Modeling and Comprehensive Review of Signaling Storms in 3GPP-Based Mobile Broadband Networks:Causes,Solutions,and Countermeasures

Control signaling is mandatory for the operation and management of all types of communication networks,including the Third Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)mobile broadband networks.However,they consume important and scarce network resources such as bandwidth and processing power.There have been several reports of these control signaling turning into signaling storms halting network operations and causing the respective Telecom companies big financial losses.This paper draws its motivation from such real network disaster incidents attributed to signaling storms.In this paper,we present a thorough survey of the causes,of the signaling storm problems in 3GPP-based mobile broadband networks and discuss in detail their possible solutions and countermeasures.We provide relevant analytical models to help quantify the effect of the potential causes and benefits of their corresponding solutions.Another important contribution of this paper is the comparison of the possible causes and solutions/countermeasures,concerning their effect on several important network aspects such as architecture,additional signaling,fidelity,etc.,in the form of a table.This paper presents an update and an extension of our earlier conference publication.To our knowledge,no similar survey study exists on the subject.

Mechanism analysis of regulating Turing instability and Hopf bifurcation of malware propagation in mobile wireless sensor networks

A dynamical model is constructed to depict the spatial-temporal evolution of malware in mobile wireless sensor networks(MWSNs). Based on such a model, we design a hybrid control scheme combining parameter perturbation and state feedback to effectively manipulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of malware propagation. The hybrid control can not only suppress the Turing instability caused by diffusion factor but can also adjust the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation induced by time delay. Numerical simulation results show that the hybrid control strategy can efficiently manipulate the transmission dynamics to achieve our expected desired properties, thus reducing the harm of malware propagation to MWSNs.

Multilayer Satellite Network Collaborative Mobile Edge Caching:A GCN-Based Multi-Agent Approach

With the explosive growth of highdefinition video streaming data,a substantial increase in network traffic has ensued.The emergency of mobile edge caching(MEC)can not only alleviate the burden on core network,but also significantly improve user experience.Integrating with the MEC and satellite networks,the network is empowered popular content ubiquitously and seamlessly.Addressing the research gap between multilayer satellite networks and MEC,we study the caching placement problem in this paper.Initially,we introduce a three-layer distributed network caching management architecture designed for efficient and flexible handling of large-scale networks.Considering the constraint on satellite capacity and content propagation delay,the cache placement problem is then formulated and transformed into a markov decision process(MDP),where the content coded caching mechanism is utilized to promote the efficiency of content delivery.Furthermore,a new generic metric,content delivery cost,is proposed to elaborate the performance of caching decision in large-scale networks.Then,we introduce a graph convolutional network(GCN)-based multi-agent advantage actor-critic(A2C)algorithm to optimize the caching decision.Finally,extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the proposed algorithm in terms of content delivery cost and transferability.

Online Learning-Based Offloading Decision and Resource Allocation in Mobile Edge Computing-Enabled Satellite-Terrestrial Networks

Mobile edge computing(MEC)-enabled satellite-terrestrial networks(STNs)can provide Internet of Things(IoT)devices with global computing services.Sometimes,the network state information is uncertain or unknown.To deal with this situation,we investigate online learning-based offloading decision and resource allocation in MEC-enabled STNs in this paper.The problem of minimizing the average sum task completion delay of all IoT devices over all time periods is formulated.We decompose this optimization problem into a task offloading decision problem and a computing resource allocation problem.A joint optimization scheme of offloading decision and resource allocation is then proposed,which consists of a task offloading decision algorithm based on the devices cooperation aided upper confidence bound(UCB)algorithm and a computing resource allocation algorithm based on the Lagrange multiplier method.Simulation results validate that the proposed scheme performs better than other baseline schemes.

