氯自由基介导的光催化芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H氧化生成酯

饱和的碳氢键氧化是合成化学和化学工业中一类重要的化学反应.然而,饱和C(sp^(3))−H键离解能(BDEs)较高、极性较弱,导致了底物难以活化和催化转化效率较低等问题.在过去的几十年,C(sp^(3))−H键的定向活化转化取得了重要的进展.其中,关于C(sp^(3))−H键催化氧化的研究主要涉及一些键能低的、预活化的C−H键,包括苄基型、亚甲基型、脂肪族X−CH_(2)(X=O,N)和甲苯等,含有未活化C(sp^(3))−H键的复杂化合物的选择性氧化仍具有挑战性.例如,芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H键功能化通常采用计量的过氧化物氧化剂,或者通过单电子氧化和碱促进的去质子化进一步构建C−C/C−N键,产物选择性较低,也带来了一些不利的环境影响.因此,有必要开发高效、温和的芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H键选择氧化方法,并将其应用于有机合成和药物开发.近年来,光催化C(sp^(3))−H键氧化因其操作简便、氧化还原中性等优点,已发展成为一种有用且多样的催化研究工具.本文发展了一种利用氧气作为氧化剂,在可见光驱动下选择性地将芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H键氧化成为甲酸苯酯类产物的新方法.使用Mes-10-phenyl-Acr^(+)−BF_(4)^(-)光催化剂,高效活化多种氯源(如盐酸、无机氯盐和有机氯化物)得到氯自由基,由于其具有较高的氧化能力(+2.03 V vs.SCE)和对氢原子的亲和力,能够通过氢原子转移过程活化芳基醚C(sp^(3))−键,攫取氢自由基得到相应的烷基碳自由基(•CH_(2)OPh)中间体,进一步被分子氧选择氧化得到酯类目标产物.研究结果表明,多种链状芳基醚和不同取代(如给电子基和吸电子基)芳基醚均可发生氧化反应,高收率地合成了一系列官能团丰富的甲酸苯酯类化合物.本文方法具有反应条件温和、操作简单、官能团耐受性好以及可规模化放大等优点,并且少量的水对反应没有明显影响.机理实验研究结果表明,芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H键的断裂是反应过程的决速步骤.紫外可见吸收光谱结果表明,氯离子与催化剂之间的相互作用强于底物,并且自由基捕获实验证实反应体系中存在氯自由基和烷基碳自由基物种,表明反应经历自由基路径.此外,电子顺磁共振测试结果表明,反应过程中存在单线态氧物种,可能是激发态的光催化剂直接与氧气发生能量转移得到;同位素实验(18O)揭示了甲酸苯酯类化合物氧的来源.综上,本文实现了温和条件下光催化芳基醚C(sp^(3))−H键选择氧化反应,高收率合成了一系列甲酸苯酯类化合物.该方法避免了化学计量的过氧化物和碱等添加剂的使用以及底物的过度氧化,阐明了催化反应机制,为其他醚类化合物的C(sp^(3))−H键氧化功能化提供了新思路,为后续化学合成和药物开发提供了参考和启示.

