Fatal multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency caused by ETFDH gene mutation:A case report

BACKGROUND Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency(MADD)is a disease of rare autosomal recessive disorder.There are three types of MADD.Type I is a neonatalonset form with congenital anomalies.Type II is a neonatal-onset form without congenital anomalies.Type III is considered to a milder form and usually responds to riboflavin.However,late-onset form could also be fatal and not responsive to treatments.CASE SUMMARY We report a severe case of a young man with onset type III MADD induced by drugs and strenuous exercise characterized by rhabdomyolysis and liver dysfunction.Urine analysis indicated 12 out of 70 kinds of organic acids like glutaric acid-2 were detected.Serum analysis in genetic metabolic diseases revealed 24 out of 43 tested items were abnormal,revealing the elevation of several acylcarnitines and the reduction of carnitine in the patient.By next generation sequencing technology for gene sequencing related to fatty acid oxidation and carnitine cycle defects,a rare ETFDH gene variant was identified:NM_004453:4:C.1448C>T(p.Pro483 Leu).The patient was diagnosed with lateonset GAII.He was not responsive to riboflavin and progressively worsened into multiple organ failure that finally led to death.CONCLUSION Type III MADD can also be fatal and not responsive to treatments.

Modulating effects of acyl-CoA synthetase 5-derived mitochondrial Wnt2B palmitoylation on intestinal Wnt activity

AIM:To investigate the role of acyl-CoA synthetase 5(ACSL5)activity in Wnt signaling in intestinal surface epithelia.METHODS:Several cell lines were used to investigate the ACSL5-dependent expression and synthesis of Wnt2B,a mitochondrially expressed protein of the Wnt signaling family.Wnt activity was functionally assessed with a luciferase reporter assay.ACSL5-related biochemical Wnt2B modifications were investigatedwith a modified acyl-exchange assay.The findings from the cell culture models were verified using an Apcmin/+mouse model as well as normal and neoplastic diseased human intestinal tissues.RESULTS:In the presence of ACSL5,Wnt2B was unable to translocate into the nucleus and was enriched in mitochondria,which was paralleled by a significant decrease in Wnt activity.ACSL5-dependent S-palmitoylation of Wnt2B was identified as a molecular reason for mitochondrial Wnt2B accumulation.In cell culture systems,a strong relation of ACSL5 expression,Wnt2B palmitoylation,and degree of malignancy were found.Using normal mucosa,the association of ACSL5 and Wnt2B was seen,but in intestinal neoplasias the mechanism was only rudimentarily observed.CONCLUSION:ACSL5 mediates antiproliferative activities via Wnt2B palmitoylation with diminished Wnt activity.The molecular pathway is probably relevant for intestinal homeostasis,overwhelmed by other pathways in carcinogenesis.

Intestinal acyl-CoA synthetase 5: Activation of long chain fatty acids and behind

The intestinal mucosa is characterized by a high complexity in terms of structure and functions and allows for a controlled demarcation towards the gut lumen.On the one hand it is responsible for pulping and selective absorption of alimentary substances ensuring the immunological tolerance,on the other hand it prevents the penetration of micro-organisms as well as bacterial outgrowth.The continuous regeneration of surface epithelia along the crypt-villus-axis in the small intestine is crucial to assuring these various functions.The core phenomena of intestinal epithelia regeneration comprise cell proliferation,migration,differentiation,and apoptosis.These partly contrarily oriented processes are molecularly balanced through numerous interacting signaling pathways like Wnt/β-catenin,Notch and Hedgehog,and regulated by various modifying factors.One of these modifiers is acyl-CoA synthetase 5(ACSL5).It plays a key role in de novo lipid synthesis,fatty acid degradation and membrane modifications,and regulates several intestinal processes,primarily through different variants of protein lipidation,e.g.,palmitoylation.ACSL5 was shown to interact with proapoptotic molecules,and besides seems to inhibit proliferation along the crypt-villus-axis.Because of its proapoptotic and antiproliferative characteristics it could be of significant relevance for intestinal homeostasis,cellular disorder and tumor development.