Real-Time Prediction of Urban Traffic Problems Based on Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Mobile Ad Hoc Networks(MANETS)

Traffic in today’s cities is a serious problem that increases travel times,negatively affects the environment,and drains financial resources.This study presents an Artificial Intelligence(AI)augmentedMobile Ad Hoc Networks(MANETs)based real-time prediction paradigm for urban traffic challenges.MANETs are wireless networks that are based on mobile devices and may self-organize.The distributed nature of MANETs and the power of AI approaches are leveraged in this framework to provide reliable and timely traffic congestion forecasts.This study suggests a unique Chaotic Spatial Fuzzy Polynomial Neural Network(CSFPNN)technique to assess real-time data acquired from various sources within theMANETs.The framework uses the proposed approach to learn from the data and create predictionmodels to detect possible traffic problems and their severity in real time.Real-time traffic prediction allows for proactive actions like resource allocation,dynamic route advice,and traffic signal optimization to reduce congestion.The framework supports effective decision-making,decreases travel time,lowers fuel use,and enhances overall urban mobility by giving timely information to pedestrians,drivers,and urban planners.Extensive simulations and real-world datasets are used to test the proposed framework’s prediction accuracy,responsiveness,and scalability.Experimental results show that the suggested framework successfully anticipates urban traffic issues in real-time,enables proactive traffic management,and aids in creating smarter,more sustainable cities.

Quality of Service and Security on Cisco Network Devices, Coupled with the Development of a Mobile Application Prototype Software for Server Room Temperature Monitoring

In an era where digital technology is paramount, higher education institutions like the University of Zambia (UNZA) are employing advanced computer networks to enhance their operational capacity and offer cutting-edge services to their academic fraternity. Spanning across the Great East Road campus, UNZA has established one of the most extensive computer networks in Zambia, serving a burgeoning community of over 20,000 active users through a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). However, as the digital landscape continues to evolve, it is besieged with burgeoning challenges that threaten the very fabric of network integrity—cyber security threats and the imperatives of maintaining high Quality of Service (QoS). In an effort to mitigate these threats and ensure network efficiency, the development of a mobile application to monitor temperatures in the server room was imperative. According to L. Wei, X. Zeng, and T. Shen, the use of wireless sensory networks to monitor the temperature of train switchgear contact points represents a cost-effective solution. The system is based on wireless communication technology and is detailed in their paper, “A wireless solution for train switchgear contact temperature monitoring and alarming system based on wireless communication technology”, published in the International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 79-87, 2015 [1]. Therefore, in this study, a mobile application technology was explored for monitoring of temperatures in the server room in order to aid Cisco device performance. Additionally, this paper also explores the hardening of Cisco device security and QoS which are the cornerstones of this study.

Analysis of Mobile and Internet Network Coverage: Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves and Concept of Digital Divide in Burundi

Mobile and Internet network coverage plays an important role in digital transformation and the exploitation of new services. The evolution of mobile networks from the first generation (1G) to the 5th generation is still a long process. 2G networks have developed the messaging service, which complements the already operational voice service. 2G technology has rapidly progressed to the third generation (3G), incorporating multimedia data transmission techniques. It then progressed to fourth generation (4G) and LTE (Long Term Evolution), increasing the transmission speed to improve 3G. Currently, developed countries have already moved to 5G. In developing countries, including Burundi, a member of the East African Community (ECA) where more than 80% are connected to 2G technologies, 40% are connected to the 3G network and 25% to the 4G network and are not yet connected to the 5G network and then still a process. The objective of this article is to analyze the coverage of 2G, 3G and 4G networks in Burundi. This analysis will make it possible to identify possible deficits in order to reduce the digital divide between connected urban areas and remote rural areas. Furthermore, this analysis will draw the attention of decision-makers to the need to deploy networks and coverage to allow the population to access mobile and Internet services and thus enable the digitalization of the population. Finally, this article shows the level of coverage, the digital divide and an overview of the deployment of base stations (BTS) throughout the country to promote the transformation and digital inclusion of services.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network与Internet互联的技术研究

分析了移动IP和AODV协议的工作机理,对MANET与Internet互联的关键技术,包括协议转换、地址分配、网关发现、路由发现与数据传输等问题进行了详细的讨论,并对今后的研究工作进行了展望。

A Minimum Cost Handover Algorithm for Mobile Satellite Networks

For mobile satellite networks, an appropriate handover scheme should be devised to shorten handover delay with optimized application of network resources. By introducing the handover cost model of service, this article proposes a rerouting triggering scheme for path optimization after handover and a new minimum cost handover algorithm for mobile satellite networks. This algorithm ensures the quality of service （QoS） parameters, such as delay, during the handover and minimizes the handover costs. Simulation indicates that this algorithm is superior to other current algorithms in guaranteeing the QoS and decreasing handover costs.

