There is no question that learning a foreign language like English is different from learning other subjects, mainly because it is new to us Chinese and there is no enough environment. But that doesn’t mean we have n...There is no question that learning a foreign language like English is different from learning other subjects, mainly because it is new to us Chinese and there is no enough environment. But that doesn’t mean we have no way to learn it and do it well .If asked to identify the most powerful influences on learning, motivation would probably be high on most teachers’ and learners’ lists. It seems only sensible to assume that English learning is most likely to occur when the learners want to learn. That is, when motivation such as interest, curiosity, or a desire achieves, the learners would be engaged in learning. However, how do we teachers motivate our students to like learning and learn well? Here, rewards both extrinsic and intrinsic are of great value and play a vital role in English learning.展开更多
This essay aims at illustrate the important role, of reward and punishment in education from a psychological viewpoint. According to Stimulus and Response theory, reward and punishment are now commonly used by teacher...This essay aims at illustrate the important role, of reward and punishment in education from a psychological viewpoint. According to Stimulus and Response theory, reward and punishment are now commonly used by teachers to encourage both congnitive activities and appropriate behaviour in classroom . Either of them can be used to encourage or supervise the students in learning, and rewarding is fawoured. However reward mechanism must be used properly and under control. It should 't be overused. Also, there is a place for punishment in education because errors need to be pointed out and antisocial behaviour should be corrected. It can be applied only when the intensity, duration and timing are carefully considered. In a word , reward system . is undoubtedly to have positive effect while punishment is proved to cause unpredictable result. Those specific informations are mentioned in the essay that follows.展开更多
目的分析重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)护理不良事件主动非惩罚奖励性内网上报的效果。方法回顾2017年—2019年ICU内网上报的141例不良事件,对ICU护理不良事件发生的类型、级别、原因、时段、护士层级、工作年限进行分析。结果...目的分析重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)护理不良事件主动非惩罚奖励性内网上报的效果。方法回顾2017年—2019年ICU内网上报的141例不良事件,对ICU护理不良事件发生的类型、级别、原因、时段、护士层级、工作年限进行分析。结果ICU护理不良事件上报率逐年上升,发生主要原因为评估不到位、带教不到位、培训不到位、沟通不足。ICU护理不良事件主要类型为:管路、院内压疮、药物、医疗处置。ICU护理不良事件主要为Ⅲ级及Ⅳ级事件,Ⅲ级事件逐年下降。ICU护理不良事件与发生时段、护士层级、护士工作年限相关。结论ICU实施主动非惩罚奖励性内网上报可有效提高护理不良事件上报率;采取“错误分享”及典型护理不良事件全院交流分享后,Ⅲ级护理不良事件的发生得到有效预防及降低。应加强对低年资护理人员的分层、重点、全覆盖培训,以及护士对患者病情的评估和沟通能力。展开更多
The human brain undergoes rapid development during childhood,with significant improvement in a wide spectrum of cognitive and affective functions.Mapping domain-and age-specific brain activity patterns has important i...The human brain undergoes rapid development during childhood,with significant improvement in a wide spectrum of cognitive and affective functions.Mapping domain-and age-specific brain activity patterns has important implications for characterizing the development of children’s cognitive and affective functions.The current mainstay of brain templates is primarily derived from structural magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),and thus is not ideal for mapping children’s cognitive and affective brain development.By integrating task-dependent functional MRI data from a large sample of 250 children(aged 7 to 12)across multiple domains and the latest easy-to-use and transparent preprocessing workflow,we here created a set of age-specific brain functional activity maps across four domains:attention,executive function,emotion,and risky decision-making.Moreover,we developed a toolbox named Developmental Brain Functional Activity maps across multiple domains that enables researchers to visualize and download domain-and age-specific brain activity maps for various needs.This toolbox and maps have been released on the Neuroimaging Informatics Tools and Resources Clearinghouse website(http://www.nitrc.org/projects/dbfa).Our study provides domain-and age-specific brain activity maps for future developmental neuroimaging studies in both healthy and clinical populations.展开更多