分子筛限域单位点钴体系催化芳香族化合物C-H键自调节高效氧化

通过芳香族化合物的碳-氢键活化与选择氧化,可以将廉价芳香烃类原料转化为高附加值含氧产品,因此,该反应在基础研究和工业生产中均受到广泛关注.传统的苯乙酮生产工艺存在毒性底物使用、催化剂回收困难、反应条件苛刻以及产物收率低等问题.通过大量的研究探索,科研人员进一步改进其生产工艺,利用环烷酸钴作为均相催化剂,实现了无溶剂条件下分子氧直接选择氧化乙苯生成苯乙酮.相比均相催化,多相催化在催化剂回收和产物分离方面具有优势,更适合工业化生产.因此,开发用于乙苯选择氧化制苯乙酮的高效稳定多相催化体系非常重要,但具有较大挑战.本文采用原位配体保护的水热合成法将钴配合物(钴-二乙烯三胺)封装在Y型分子筛中,并经进一步焙烧去除配体成功制得Co@Y分子筛催化剂.在无溶剂、无添加剂的条件下,单位点Co作为Co@Y分子筛催化剂的活性位点可催化乙苯选择氧化生成苯乙酮.X射线粉末衍射、透射电镜、紫外可见光吸收光谱和固体核磁共振谱等结果表明,该单位点Co(Co^(2+))通过与骨架氧原子作用稳定限域在Y型分子筛中.为明确Co@Y分子筛催化剂中单位点Co在乙苯氧化反应中所起的重要作用,本文还对比了不同后合成方法所制备的Y分子筛(Co/Y,Co-Y)催化剂及工业环烷酸钴催化剂的催化性能.结果表明,在相同反应条件下,Co@Y分子筛催化剂表现出最高的催化性能,也说明在乙苯氧化反应过程中Co@Y分子筛催化剂的单位点Co有别于上述其他催化剂的活性位点.此外,在Co@Y催化剂热过滤实验中未检测出Co物种浸出,表明Co@Y分子筛催化乙苯氧化反应为多相催化过程,并且在多次循环测试后,Co@Y催化剂结构和反应活性均未发生明显变化.这两项实验均表明Co@Y催化剂具有高稳定性.值得注意的是,在乙苯氧化反应过程中观察到自加速现象,为此进行了对比实验(添加苯甲醛或1-苯乙醇的对比实验)和反应动力学分析.结果表明,痕量苯甲醛或1-苯乙醇的加入会显著改变Co@Y催化剂在乙苯氧化反应中的催化行为,痕量苯甲醛的加入可将反应表观活化能从69.7降至53.7 kJ/mol.本文也通过第一性原理密度泛函理论(DFT)计算系统研究了Co@Y分子筛催化剂单位点Co处乙苯选择氧化反应机理及反应过程中自加速现象产生的原因.DFT计算结果结合上述对比实验和反应动力学分析结果表明,加入痕量苯甲醛或者1-苯乙醇后部分乙苯会直接氧化生成苯乙酮,而非通过乙苯→1-苯乙醇→苯乙酮的途径生成苯乙酮.DFT计算结果也阐明反应过程中自加速现象的产生源于单位点Co处活性氧物种(O^(*))的生成.该活性氧物种在乙苯、苯甲醛和1-苯乙醇的氧化途径中均能自发生成,并且该物种类似“引发剂”促使后续更多链式反应的发生,在乙苯氧化反应过程中具有非常重要的作用.综上所述,本文为理解芳香族化合物碳-氢键选择氧化实验现象与催化作用机制提供了有益见解,可为理性设计开发更高效的催化剂提供新思路.

Density Functional Studies of the Reaction of Ytterbium Monocation with Fluoromethane:C-F Bond Activation and Electron-Transfer Reactivity

The potential energy surface and reaction mechanism corresponding to the reaction of ytterbium monocation with fluoromethane, which represents a prototype of the activation of C-F bond in fluorohydrocarbons by bare lanthanide cations, have been investigated for the first time by using density functional theory. A direct fluorine abstraction mechanism was revealed, and the related thermochemistry data were determined. The electron-transfer reactivity of the reaction was analyzed using the two-state model, and a strongly avoided crossing behavior on the transition state region was shown. The present results support the reaction mechanism inferred from early experimental data and the related thermochemistry data can provide a guide for further experimental researches.

银催化苄基C(sp^(3))—H键与炔丙基C(sp^(3))—H键的位点选择性胺化

探讨了一种合成环状氨基磺酸酯的新方法。采用AgClO4/三(2-吡啶基甲基)胺催化体系,催化苄基C(sp^(3))—H键与炔丙基C(sp^(3))—H键的分子内位点选择性胺化反应,以89%收率和9.2∶1位点选择性得到了环状氨基磺酸酯。反应具有条件温和、官能团耐受性好、原子经济性和步骤经济性高等优点,为碳氮的构建提供了一种选择策略。

铑和铱催化C—H键活化及其与偕二氟亚甲基炔烃的环化反应研究进展

近年来含氟炔烃作为创新偶联剂引起了合成界越来越多的兴趣,其中偕二氟亚甲基炔烃参与的C—H键官能化反应正在迅速发展。总结了过渡金属铑和铱催化偕二氟亚甲基炔烃参与的C—H键活化/环化反应。

Solar energy‐driven C−H activation of methanol for direct C−C coupling to ethylene glycol with high stability by nitrogen doped tantalum oxide

