Effects of a decade of organic fertilizer substitution on vegetable yield and soil phosphorus pools, phosphatase activities, and the microbial community in a greenhouse vegetable production system

Partial substitution of chemical fertilizers by organic amendments is adopted widely for promoting the availability of soil phosphorus(P)in agricultural production.However,few studies have comprehensively evaluated the effects of longterm organic substitution on soil P availability and microbial activity in greenhouse vegetable fields.A 10-year(2009–2019)field experiment was carried out to investigate the impacts of organic fertilizer substitution on soil P pools,phosphatase activities and the microbial community,and identify factors that regulate these soil P transformation characteristics.Four treatments included 100%chemical N fertilizer(4 CN),50%substitution of chemical N by manure(2 CN+2 MN),straw(2 CN+2 SN),and combined manure with straw(2 CN+1 MN+1 SN).Compared with the 4 CN treatment,organic substitution treatments increased celery and tomato yields by 6.9-13.8%and 8.6-18.1%,respectively,with the highest yields being in the 2 CN+1 MN+1 SN treatment.After 10 years of fertilization,organic substitution treatments reduced total P and inorganic P accumulation,increased the concentrations of available P,organic P,and microbial biomass P,and promoted phosphatase activities(alkaline and acid phosphomonoesterase,phosphodiesterase,and phytase)and microbial growth in comparison with the 4 CN treatment.Further,organic substitution treatments significantly increased soil C/P,and the partial least squares path model(PLS-PM)revealed that the soil C/P ratio directly and significantly affected phosphatase activities and the microbial biomass and positively influenced soil P pools and vegetable yield.Partial least squares(PLS)regression demonstrated that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi positively affected phosphatase activities.Our results suggest that organic fertilizer substitution can promote soil P transformation and availability.Combining manure with straw was more effective than applying these materials separately for developing sustainable P management practices.

Long-term fertilization and residue return affect soil stoichiometry characteristics and labile soil organic matter fractions

Ecological stoichiometry provides the possibility for linking microbial dynamics with soil carbon(C),nitrogen(N),and phosphorus(P)metabolisms in response to agricultural nutrient management.To determine the roles of fertilization and residue return with respect to ecological stoichiometry,we collected soil samples from a 30-year field experiment on residue return(maize straw)at rates of 0,2.5,and 5.0 Mg ha^-1 in combination with 8 fertilization treatments:no fertilizer(F0),N fertilizer,P fertilizer,potassium(K)fertilizer,N and P(NP)fertilizers,N and K(NK)fertilizers,P and K(PK)fertilizers,and N,P,and K(NPK)fertilizers.We measured soil organic C(SOC),total N and P,microbial biomass C,N,and P,water-soluble organic C and N,KMnO4-oxidizabIe C(KMnO4-C),and carbon management index(CMI).Compared with the control(F0 treatment without residue return),fertilization and residue return significantly increased the KMn〇4-C content and CMI.Furthermore,compared with the control,residue return significantly increased the SOC content.Moreover,the NPK treatment with residue return at 5.0 Mg ha^-1 significantly enhanced the C:N,C:P,and N:P ratios in the soil,whereas it significantly decreased the C:N and C:P ratios in soil microbial biomass.Therefore,NPK fertilizer application combined with residue return at 5.0 Mg ha^-1 could enhance the SOC content through the stoichiometric plasticity of microorganisms.Residue return and fertilization increased the soil C pools by directly modifying the microbial stoichiometry of the biomass that was C limited.

不同农田生态系统土壤碳库管理指数的研究

用高锰酸钾氧化法讨论了土壤活性碳库和碳库管理指数（ＣＰＭＩ）。结果表明：不同农田土壤活性碳含量为０４９～４９９ｍｇ／ｇ、ＣＰＭＩ为５１６～１６５。不同施肥处理对红壤ＣＰＭＩ的影响为绿肥（ＧＭ）＞厩肥（ＦＹＭ）＞ＦＹＭ＋ＮＰＫ＞参考（ＲＥＦ）＞ＮＰＫ＞对照（ＣＫ）；对水稻土为：稻草（ＲＳＣ）＞ＦＹＭ＞ＦＹＭ＋ＮＰＫ＞ＲＥＦ＞ＮＰＫ＞ＣＫ。黄棕壤ＧＭ、ＦＹＭ和ＦＹＭ＋ＮＰＫ处理的ＣＰＭＩ分别比ＲＥＦ提高了５０％、４５９％和２１９％，ＮＰＫ和ＣＫ下降了６％和３８１％。潮土施肥１０年的ＣＰＭＩ与施肥５年相比，ＦＹＭ和ＦＹＭ＋ＮＰＫ提高了２８４％和１９７％，而ＮＰＫ和ＣＫ下降８７％和１７９％。相关分析表明，ＣＰＭＩ与土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、ｐＨ相关或极相关。