The prefrontal cortex(PFC)is thought to be involved in higher order cognitive functions,such as in working memory,abstract categorization,and reward processing.It has been reported that two distinct neuron classes(put...The prefrontal cortex(PFC)is thought to be involved in higher order cognitive functions,such as in working memory,abstract categorization,and reward processing.It has been reported that two distinct neuron classes(putative pyramidal cells and interneurons)in the PFC played different functional roles in neural circuits involved in forming working memory and abstract categories.However,it remains elusive how the two types of neurons process reward information in the PFC.To investigate this issue,the activity of single neurons was extracellularly recorded in the PFC of the monkey performing a reward predicting task.PFC neurons were classified into putative pyramidal cells and interneurons,respectively,based on the waveforms of action potentials.Both the two types of neurons encoded reward information and discriminated two reward conditions(the preferred reward condition vs.the nonpreferred reward condition).However,the putative pyramidal neurons had better and more reliable discriminability than the putative interneurons.Also,the pyramidal cells represented reward information in the preferred reward condition,but not in the nonpreferred reward condition by raising their firing rates relative to the baseline rates.In contrast,the interneurons encoded reward information in the nonpreferred reward condition,but not in the preferred reward condition by inhibiting their discharge rates relative to the baseline rates.These results suggested that the putative pyramidal cells and interneurons had complementary functions in reward processing.These findings may help to clarify individual functions of each type of neurons in PFC neuronal circuits involved in reward processing.展开更多
Estrogens are well known to increase locomotor activity in laboratory rodents;however,the underlying mechanism remains unclear.We used voluntary wheel running by female rats as an index of locomotor behavior to invest...Estrogens are well known to increase locomotor activity in laboratory rodents;however,the underlying mechanism remains unclear.We used voluntary wheel running by female rats as an index of locomotor behavior to investigate this issue.We first determined whether the estrogen-induced increase in locomotion was susceptible to inhibition by a physiological challenge,and next whether it was associated with dopaminergic activation in the central reward area,nucleus accumbens.Ovariectomized rats were given estradiol or the oil vehicle and housed in cages with or without running wheels.All rats were given regular rodent chow for 1 week,a sodium-deficient diet for the next week,and then were returned to a regular diet for another week.At the end of the last week,all rats were killed,brains were extracted and dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens were measured.As expected,estradiol treatment increased distance run.Surprisingly,dietary sodium deprivation further increased running,but this appeared to be related to experience with wheel running,rather than to sodium deprivation,per se.Dopamine was greater in the nucleus accumbens of estradiol-treated rats that ran compared to all other groups.Thus,the estrogen-induced increase in locomotion is a robust phenomenon that is not inhibited by a body sodium challenge and is associated with elevated levels of dopamine in reward pathways.These findings raise the possibility that the estrogen-induced increase in locomotor activity,which occurs during a hormonal milieu conducive to reproduction,may reflect mate-seeking behavior and,thereby,maximize reproductive success.展开更多
文摘There is no question that learning a foreign language like English is different from learning other subjects, mainly because it is new to us Chinese and there is no enough environment. But that doesn’t mean we have no way to learn it and do it well .If asked to identify the most powerful influences on learning, motivation would probably be high on most teachers’ and learners’ lists. It seems only sensible to assume that English learning is most likely to occur when the learners want to learn. That is, when motivation such as interest, curiosity, or a desire achieves, the learners would be engaged in learning. However, how do we teachers motivate our students to like learning and learn well? Here, rewards both extrinsic and intrinsic are of great value and play a vital role in English learning.
文摘This essay aims at illustrate the important role, of reward and punishment in education from a psychological viewpoint. According to Stimulus and Response theory, reward and punishment are now commonly used by teachers to encourage both congnitive activities and appropriate behaviour in classroom . Either of them can be used to encourage or supervise the students in learning, and rewarding is fawoured. However reward mechanism must be used properly and under control. It should 't be overused. Also, there is a place for punishment in education because errors need to be pointed out and antisocial behaviour should be corrected. It can be applied only when the intensity, duration and timing are carefully considered. In a word , reward system . is undoubtedly to have positive effect while punishment is proved to cause unpredictable result. Those specific informations are mentioned in the essay that follows.