Direct photocatalytic coupling of methanol to ethylene glycol(EG)is highly attractive.The reported photocatalysts for this reaction are all metal sulfide semiconductors,which may suffer from photocorrosion and have low stability.Thus,the development of non‐sulfide photocatalysts for efficient photocatalytic coupling of methanol to EG and H2 with high stability is urgent but extremely challenging.Herein,the first metal oxide photocatalyst,tantalum‐based semiconductor,is reported for preferential activation of C−H bond within methanol to form hydroxymethyl radical(•CH_(2)OH)and subsequent C−C coupling to EG.Compared with other metal oxide photocatalysts,such as TiO2,ZnO,WO_(3),Nb_(2)O_(5),tantalum oxide(Ta_(2)O_(5))is unique in that it can realize the selective photocatalytic coupling of methanol to EG.The co‐catalyst free nitrogen doped tantalum oxide(2%N‐Ta_(2)O_(5))shows an EG formation rate as high as 4.0 mmol gcat−1 h−1,about 9 times higher than that of Ta_(2)O_(5),with a selectivity higher than 70%.The high charge separation ability of nitrogen doped tantalum oxide plays a key role in its high activity for EG production.This catalyst also shows excellent stability longer than 160 h,which has not been achieved over the reported metal sulfide photocatalysts.Tantalum‐based photocatalyst is an environmentally friendly and highly stable candidate for photocatalytic coupling of methanol to EG.

Theoretical perspective on mononuclear copper‐oxygen mediated C–H and O–H activations:A comparison between biological and synthetic systems

Dioxygen activations constitute one of core issues in copper-dependent metalloenzymes. Upon O_(2) activation, copper-dependent metalloenzymes such as particulate methane monooxygenases(pM MOs), lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases(LPMOs) and binuclear copper enzymes PHM and DβM, are able to perform various challenging C–H bond activations. Meanwhile, various copper-oxygen core containing complexes have been synthetized to mimic the active species of metalloenzymes. Dioxygen activation by mononuclear copper active site may generate various copper-oxygen intermediates, including Cu(Ⅱ)-superoxo, Cu(Ⅱ)-hydroperoxo, Cu(Ⅱ)-oxyl as well as the Cu(Ⅲ)-hydroxide species. Intriguingly, all these species have been invoked as the potential active intermediates for C–H/O–H activations in either biological or synthetic systems. Due to the poor understanding on reactivities of copper-oxygen complex, the nature of active species in both biological and synthetic systems are highly controversial. In this account, we will compare the reactivities of various mononuclear copper-oxygen species between biological systems and the synthetic systems. The present study is expected to provide the consistent understanding on reactivities of various copper-oxygen active species in both biological and synthetic systems.

STUDIES OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY CALCULATION ON VALENCE-BOND STRUCTURE AND HYDRATION ACTIVTY OF C_(12)A_7

The structure, chemical bonds and hydra-tion activity of C12A were studied by SCC-DV-Xa method of computational quantum chemistry. The calculated results show that Ca-O bond will be first broken off when C12A hydrates, the reactivity of Al(2)O4 tetrahedron is superior to that of Al(1)O4 tet, thedron and the rupture of the Al-O-Al chain composed of two types of AlO4 tetrahedra under the action of water lies in the very weak Al(2)-O(2) bonds. the Al-O bond strength of C12A7 is between C3A and C11A7·CaF2.

Competition between C-C and C-H Activation in Reactions of Neutral Nickel Atom with Cycloalkanes （n = 3-7）

A theoretical investigation of the reaction mechanisms for C-H and C-C bond activation processes in the reaction of Ni with cycloalkanes C,,H2. （n = 3-7） is carried out. For the Ni ＋ CnH2, （n = 3, 4） reactions, the major and minor reaction channels involve C-C and C-H bond activations, respectively, whereas Ni atom prefers the attacking of C-H bond over the C-C bond in CnH2n （n = 5=7）. The results are in good agreement with the experimental study. In all cases, intermediates and transition states along the reaction paths of interest are characterized, It is found that both the C-H and C-C bond activation processes are proposed to proceed in a one-step manner via one transition state. The overall C-H and C-C bond activation processes are exothermic and involve low energy barriers, thus transition metal atom Ni is a good mediator for the activity of cycloalkanes CnH2n （n = 3 -7）.

Construction of a Metallacyclopentadiene Ring through the Attack of Carbanions to M≡C Bond Followed by C—H Activation

Metallacyclopentadienes are important metallacycles and regarded as intermediates in many reactions,therefore,new methods to achieve them are anticipated.In this study,a formal[3+2]method,through the reactions of an osmapentalyne with benzyl carbanions,was developed.The reactions underwent a nucleophilic attack of carbanions to the Os≡C bond,followed by C—H activation to form the five-membered osmacyclopentadiene ring.Most of the reactions were carried out at room temperature,the substituents on the aromatic rings of benzyl carbanions are diverse,and the resulting products contain an Os—H bond,representing a novel type of 10C-carbolong complexes.This work provides a new convenient route to construct metallacyclopentadienes,which is expected to further promote the development of such a type of substances.