Late-onset multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency with cardiac syncope: A case report

BACKGROUND Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency(MADD)is an uncommon autosomal recessive disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation.Syncope is a transient loss of consciousness due to acute global cerebral hypoperfusion.Late-onset MADD with syncope has not been reported previously.CASE SUMMARY We report a 17-year-old girl with exercise intolerance and muscle weakness.She felt palpitation and shortness of breath after short bouts of exercise.She also suffered from a transient loss of consciousness many times.Muscle biopsy showed lipid storage.Genetic mutation analysis indicated a compound heterozygous mutation c.250G>A(p.A84T)and c.872T>G(p.V291G)in the ETFDH gene.The results of Holter electrocardiogram monitoring showed supraventricular tachycardia when the patient experienced a loss of consciousness.After treatment with riboflavin and carnitine,muscle weakness and palpitation symptoms improved rapidly.No loss of consciousness occurred,and the Holter electrocardiogram monitoring was normal.CONCLUSION Late-onset MADD with supraventricular tachycardia can cause cardiac syncope.Carnitine and riboflavin supplement were beneficial for treating the late-onset MADD with cardiac syncope.Attention should be paid to the prevention of cardiac syncope when diagnosing late-onset MADD.

Polymorphism of rs1044925 in the acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 gene and serum lipid levels in the Guangxi Bai Ku Yao and Han populations

Background The association of rs1044925 polymorphism in the acyl- CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-1(ACAT-1) gene and serum lipid profiles is not well known in different ethnic groups.Bai Ku Yao is a special subgroup of the Yao minority in China.The present study was carried out to clarify the association of rs1044925 polymorphism in the ACAT-1 gene and several environmental factors with serum lipid levels in the Guangxi Bai Ku Yao and Han populations. Methods A total of 626 subjects of Bai Ku Yao and 624 participants of Han Chinese were randomly selected from our previous stratified randomized cluster samples.Genotyping of rs 1044925 polymorphism in the ACAT-1 gene was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism combined with gel electrophoresis,and then confirmed by direct sequencing.Results The levels of serum total cholesterol(TC),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),apolipoprotein(Apo) AI and ApoB were lower in Bai Ku Yao than in Han(P【0.01 for all).The frequency of A and C alleles was 79.0%and 21.0%in Bai Ku Yao,and 87.3%and 12.7%in Han(P【0.001);respectively.The frequency of AA,AC and CC genotypes was 63.2%,31.4% and 5.2%in Bai Ku Yao,and 75.6%,23.2%and 1.1%in Han(P【0.001);respectively.The levels of TC,LDL-C and ApoB in Bai Ku Yao but not in Han were different between the AA and AC/CC genotypes in females but not in males (P【0.05 for all).The C allele carriers had lower serum TC, LDL-C and ApoB levels as compared with the C allele non-carriers. The levels of TC,LDL-C and ApoB in Bai Ku Yao but not in Han were correlated with genotypes in females but not in males(P【0.05 for all).Serum lipid parameters were also correlated with sex,age,body massindex,alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking,and blood pressure in both ethnic groups(P【0.05-0.001).Conclusions These results suggest that the polymorphism of rs1044925 associated with female serum TC,LDL-C and ApoB levels in the Bai Ku Yao population.The C allele carriers had more favorable serum TC,LDL-C and ApoB levels than the C allele noncarriers. in the ACAT-1 gene is

Fatty acid metabolism and acyl-CoA synthetases in the liver-gut axis

Fatty acids are energy substrates and cell components which participate in regulating signal transduction,transcription factor activity and secretion of bioactive lipid mediators.The acyl-CoA synthetases(ACSs)family containing 26 family members exhibits tissue-specific distribution,distinct fatty acid substrate preferences and diverse biological functions.Increasing evidence indicates that dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism in the liver-gut axis,designated as the bidirectional relationship between the gut,microbiome and liver,is closely associated with a range of human diseases including metabolic disorders,inflammatory disease and carcinoma in the gastrointestinal tract and liver.In this review,we depict the role of ACSs in fatty acid metabolism,possible molecular mechanisms through which they exert functions,and their involvement in hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma,with particular attention paid to long-chain fatty acids and small-chain fatty acids.Additionally,the liver-gut communication and the liver and gut intersection with the microbiome as well as diseases related to microbiota imbalance in the liver-gut axis are addressed.Moreover,the development of potentially therapeutic small molecules,proteins and compounds targeting ACSs in cancer treatment is summarized.