施肥对土壤不同碳形态及碳库管理指数的影响

分析了施肥对土壤活性碳（CA）、微生物生物量碳（CMB）、矿化碳（CM）及碳库管理指数（CPMI）的影响。结果表明，不同土壤CA、CMB、CM及CPMI的大小为：水稻土＞黄棕壤＞红壤＞潮土。施肥对CA和CPMI，CMB和CM的影响分别为：处理3＞处理5＞处理1＞处理4＞CK，处理3＞处理5＞处理4＞处理1＞CK。在提高CA、CMB、CM及CPMI方面，稻草肥、绿肥优于厩肥，厩肥高量施用优于常量施用。施肥10年与5年相比，潮土中CPMI处理7和9上升，处理8和CK下降。相关分析表明：CPMI与土壤养分因子相关或极相关，反映了农业生产措施对土壤碳库的影响，可以运用CPMI来评估土壤碳库的变化。

宁南黄土丘陵区不同人工植被对土壤碳库的影响

运用碳库管理指数分析了被恢复后宁南黄土丘陵区不同人工植被对土壤碳库的影响,结果表明植被恢复增加各个土层土壤有机碳含量,但是活性有机碳含量表现不同,草地减少,其他植被与农田土壤活性有机碳含量差异不大。随着栽植年限的延长,土壤有机碳含量在各个土层都增加,且在0～30cm土层内增加的幅度都比较大。但是年限并不能增加土壤活性有机碳含量,说明植被恢复年限增加的是土壤非活性有机碳。植被恢复提高了土壤碳库管理指数,其中天然草地增加更为明显。

不同农田生态系统土壤碳库管理指数的研究

讨论不同农田生态系统的土壤活性碳库和碳库管理指数 ( CPMI) ,结果表明 :不同农田生态系统的土壤 CPMI明显受施肥、气候、土壤利用方式、耕种年限等因素的影响。供试土壤的活性碳含量范围为 0 .4 9～ 4 .99mg/ g,土壤 CPMI为51 .6～ 1 65。不同施肥处理对红壤 CPMI的影响顺序为绿肥 ( GM) >厩肥 ( FYM) >FYM+NPK>参考 ( REF) >NPK>对照 ( CK) ;在水稻土中 ,其相应的影响顺序为 :稻草 ( RSC) >FYM>FYM+NPK>PEF>NPK>CK。黄棕壤中 ,与 PEF的 CPMI值相比 ,GM、FYM和 FYM+NPK3个处理分别提高了 50 %、4 5.9%和 2 1 .9% ,NPK和 CK处理分别下降了6%和 38.1 %。潮土中 ,施肥 1 0 a的 CPMI值与施肥 5a的值相比较 ,FYM和 FYM+NPK处理提高了 2 8.4 %和 1 9.7% ,而 NPK和 CK处理分别下降 8.7%和 1 7.9%。相关分析表明 :CPMI与土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、p H的相关性高于 CPI、A、AI。 CPMI可灵敏地反映农业生产措施对土壤肥力。

不同经营措施对杉木人工林土壤碳库的影响

森林土壤有机碳在陆地生态系统碳循环中发挥着关键作用。以我国亚热带杉木人工林为研究对象,以常绿阔叶林为对照,分析比较了不同经营措施对土壤碳矿化、微生物特征、碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明,与连栽杉木纯林相比,杉木火力楠混交模式和轮栽模式均显著增加了土壤微生物量碳含量、土壤微生物熵、易氧化有机碳和碳库管理指数,提高了土壤微生物对底物的利用效率,土壤易氧化有机碳可作为反映土壤碳库质量的有效指标。

长期施肥对土壤活性有机碳和碳库管理指数的影响

以长期定位试验为研究对象,分析了长期施肥对土壤不同层次活性碳的影响,并计算了各处理的碳库指数和碳库管理指数。结果表明,土壤活性碳均随土层的增加而减少0,～7.5 cm土层的活性有机碳平均比7.5～15 cm、15～30 cm、30～50 cm高出6.6%、23.4%、57.1%。施肥均可以提高土壤活性有机碳和碳库指数。单施有机肥培肥土壤和有机肥、化肥的配合施肥对提高土壤中活性有机碳的作用较单纯施用化肥更为显著。施肥除了绿+N、秸+N、农+绿+N处理的碳库管理指数降低外,其它各处理的碳库管理指数均有所增加。农业生产中必须重视有机肥的合理施用,使土壤碳库处于良性状态,最终才有可能维持土壤的可持续性利用。

施肥对黑土活性有机碳和碳库管理指数的影响

运用更有效的量化指标来了解和表征土壤碳库的变化是研究土壤碳库动态平衡的基础,也是评价土壤肥力和生态系统的可持续性的必要手段。我们采用土壤碳库管理指数,讨论了国家黑土肥力监测区内的不同施肥情况下土壤碳库的变化。结果显示:施肥与否、施肥种类和数量均对土壤活性有机碳和土壤碳库管理指数有非常显著的影响,施肥尤其高量有机肥与化肥(NPK)配施。更有助于土壤活性有机碳的增加,相应地也就提高了土壤碳库管理指数(CMPI),M2+CK、M4+CK、MO+NPK、M1+NPK、1.5M1+NPK、M2+NPK、M4+NPK各施肥处理对土壤活性有机碳提高的贡献率分别高达15.6％、24.8％、63.6％、135.1％、144.2％、185.9％和256.5％,对土壤碳库管理指数的提高系数达0.48、0.72、1.17、3.21、4.70、7.86和10.44。农业生产中必须切实地重视高量有机肥与化肥(NPK)的配施,以求保持土壤肥力,提高土壤质量,使土壤碳库处于良性状态,最终达到维持土壤的可持续利用之目的。