铁卟啉催化氧化邻、对硝基取代芳烃α-C-H键的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法对铁卟啉催化氧化邻、对硝基取代芳烃(甲苯、乙苯、异丙苯)α-C-H键的反应进行研究,并将其与无硝基取代芳烃α-C-H键的氧化反应进行比较,重点考察铁卟啉催化氧化邻硝基取代芳烃和对硝基取代芳烃α-C-H键反应活性的差异,并探究影响反应活性的本质因素。通过计算取代芳烃α-C-H键的键解离能及铁卟啉催化氧化芳烃α-C-H键的反应活化能发现,由于硝基与苯环的共轭效应,对硝基取代芳烃α-C-H键的键解离能减小,铁卟啉高价金属氧化物氧化对硝基取代芳烃α-C-H键反应的活化能较低。邻硝基取代芳烃除共轭效应外还存在空间位阻效应,且空间位阻效应占主导作用。空间位阻效应使得邻硝基取代芳烃α-C-H键的键解离能增大,铁卟啉高价金属氧化物氧化邻硝基取代芳烃α-C-H键反应的活化能较高。对芳烃α-C-H键氧化反应的活化能进一步分析发现,过渡态结构中芳烃与铁卟啉高价金属氧化物之间的相互作用能相对较小,形变能是影响反应活化能的主要因素,且形变能主要来自于芳烃分子的形变。

单原子合金对烷基C-H键活化调控的理论研究

单原子合金是指活性金属原子分散在Cu、Ag或Au载体上所构成的催化剂,近年来已成为单原子催化研究中的一颗“新星”.单原子合金上孤立活性位点与载体金属的电子结构不同,具有奇异的电子结构,故通常表现出独特的催化行为。目前尚缺乏一种可靠的单原子合金催化特性描述符.本文系统地考察了甲烷、丙烷和乙苯在15种Rh、Ir、Ni、Pd和Pt掺杂Cu(111)、Ag(111)和Au(111)单原子合金上初始C-H键活化.密度泛函计算表明,烷基C-H键的活化能垒与d带中心和H原子吸附相关较差,而与反应能之间相关性较好.理论分析表明,C原子在顶位的吸附与C-H活化过渡态之间存在着轨道相互作用的相似性,不仅涉及到对d,2轨道给予,也涉及day/dy≥轨道的元反馈.据此,C原子吸附能与甲烷、丙烷和乙苯C-H键活化能也具有很强的相关性(R2>0.9).

C_(18)环基过渡金属(Os,Ir)单原子对甲烷C—H的活化

由于高度的化学稳定性,作为天然气主要成分的甲烷分子的转化和利用极富挑战性和研究意义.然而,这一问题的突破有赖于甲烷C—H的活化,特别是温和条件下活化催化剂的研发.本文采用密度泛函理论方法计算考察了过渡金属TM(Os, Ir)单原子-碳18环(TMC_(18))对甲烷C—H的活化.结果表明,相对于TM单原子,TM单原子键合在碳18环上后,显著降低了甲烷C—H的活化能垒;而相较于TM单价阳离子,则削弱了C—H键裂解物种CH_(3)与TM的结合力.结合力较弱的TM-CH_(3),对物种CH_(3)的脱附或进一步转化为附加值高的化学品有利.对TM-碳18环间的作用进行分析发现,碳18环通过与TM的d-π共轭,呈现良好的储存和吸电子的作用,进而可以促进甲烷C—H活化能垒的降低.碳18环基TM单原子具有温和条件下高效活化甲烷C—H的潜力.

不对称C―H/C―H交叉脱氢偶联反应研究进展

近年来交叉脱氢偶联(CDC)反应在有机合成化学领域受到广泛关注,该策略在构建碳-碳键的反应中避免了底物的预官能团化,具有很高的原子经济性,符合绿色化学的发展要求。通过不对称CDC反应可以实现立体选择性构建碳-碳键,是目前有机合成中的热点研究领域。本文综述了不对称CDC反应研究进展,并对该领域未来的发展方向进行了展望。