Modulation of peroxisomes abundance by argan oil and lipopolysaccharides in acyl-CoA oxidase 1-deficient fibroblasts

Pseudo-neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (P-NALD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) deficiency with subsequent impairment of peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation, accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and strong reduction in peroxisome abundance. Increase in peroxisome number has been previously suggested to improve peroxisomal disorders, and in this perspective, the present work was aimed at exploring whether modulation of peroxisomes abundance could be achieved in P-NALD fibroblasts. Here we showed that treatment with the natural Argan oil induced peroxisome proliferation in P-NALD fibroblasts. This induction was independent on activations of both nuclear receptor PPARα and its coactivator PGC-1α. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) treatment, which caused inflammation, induced also a peroxisome proliferation that, in contrast, was dependent on activations of PPARα and PGC-1α. By its ability to induce peroxisome proliferation, Argan oil is suggested to be of potential therapeutic use in patients with P-NALD.

Human intestinal acyl-CoA synthetase 5 is sensitive to the inhibitor triacsin C

AIM:To investigate whether human acyl-CoA synthetase 5(ACSL5) is sensitive to the ACSL inhibitor triacsin C.METHODS:The ACSL isoforms ACSL1 and ACSL5 from rat as well as human ACSL5 were cloned and recombinantly expressed as 6xHis-tagged enzymes.Ni 2+-affinity purified recombinant enzymes were assayed at pH 7.5 or pH 9.5 in the presence or absence of triacsin C.In addition,ACSL5 transfected CaCo2 cells and intestinal human mucosa were monitored.ACSL5 expression in cellular systems was verified using Western blot and immunofluorescence.The ACSL assay mix included TrisHCl(pH 7.4),ATP,CoA,EDTA,DTT,MgCl 2,[9,103 H] palmitic acid,and triton X-100.The 200 μL reaction was initiated with the addition of solubilized,purified recombinant proteins or cellular lysates.Reactions were terminated after 10,30 or 60 min of incubation with Doles medium.RESULTS:Expression of soluble recombinant ACSL proteins was found after incubation with isopropyl betaD-1-thiogalactopyranoside and after ultracentrifugation these were further purified to near homogeneity with Ni 2+-affinity chromatography.Triacsin C selectively and strongly inhibited recombinant human ACSL5 protein at pH 7.5 and pH 9.5,as well as recombinant rat ACSL1(sensitive control),but not recombinant rat ACSL5(insensitive control).The IC50 for human ACSL5 was about 10 μmol/L.The inhibitory triacsin C effect was similar for different incubation times(10,30 and 60 min) and was not modified by the N-or C-terminal location of the 6xHis-tag.In order to evaluate ACSL5 sensitivity to triacsin C in a cellular environment,stable human ACSL5 CaCo2 transfectants and mechanically dissected normal human intestinal mucosa with high physiological expression of ACSL5 were analyzed.In both models,ACSL5 peak activity was found at pH 7.5 and pH 9.5,corresponding to the properties of recombinant human ACSL5 protein.In the presence of triacsin C(25 μmol/L),total ACSL activity was dramatically diminished in human ACSL5 transfectants as well as in ACSL5-rich human intestinal mucosa.CONCLUSION:The data strongly indicate that human ACSL5 is sensitive to triacsin C and does not compensate for other triacsin C-sensitive ACSL isoforms.

Metformin alleviates spinal cord injury by inhibiting nerve cell ferroptosis through upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression

Previous studies have reported upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 in different central nervous system injury models.Heme oxygenase-1 plays a critical anti-inflammatory role and is essential for regulating cellular redox homeostasis.Metformin is a classic drug used to treat type 2 diabetes that can inhibit ferroptosis.Previous studies have shown that,when used to treat cardiovascular and digestive system diseases,metformin can also upregulate heme oxygenase-1 expression.Therefore,we hypothesized that heme oxygenase-1 plays a significant role in mediating the beneficial effects of metformin on neuronal ferroptosis after spinal cord injury.To test this,we first performed a bioinformatics analysis based on the GEO database and found that heme oxygenase-1 was upregulated in the lesion of rats with spinal cord injury.Next,we confirmed this finding in a rat model of T9 spinal cord compression injury that exhibited spinal cord nerve cell ferroptosis.Continuous intraperitoneal injection of metformin for 14 days was found to both upregulate heme oxygenase-1 expression and reduce neuronal ferroptosis in rats with spinal cord injury.Subsequently,we used a lentivirus vector to knock down heme oxygenase-1 expression in the spinal cord,and found that this significantly reduced the effect of metformin on ferroptosis after spinal cord injury.Taken together,these findings suggest that metformin inhibits neuronal ferroptosis after spinal cord injury,and that this effect is partially dependent on upregulation of heme oxygenase-1.

