters were observed in diabetic rats.While,enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants,protein content,and alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity declined.Furthermore,histological,immunohistochemical alpha-smooth muscle actin immunoreactivity(α-SMA-ir)and histochemical(collagen,total protein,DNA,and RNA)alterations were observed in rat kidneys.Moreover,STZ produced upregulation of inflammatory associated genes(tumor necrosis factor-alpha;TNF-αand transforming growth factorβ1;TGF-β1)and triggered apoptosis by upregulating apoptotic related gene[Bcl2-associated X protein(Bax)]and downregulating anti-apoptotic related gene B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2)based on real-time PCR data.Moreover,diabetic rats administered with ADAE showed significant restoration in LPO,antioxidant status,and biochemical indices besides tissue architecture,and genes improvement regarding STZ group.Conclusively,A.deliciosa has a valuable ameliorative infl uence and can restore glucose levels and improve kidney dysfunction in diabetic rats.

CPPU对软毛猕猴桃（Actinidia chinensis）果实生长和膨大的影响

盛花后３周以４０ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＣＰＰＵ水溶液喷洒６年生软毛猕猴桃的幼果，果实的直线增长期延长约２周；在整个试验期中，处理果的生长速度比对照果大；收获时处理果比对照果重５４％，纵径增加１５．９％，横径增加１８．３％；处理果与对照果的可溶性固形物含量无显著差异。还对ＣＰＰＵ在软猕猴桃生产中的应用前景作了讨论。

Screening of active fractions from Radix of Actinidiae chinensis in vitro

Objective Radix of Actinidiae chinensis,a medicinal plant used in China,is the dry root of Actini-diaceae plant and has been extensively employed to treat cancers of various organs,including the lung,liver and digestive system.However,up to now,its active antitumor and antiviral fractions remain unclear.The main purpose of this study is to identify the antitumor and antiviral sites of Radix of Actinidiae chinensis,which provides evidences for its further development.Methods Radix of Actinidiae chinensis was extracted by the refluxing sequentially with acetidin,ethanol and water,followed by the column chromatography and thin layer chromatography.The antitumor effects on Bel-7402,SW-620 and MDA-MB-231 tumor cells were investigated to screen the active antitumor sites by cell inhibition,the growth curve and the apoptosis staining.Meanwhile,to screen the active anti-hepatovirus fractions,the cell growth and the secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg in HepG2.2.15 cells were evaluated by the MTT test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay respectively.Results The acetidin fraction Y(Y1+Y2),the ethanol fraction A(A1+A3+A4) and B(A1+A4+A6),and the fraction compound C(A1+A4+Y1) have strong inhibitive effects on Bel-7402,SW-620 and MDA-MB-231 tumor cell lines.Moreover,the tumor cell apoptosis could be induced by the ethanol fraction B and the fraction compound C.In HepG2.2.15 cells,the treatment indexes of the acetidin fraction Y,the ethanol fraction A and the fraction compound C all exceeded 2 on the secretion of HBsAg,indicating the suppre-ssive effects of them on hepatitis B virus.The fraction yields of A,B and C exceeded 50%(60.28%,54.35% and 62.64% respectively),while that of Y did not(17.7%).Conclusion The ethanol fraction B and the fraction compound C are the antitumor sites of Actinidiae chinensis Radix,while the ethanol fraction A and the fraction compound C are its antiviral sites.

Kiwifruit(Actinidia chinensis 'Hongyang') cytosolic ascorbate peroxidases(AcAPX1 and AcAPX2) enhance salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Ascorbate peroxidase(APX) plays a key role in scavenging reactive oxygen species(ROS) in higher plants. However, there is very little information available on the APXs in kiwifruit(Actinidia), which is an economically and nutritionally important horticultural crop with exceptionally high ascorbic acid(AsA) accumulation. This study aims to identify and characterize two cytosolic APX genes(AcAPX1 and AcAPX2) derived from A. chinensis ‘Hongyang’. The constitutive expression pattern was determined for both AcAPX1 and AcAPX2, and showed relatively higher expression abundances of AcAPX1 in leaf and AcAPX2 in root. Transcript levels of AcAPX1 and AcAPX2 were increased in kiwifruit roots treated with Na Cl. Subcellular localization assays using GFP-fusion proteins in Arabidopsis protoplasts showed that both AcAPX1 and AcAPX2 are targeted to the cytosol. Recombinant AcAPX1 or AcAPX2 proteins were successfully expressed in the prokaryotic expression system and their individual ascorbate peroxidase activities were determined. Finally, constitutive over-expression of AcAPX1 or AcAPX2 could dramatically increase total As A, glutathione level and salinity tolerance under Na Cl stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our findings revealed that cytosolic AcAPX1/2 may play an important protective role in the responses to unfavorable environmental stimuli in kiwifruit.