文摘目的分析重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)护理不良事件主动非惩罚奖励性内网上报的效果。方法回顾2017年—2019年ICU内网上报的141例不良事件,对ICU护理不良事件发生的类型、级别、原因、时段、护士层级、工作年限进行分析。结果ICU护理不良事件上报率逐年上升,发生主要原因为评估不到位、带教不到位、培训不到位、沟通不足。ICU护理不良事件主要类型为:管路、院内压疮、药物、医疗处置。ICU护理不良事件主要为Ⅲ级及Ⅳ级事件,Ⅲ级事件逐年下降。ICU护理不良事件与发生时段、护士层级、护士工作年限相关。结论ICU实施主动非惩罚奖励性内网上报可有效提高护理不良事件上报率;采取“错误分享”及典型护理不良事件全院交流分享后,Ⅲ级护理不良事件的发生得到有效预防及降低。应加强对低年资护理人员的分层、重点、全覆盖培训,以及护士对患者病情的评估和沟通能力。
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31522028,71834002,31530031,81571056,31521063,and 61775139)the Youth Science and Technology Innovation Program,Beijing Brain Initiative of Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Z181100001518003)+1 种基金the Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning(CNLZD1503 and CNLZD1703)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘The human brain undergoes rapid development during childhood,with significant improvement in a wide spectrum of cognitive and affective functions.Mapping domain-and age-specific brain activity patterns has important implications for characterizing the development of children’s cognitive and affective functions.The current mainstay of brain templates is primarily derived from structural magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),and thus is not ideal for mapping children’s cognitive and affective brain development.By integrating task-dependent functional MRI data from a large sample of 250 children(aged 7 to 12)across multiple domains and the latest easy-to-use and transparent preprocessing workflow,we here created a set of age-specific brain functional activity maps across four domains:attention,executive function,emotion,and risky decision-making.Moreover,we developed a toolbox named Developmental Brain Functional Activity maps across multiple domains that enables researchers to visualize and download domain-and age-specific brain activity maps for various needs.This toolbox and maps have been released on the Neuroimaging Informatics Tools and Resources Clearinghouse website(http://www.nitrc.org/projects/dbfa).Our study provides domain-and age-specific brain activity maps for future developmental neuroimaging studies in both healthy and clinical populations.
基金supported by Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas,Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research(A),and Tamagawa Global Center of Excellence,Japanthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11232005)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of ChinaShanghai Pujiang Program(Grant No.13PJ1402000)
文摘The prefrontal cortex(PFC)is thought to be involved in higher order cognitive functions,such as in working memory,abstract categorization,and reward processing.It has been reported that two distinct neuron classes(putative pyramidal cells and interneurons)in the PFC played different functional roles in neural circuits involved in forming working memory and abstract categories.However,it remains elusive how the two types of neurons process reward information in the PFC.To investigate this issue,the activity of single neurons was extracellularly recorded in the PFC of the monkey performing a reward predicting task.PFC neurons were classified into putative pyramidal cells and interneurons,respectively,based on the waveforms of action potentials.Both the two types of neurons encoded reward information and discriminated two reward conditions(the preferred reward condition vs.the nonpreferred reward condition).However,the putative pyramidal neurons had better and more reliable discriminability than the putative interneurons.Also,the pyramidal cells represented reward information in the preferred reward condition,but not in the nonpreferred reward condition by raising their firing rates relative to the baseline rates.In contrast,the interneurons encoded reward information in the nonpreferred reward condition,but not in the preferred reward condition by inhibiting their discharge rates relative to the baseline rates.These results suggested that the putative pyramidal cells and interneurons had complementary functions in reward processing.These findings may help to clarify individual functions of each type of neurons in PFC neuronal circuits involved in reward processing.
基金This study was supported by IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence(8P20GM103447,E.E.)the Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology(OCAST HR12-196,K.S.C.).
文摘Estrogens are well known to increase locomotor activity in laboratory rodents;however,the underlying mechanism remains unclear.We used voluntary wheel running by female rats as an index of locomotor behavior to investigate this issue.We first determined whether the estrogen-induced increase in locomotion was susceptible to inhibition by a physiological challenge,and next whether it was associated with dopaminergic activation in the central reward area,nucleus accumbens.Ovariectomized rats were given estradiol or the oil vehicle and housed in cages with or without running wheels.All rats were given regular rodent chow for 1 week,a sodium-deficient diet for the next week,and then were returned to a regular diet for another week.At the end of the last week,all rats were killed,brains were extracted and dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens were measured.As expected,estradiol treatment increased distance run.Surprisingly,dietary sodium deprivation further increased running,but this appeared to be related to experience with wheel running,rather than to sodium deprivation,per se.Dopamine was greater in the nucleus accumbens of estradiol-treated rats that ran compared to all other groups.Thus,the estrogen-induced increase in locomotion is a robust phenomenon that is not inhibited by a body sodium challenge and is associated with elevated levels of dopamine in reward pathways.These findings raise the possibility that the estrogen-induced increase in locomotor activity,which occurs during a hormonal milieu conducive to reproduction,may reflect mate-seeking behavior and,thereby,maximize reproductive success.