代谢工程改造酿酒酵母高效合成游离脂肪酸

该文以酿酒酵母BY4741作为底盘细胞,通过系统代谢工程改造提高游离脂肪酸(free fatty acid,FFAs)的合成。首先,通过删除酰基CoA合成酶FAA1、FAA4以及FAT1的编码基因,提高FFAs的合成,酵母工程菌株FFAs达到384.4 mg/L。进一步,通过敲除POX 1、FAA 2和PXA 2基因,破坏了酵母细胞的β-氧化途径,使细胞外FFAs进一步提高,达到了394.9 mg/L。随后,通过敲除磷脂酸磷酸酶编码基因DPP 1,LPP 1,PAH 1,降低了磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid,PA)的去磷酸化水平,上调了获得的多基因缺失的酵母工程菌(Δfaa 1Δfaa4Δfat1Δpox1Δfaa2Δpxa2Δdpp1Δlpp1Δpah1)能够产生497.3 mg/L的细胞外游离脂肪酸,以及1332.2 mg/L的总脂肪酸。通过组合代谢工程产生的平台菌株,为未来发展脂质相关的细胞工厂提供了基础。

Clinical and muscle magnetic resonance image findings in patients with late-onset multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

Background:Late-onset multiple acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) is an autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder. It is still unclear about the muscle magnetic resonance image (MRI) pattern of the distal lower limb pre- and post-treatment in patients with late-onset MADD. This study described the clinical and genetic findings in a cohort of patients with late-onset MADD, and aimed to characterize the MRI pattern of the lower limbs.Methods:Clinical data were retrospectively collected from clinic centers of Peking University People's Hospital between February 2014 and February 2018. Muscle biopsy, blood acylcarnitines, and urine organic acids profiles, and genetic analysis were conducted to establish the diagnosis of MADD in 25 patients. Muscle MRI of the thigh and leg were performed in all patients before treatment. Eight patients received MRI re-examinations after treatment.Results:All patients presented with muscle weakness or exercise intolerance associated with variants in the electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase gene. Muscle MRI showed a sign of both edema-like change and fat infiltration selectively involving in the soleus (SO) but sparing of the gastrocnemius (GA) in the leg. Similar sign of selective involvement of the biceps femoris longus (BFL) but sparing of the semitendinosus (ST) was observed in the thigh. The sensitivity and specificity of the combination of either "SO+/GA-" sign or "BFL+/ST-" sign for the diagnosis of late-onset MADD were 80.0% and 83.5%, respectively. Logistic regression model supported the findings. The edema-like change in the SO and BFL muscles were quickly recovered at 1 month after treatment, and the clinical symptom was also relieved.Conclusions:This study expands the clinical and genetic spectrums of late-onset MADD. Muscle MRI shows a distinct pattern in the lower limb of patients with late-onset MADD. The dynamic change of edema-like change in the affected muscles might be a potential biomarker of treatment response.

Clinical features and mutations in seven Chinese patients with very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

Background:Very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency(VLCADD)is an inherited metabolic disease caused by deleterious mutations in the ACADVL gene that encodes very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase(VLCAD),and which can present as cardiomyopathy in neonates,as hypoketotic hypoglycemia in infancy,and as myopathy in late-onset patients.Although many ACADVL mutations have been described,no prevalent mutations in the ACADVL gene have been associated with VLCADD.Herein,we report the clinical course of the disease and explore the genetic mutation spectrum in seven Chinese patients with VLCADD.Methods:Seven Chinese patients,from newborn to 17 years old,were included in this study.Tandem mass spectrometry was performed to screen for VLCAD defi ciency.All exons and fl anking introns of the ACADVL gene were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing.Online analysis tools were used to predict the impact of novel mutations.Results:All cases had elevated serum levels of tetradecanoylcarnitine(C14:1)which is the characteristic biomarker for VLCADD.The phenotype of VLCADD is heterogeneous.Two patients were hospitalized for hypoactivity and hypoglycemia shortly after birth.Three patients showed hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia in infancy.The other two adolescent patients showed initial manifestations of exercise intolerance or rhabdomyolysis.Three of the patients died at the age of 6-8 months.Eleven different mutations in the ACADVL gene in the 7 patients were identified,including seven reported mutations(p.S22X,p.W427X,p.A213T,p.G222R,p.R450H,c.296-297delCA,c.1605+1G>T)and four novel mutations(p.S72F,p.Q100X,p.M437T,p.D466Y).The p.R450H and p.D466Y(14.28%,2/14 alleles)mutations were identifi ed in two alleles respectively.Conclusions:The clinical manifestations were heterogeneous and ACADVL gene mutations were heterozygous in the seven VLCADD Chinese patients.R450H may be a relatively common mutation in Asian populations.The genotype and phenotype had a certain correlation in our patients.