ANTITUMOR EFFECT OF ACTINIDIA CHINENSIS POLYSACCHARIDE ON MURINE TUMOR

A new polysaccharide compound (ACPS-R) has recently been isolated from the root of Actinidia Chinensis Planch. When given inttaperitoneally to the transplantable tumor bearing mice at dose of 75-125 mg/kg, the tumor inhibition rate was more than 88.8% in Ehrilich ascitic cancer (EAC) or ascitic from of hepatoma (HepA) and more than 49.6% in solid hepatoma (HepS). The treatment effect of ACPS-R on EAC at dose of 80-100 mg kg and 125 mg/kg were comparable to that of cyclophosphamide at dose of 15 mg/kg and 22.5 mg/kg, respectively. ACPS-R could also prolong the life of EAC- or P388-bearing mice, and increase the percentage of EAC-free mice. In addition, when ACPS-R was used in combination with 5-Fu, the antitumor effect was enhanced as compared with 5-Fu alone. A marked increase in cAMP levels end cAMP cGMP ratio of spleen of EAC-bearing mice were observed after treatment of ACPS-R. The increase of both para meters nearly reached the normal levels of healthy mice. The increases of cAMP, cAMP cGMP and tumor remission had statistical significance. It showed an intermediate inhibitory effect of ACPS-R on DNA synthesis by incorporating 3H-TdR into EAC cells.The results indicated that ACPS-R acts as a new antitumor polysaccharide, and the treatment effect of Actinidia root in folk medicine is probably related to ACPS-R.

基于CiteSpace的软枣猕猴桃研究现状可视化分析

为客观总结近年来国内软枣猕猴桃研究的现状与趋势,便于相关研究者了解本领域的研究现状。基于文献计量学,通过检索中国知网1979—2022年的相关文献,运用CiteSpace软件对符合纳入标准的712篇文献进行可视化分析。对软枣猕猴桃的文献总量、载文期刊、发文机构、当下研究的热点内容做了知识图谱分析。结果表明,发文量最多的作者和机构主要来自辽宁省和吉林省,热点关键词包括结果母枝、愈伤组织、组织培养,近年的新兴热点有多糖、栽培技术等。近年来国内科研人员对软枣猕猴桃从多学科、多领域开展了广泛、深入的研究,建议下一步加强基础研究成果向应用领域的延伸。

Effects of mechanical vibration on root development of Actinidia chinensis plantlet

The root development of Actinidia chinensis plantlets was studied in exposure to environmental stress of mechanical vibration at respectively 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 3 Hz, 4 Hz and 5 Hz. The plantlets exposed to vibration stimuli at all those frequencies have a larger total number and a larger total length of roots and a smaller permeability of root plasma-membrane, compared with those cultivated in an environment without vibration stress. Vibration at respectively 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 3 Hz and 4 Hz enhances root activity and the 3 Hz vibration is the most favorable. There is an obvious negative correlation between root activity and permeability of root plasma-membrane. The effects may be explained by the likelihood that mechanical vibration at an appropriate frequency facilitates roots’ absorbing water and minerals which are indispensable to inducing and synthesizing in roots some active substances favorable to growth. Nevertheless, overstress damages the integrity of root plasm-membrane, increases the permeability, and results in the disability of protecting root cells.

江油县中华猕猴桃(Actinidia Chinensis PLanch)选优简报

一、选优依据实生选种是现代育种的一种有效手段,优秀苹果品种金帅(Golden Delicious)就是这样选出来的。现在国外栽培的五个猕猴桃品种艾伯特(Abbott),阿利森(Allison),布鲁诺(Bruno),海沃德(Hayward)和蒙蒂(Mooty)也都是从实生中华猕猴桃植株中选育出来的。在种子繁殖下,由于遗传物质的交换和重组。

Fruit development rule of two Chinensis Actinidia cultivars ‘Fengyue’and ‘Cuiyu’

The fruit development rules of two Chinensis Actinidia cultivars were studied in this paper. ‘Fengyue’has the same fruit development cycle as‘Cuiyu’. According to soluble solids content, there are four stages during fruit development phase named comparatively stable period, slow increase period, rapid increase period and stagnating increase period. Fruit firmness change exhibits two periods, i.e. slowly declining period and rapidly declining period. There is an obvious corresponding relation between the changes of fruit firmness and the soluble solids content, i.e. the rapidly declining time of fruit firmness corresponds with the rapidly increasing time of soluble solids content. According to the experiment, the best picking periods of ‘Fengyue’and ‘Cuiyu’are mid September to mid October and early October to early November, respectively.

猕猴桃属(Actinidia)植物的离体种质保存

本文研究了猕猴桃属植物离体种质资源保存的方法。在一年中于盛夏时采取的植物材料在离体培养时能得到最好的效果；改进的剥离茎尖的方法使污染率大大降低，在ＭＳ附加ＢＡ０．５，Ｚ０．１，ＧＡ０．１～０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，蔗糖３％，琼脂０．５５％的培养基中茎尖生长良好并且不产生不定芽。通过茎尖培养方法已保存了１０多个种，４０多个猕猴桃的离体种质。

猕猴桃属(Actinidia)植物的遗传多样性

猕猴桃属（Actinidia）植物全世界有66个种、约118个种下分类单位（变种、变型）。中国有猕猴桃属62个种，猕猴桃遗传资源极为丰富。本文就猕猴桃的遗传资源多样性主要特点作概要综述：1）形态性状多样性（重要的园艺及经济性状）；2）营养成分及风味多样性；3）性别变异；4）染色体倍性变异；5）同工酶水平遗传多样性；6）DNA水平遗传多样性。

猕猴桃(Actinidia Lindl.)叶片与果实维生素C含量的相关性研究

以猕猴桃属中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis)32个品种和1个种间杂交后代群体为研究对象,对猕猴桃属植物叶片与果实维生素C含量的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,在中华猕猴桃种内水平上,幼果与成熟果实的果肉维生素C含量间存在极显著的正相关关系;在种间杂交后代群体中成熟叶片和成熟果实的维生素C含量存在极显著正相关关系,为利用早期相关性状开展猕猴桃育种的可行性提供了理论依据。此外,对15个常见中华猕猴桃品种的果实维生素C含量进行了多重比较,为人工杂交时的亲本选择提供了依据。