基于过硫酸钠氧化的烯丙位C-H键官能团化的研究

设计一种Na_(2)S_(2)O_(8)与金属Cu^(2+)和Co^(2+)催化氧化的交叉脱氢偶联反应,从而实现烯丙位C-H键官能团化的新方法。研究发现,以0.2当量CuSO 4和0.1当量CoCl 2为催化剂,2.0当量Na_(2)S_(2)O_(8)为氧化剂,乙腈为溶剂,80℃下进行环己烯与乙酰丙酮的交叉脱氢偶联反应,可以实现环己烯烯丙位C-H键的直接官能团化,此方法也适用于与环己烯和乙酰丙酮相似结构的化合物,产率41%~56%。该方法成本低、毒性小、操作简单且易于实现烯丙位C-H键的直接官能团化,具有底物及亲核试剂应用的广泛性。

Rh催化C-C键选择性活化反应的密度泛函理论研究进展

过渡金属催化C—C键活化反应能快速构建复杂有机分子,是当今有机合成领域的研究热点。特别是过渡金属Rh催化C—C键选择性活化反应具有巨大的应用潜力。对近些年铑催化四元环上、直链上的C—C键选择性活化反应的密度泛函理论研究成果进行了总结,尤其对反应机理和C—C键区域选择性活化的来源做出解释。强调计算结论与实验结论的一致性,旨在为判断C—C键活化反应的选择性提供有益参考。

K_(2)CO_(3)辅助钯催化C-H活化反应的理论研究

K_(2)CO_(3)是一种常见的碱金属碳酸盐,在有机合成中常被用作碱性添加剂,以加快过渡金属尤其是钯催化C-H活化反应的速率或提高反应产率。因此,研究K_(2)CO_(3)辅助的钯催化C-H活化反应成为近年来有机合成和理论计算领域的热点之一。本文对近十年来K_(2)CO_(3)辅助钯催化C-H活化反应的最新理论研究进展进行分类总结,重点对钯催化C-H活化反应的微观机理、K_(2)CO_(3)的作用机制等进行了深入探讨,并对该领域的发展前景进行展望。

铜催化C-H活化/C-S偶联反应合成环烷基芳基硫醚

为设计一种利用廉价催化剂以达成C-H活化构建C-S的方法,本文研究了铜催化C-H活化/C-S偶联反应合成系列环烷基芳基硫醚化合物。以芳基磺酰肼与环烷烃为原料,溴化亚铜为催化剂,二叔丁基过氧化物(DTBP)为氧化剂,120℃反应24 h,经氧化脱氮C-H活化/C-S偶联串联反应过程,合成了系列环烷基芳基硫醚化合物。该反应适合环戊烷、环己烷、环庚烷、环辛烷和环十二烷等环烷烃和不同取代基团(甲氧基、硝基、氯和甲基)的芳基酰肼,合成得到了18个芳基硫醚类化合物,产率为41%~72%。其结构经^(1)H NMR、^(13)C NMR和HR-MS进行了表征。

Optimal activated carbon for separation of CO_2 from(H_2 + CO_2) gas mixture

Seven types of activated carbon were used to investigate the effect of their structure on separation of CO2 from（H2 ＋ CO2） gas mixture by the adsorption method at ambient temperature and higher pressures. The results showed that the limiting factors for separation of CO2 from 53.6 mol% H2 ＋ 46.4 mol% CO2 mixture and from 85.1 mol% H2 ＋ 14.9 mol% CO2 mixture were different at 20 °C and about 2 MPa. The best separation result could be achieved when the pore diameter of the activated carbon ranged from 0.77 to 1.20 nm, and the median particle size was about2.07 lm for 53.6 mol% H2 ＋ 46.4 mol% CO2 mixture and 1.41 lm for 85.1 mol% H2 ＋ 14.9 mol% CO2 mixture. The effect of specific area and pore diameter of activated carbon on separation CO2 from 53.6 mol% H2 ＋ 46.4 mol% CO2 mixture was more significant than that from 85.1 mol% H2 ＋ 14.9 mol% CO2 mixture. CO2 in the gas phase can be decreased from 46.4 mol% to 2.3 mol%–4.3 mol% with a two-stage separation process.

可见光促进的镍催化苄位C—H胺化反应研究

苄胺类化合物是一类重要的有机结构单元,广泛存在于生物活性分子和天然产物中。苄胺基团的引入可以有效的增加分子的生物活性,加快生物活性分子的发现过程,并可以进一步促进对天然产物衍生候选药物的探索。通过光和过渡金属双催化可以高效地实现苄位C—H键的直接胺化,从而合成一系列苄基磺酰胺类化合物。该方法具有较好的位点及化学选择性、适用范围广、普适性好,为苄胺类化合物的合成提供了一种绿色高效的方法。