利用TCGA和GEPIA2公共数据库分析ACSM3与卵巢癌预后的关系

目的 研究肿瘤基因图谱(TCGA)数据库中酰基辅酶A合成酶中链家族成员3(ACSM3)在357例卵巢癌患者中的表达量及其与患者生存状况的关系。方法 对TCGA数据库中357例卵巢癌患者的ACSM3表达量及其与生存情况的关系进行分析,寻找其共表达基因并进行基因本体(GO)富集分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)富集分析。结果 多因素Cox回归分析进一步表明,ACSM3是卵巢癌患者预后的影响因素,其共表达基因富集分析结果与炎症应答和肿瘤中基因异常转录相关。结论 ACSM3的表达对卵巢癌患者的预后具有重要的意义,高表达预后较好。ACSM3可以成为指导临床医师评估卵巢癌患者预后的重要指标。

结直肠癌组织中ACOX1、DUSP14蛋白表达变化及临床意义

目的探讨结直肠癌组织中酰基辅酶A氧化酶1(ACOX1)、双特异性磷酸酶14(DUSP14)蛋白表达变化及临床意义。方法选择手术治疗的98例CRC患者,术中取癌和癌旁组织(距肿瘤边缘>2 cm)。用免疫组化染色法检测组织中ACOX1、DUSP14蛋白,用Spearman秩相关分析CRC癌组织中ACOX1与DUSP14蛋白表达的相关性,以及二者表达与临床病理参数的关系;对患者进行随访,记录其生存状况,Cox回归模型分析CRC预后的影响因素。结果CRC癌组织、癌旁组织中ACOX1蛋白阳性表达率分别为24.49%(24/98)、84.69%(83/98),二者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CRC癌组织、癌旁组织中DUSP14蛋白阳性表达率分别为79.59%(78/98)、12.24%(12/98),二者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CRC癌组织中ACOX1与DUSP14蛋白表达呈负相关(rs=-0.792,P<0.05)。与TNM分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ期,高中分化及无淋巴结转移的CRC组织比较,TNM分期Ⅲ期、低分化程度及淋巴结转移的CRC组织中ACOX1蛋白阳性表达率低,DUSP14蛋白阳性表达率高(P均<0.05)。CRC患者随访期间死亡42例,3年总生存率为57.14%(56/98)。ACOX1蛋白表达阳性与阴性患者3年生存率分别为87.50%(21/24)、47.30%(35/74),二者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);DUSP14蛋白表达阳性与阴性患者3年生存率分别为48.72%(38/78)、90.00%(18/20),二者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ACOX1蛋白表达阴性、DUSP14蛋白表达阳性、TNM分期Ⅲ期及淋巴结转移为CRC患者预后的危险因素(P均<0.05)。结论CRC中ACOX1低表达、DUSP14高表达,二者表达变化与肿瘤发展及预后有关。

Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: prevalence of ACADM pathogenic variants c.985A>G and c.199T>C in a healthy population in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Objectives::To investigate the prevalence of ACADM pathogenic variants, c.985A>G and c.199T>C, for medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) in a healthy population in the southern region of Brazil. Methods::This was an observational cross-sectional study with a convenience sampling strategy. The participants were recruited from the blood bank of the Hospital de Clínicas of Porto Alegre, Brazil. A total of 1000 healthy individuals from the state of Rio Grande do Sul were included. Genotyping for the c.199T>C and c.985A>G variants was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique, respectively. Individuals considered heterozygous for c.985A>G were subjected to additional acylcarnitine profile analysis using tandem mass spectrometry. Carrier frequency was obtained by calculating the ratio of heterozygous individuals to the total number of individuals analyzed and reported with a 95% confidence interval. Allele and genotype frequencies were calculated based on the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.Results::The c.985A>G variant was detected as heterozygotes in three individuals (frequency of the heterozygous genotype = 1:333, allele frequency= 0.0015, minimum frequency of MCADD= 1:444,444) whose acylcarnitine profiles were within normal limits. The c.199T>C variant was not identified.Conclusions::Considering the small sample size and associated allelic heterogeneity with MCADD, these findings are believed to denote the rarity or underdiagnosis of MCADD in southern Brazil. This study provides evidence for the need for further investigation to ascertain the contribution of these diseases to child morbidity and mortality in the country.

丁酰基肉碱代谢异常新生儿的基因型和生化表型分析

目的:探讨丁酰基肉碱(C4)代谢异常新生儿的基因型和生化表型特征。方法:收集2018年1月至2023年6月在浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院经串联质谱法筛查单纯C4增高的120例新生儿初筛和召回复查的C4、C4/C3检测数据,并换算为C4增高倍数。采用液相捕获技术靶向捕获酰基辅酶A脱氢酶8(ACAD8)和短链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶(ACADS)基因的外显子及邻近50 bp区域,通过高通量测序和生物信息学分析获取基因变异信息,参考美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会分类标准进行致病性评估。采用威尔科克森秩和检验分析不同基因型新生儿C4增高倍数的差异。结果:共检出32种ACAD8基因变异型,其中7种变异型未见报道;检出41种ACADS基因变异型,其中17种变异型未见报道。ACAD8双等位基因变异39例,ACAD8单等位基因变异3例,ACADS双等位基因变异34例,ACADS单等位基因变异36例,ACAD8和ACADS双基因变异5例。ACAD8双等位基因变异组、ACADS双等位基因变异组C4增高倍数初筛值和召回值均高于ACADS单等位基因变异组(均P<0.01),且ACAD8双等位基因变异组C4增高倍数初筛值和召回值较ACADS双等位基因变异组更高(均P<0.01)。所有携带ACAD8或ACADS双等位基因变异新生儿的初筛C4增高倍数均大于1.5;而仅有25%(9/36)携带ACADS单等位基因变异的新生儿初筛C4增高倍数大于1.5。结论:ACAD8和(或)ACADS基因变异是浙江地区新生儿C4增高的主要遗传学原因,其变异型具有高度异质性。双等位基因变异者C4水平高于单等位基因变异者。常规串联质谱法新生儿筛查结果为单纯的C4增高时,其“筛查切值”可以适当提升。

反复横纹肌溶解、肾功能不全伴血色病一例

极长链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶(very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, VLCAD)缺乏症是一种罕见的常染色体隐性遗传病,其中以3型即迟发性间歇肌病型最为常见,临床表现为运动、感染、饥饿等诱发的反复横纹肌溶解。本文首次报道1例自幼起反复发作横纹肌溶解、并伴有肾功能不全和血色病病史的患者,全外显子测序发现ACADVL基因复合杂合突变,符合3型VLCAD缺乏症的诊断。进一步通过肾穿刺活检明确了该患者肾功能不全的病因,其肾脏病理以肾小管间质损伤为主要表现,未见脂质及铁沉积,为3型VLCAD缺乏症横纹肌溶解的并发症。本文回顾该患者的诊治过程并结合文献复习,以期为肾功能不全这一临床常见症状的罕见病因提供鉴别诊断思路。

长链酰基辅酶A合成酶家族的功能及在肿瘤中的研究进展

脂肪酸是维持人体正常生理功能的必需营养物质,在体内需被相关酶激活后才可以进入正常代谢途径,脂肪酸代谢失调与肿瘤发生密切相关。长链酰基辅酶A合成酶(ACSLs)负责激活长链脂肪酸,ACSLs家族包括5个成员,分别为ACSL1、ACSL3、ACSL4、ACSL5、ACSL6,不同亚型具有不同细胞定位及功能,可以催化不同脂类并影响其代谢去路。ACSLs通过调节脂肪酸代谢,广泛参与内质网应激、铁死亡、耐药和肿瘤炎症微环境,ACSLs在肿瘤中经常去调控,可以影响脂肪酸代谢,而脂肪酸可以通过激活多种转录因子与基因反应原件结合激活不同的ACSLs,肿瘤细胞和蛋白泛素化可以调节ACSLs基因的表达,从而导致肿瘤发生代谢紊乱和其他代谢性疾病的发生。Triacsin C是一种ACSLs抑制剂,对开发抗肿瘤药物有巨大潜力。本文就ACSLs在细胞中的表达与定位、生理作用、在肿瘤中的功能、分子机制进行综述,结果表明,ACSLs与肿瘤中的炎症反应、脂质代谢紊乱、肿瘤侵袭与转移相关,对肿瘤发生、发展具有重要意义,可能成为肿瘤治疗有价值的生物标志物和治疗靶点。

黄芪甲苷通过激活短链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶抑制Ang Ⅱ诱导的大鼠心肌成纤维细胞增殖和胶原表达

目的观察黄芪甲苷(astragaloside Ⅳ,AS-Ⅳ)对血管紧张素Ⅱ(angiotensin Ⅱ,Ang Ⅱ)诱导的大鼠心肌成纤维细胞(cardiac fibroblasts,CFs)增殖和胶原表达的影响。方法原代提取并体外培养大鼠CFs,用短链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶(short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase,SCAD)的沉默基因SiRNA1186预处理CFs 12 h后,加入Ang Ⅱ和AS-Ⅳ共同处理36 h。Western blot检测SCAD、α-SMA、collagen Ⅰ、collagen Ⅲ的蛋白表达水平;荧光定量PCR检测SCAD、α-SMA、collagen Ⅰ、collagen Ⅲ的mRNA表达水平;检测各组CFs中SCAD酶活性、ATP、羟脯氨酸和游离脂肪酸含量变化。结果Ang Ⅱ作用CFs 36 h后,与空白对照组比较,Ang Ⅱ组CFs增殖率,α-SMA、Collagen Ⅰ、Collagen Ⅲ的蛋白和mRNA表达水平明显增加(P均<0.01),SCAD表达和酶活性均明显降低(P<0.01,P<0.05),ATP生成减少(P<0.01),羟脯氨酸和游离脂肪酸含量升高(P均<0.01);AS-Ⅳ给药处理后,CFs增殖和胶原表达明显减少(P均<0.01),SCAD表达和酶活性明显升高(P均<0.01),ATP生成增加(P<0.01),羟脯氨酸和游离脂肪酸含量减少(P均<0.01);然而,与Ang Ⅱ+NC组相比,Ang Ⅱ+SiRNA1186+AS-Ⅳ组各项指标均无差异,在SCAD SiRNA1186的干扰下,AS-Ⅳ对Ang Ⅱ诱导的CFs增殖和胶原表达的保护作用被取消。结论AS-Ⅳ可能通过激活SCAD,从而抑制Ang Ⅱ诱导的大鼠心肌成纤维细胞增殖和胶原表达。

中国辣椒AAT基因家族的鉴定及表达分析

【目的】中国辣椒(Capsicum chinense)是辣椒主要栽培种之一,种内多数品种的果实呈现由支链酯类物质形成的浓郁果香。醇酰基转移酶(Alcohol acyl-CoA transferase,AAT)催化支链酯类合成的最后一步反应,对支链酯类含量有重要影响。鉴定中国辣椒中AAT基因家族成员并分析其组织表达模式,可为其功能研究提供参考。【方法】通过生物信息学分析和实时荧光定量PCR对中国辣椒的AAT基因家族进行鉴定及表达特征分析。【结果】从中国辣椒基因组中鉴定到10个AAT基因,分布于6条染色体上,分别命名为CcAAT1-10。理化性质预测结果显示,AAT基因家族编码的氨基酸序列长度在256~683 aa之间,分子质量范围为29~77 kDa,等电点范围为5.34~8.79,平均亲水系数均为负值,不稳定指数在23.76~51.02之间。蛋白质结构预测显示,CcAAT的二级结构以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主,三级结构差异较大。亚细胞定位预测发现CcAAT均定位于细胞质中,其基因启动子上存在16种顺式调控元件。时空表达分析显示,CcAAT5、CcAAT6在辣椒各器官中均未检测到表达,CcAAT8在花和果实中特异表达,CcAAT1、CcAAT3、CcAAT7在叶片中高表达,CcAAT4在根系中高表达。【结论】明确了中国辣椒中AAT基因家族成员和表达模式,推测CcAAT8可能是影响果实支链酯类物质含量的关键基因。