Adaptive and distance-driven power control scheme in mobile ad hoc networks

In order to save the energy and reduce the latency of the end-to-end transmission in mobile ad hoc networks an adaptive and distance-driven power control ADPC scheme is proposed by means of distance research in random geometrics. Through mathematical proof the optimal number of relay nodes and the optimal location of each node for data transmission can be obtained when a distance is given.In the ADPC first the source node computes the optimal number and the sites of the relay nodes between the source and the destination nodes.Then it searches feasible relay nodes around the optimal virtual relay-sites and selects one link with the minimal total transmission energy consumption for data transmission.Simulation results show that the ADPC can reduce both the energy dissipation and the end-to-end latency of the transmission.

Improved approach to enhanced Internet connectivity for mobile ad hoc networks

An improved internetworking approach is proposed to enhance the Internet connectivity which is deteriorated due to unidirectional links and blind rebroadcasting of gateway discovery packets for mobile ad hoc networks. The hybrid gateway discovery scheme that combined the advantages of a proactive and reactive gateway discovery approach is used to achieve high connectivity while keeping overhead costs low. By exchanging ad hoc on-demand distance vector （AODV） hello packet which includes additional fields named symmetric neighbor list and asymmetric neighbor list, unidirectional links are removed from route computation and broadcast storm can also be relieved simultaneously. Performance results using ns-2 simulations, under varying numbers of unidirectional links and node speeds, show that this improved Internet connectivity approach can provide better performance than others.

Machine Learning for 5G and Beyond:From ModelBased to Data-Driven Mobile Wireless Networks

During the past few decades,mobile wireless communications have experienced four generations of technological revolution,namely from 1 G to 4 G,and the deployment of the latest 5 G networks is expected to take place in 2019.One fundamental question is how we can push forward the development of mobile wireless communications while it has become an extremely complex and sophisticated system.We believe that the answer lies in the huge volumes of data produced by the network itself,and machine learning may become a key to exploit such information.In this paper,we elaborate why the conventional model-based paradigm,which has been widely proved useful in pre-5 G networks,can be less efficient or even less practical in the future 5 G and beyond mobile networks.Then,we explain how the data-driven paradigm,using state-of-the-art machine learning techniques,can become a promising solution.At last,we provide a typical use case of the data-driven paradigm,i.e.,proactive load balancing,in which online learning is utilized to adjust cell configurations in advance to avoid burst congestion caused by rapid traffic changes.

Neural Network-Based Adaptive Motion Control for a Mobile Robot with Unknown Longitudinal Slipping

When the mobile robot performs certain motion tasks in complex environment, wheel slipping inevitably occurs due to the wet or icy road and other reasons, thus directly influences the motion control accuracy. To address unknown wheel longitudinal slipping problem for mobile robot, a RBF neural network approach based on whole model approximation is presented. The real-time data acquisition of inertial measure unit(IMU), encoders and other sensors is employed to get the mobile robot’s position and orientation in the movement, which is applied to compensate the unknown bounds of the longitudinal slipping using the adaptive technique. Both the simulation and experimental results prove that the control scheme possesses good practical performance and realize the motion control with unknown longitudinal slipping.

Multi-agent cooperative intrusion response in mobile adhoc networks

The nature of adhoc networks makes them vulnerable to security attacks. Many security technologies such as intrusion prevention and intrusion detection are passive in response to intrusions in that their countermea- sures are only to protect the networks, and there is no automated network-wide counteraction against detected intrusions, the architecture of cooperation intrusion response based multi-agent is propose. The architecture is composed of mobile agents. Monitor agent resides on every node and monitors its neighbor nodes. Decision agent collects information from monitor nodes and detects an intrusion by security policies. When an intruder is found in the architecture, the block agents will get to the neighbor nodes of the intruder and form the mobile firewall to isolate the intruder. In the end, we evaluate it by simulation.

Distributed intrusion detection for mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networking （MANET） has become an exciting and important technology in recent years, because of the rapid proliferation of wireless devices. Mobile ad hoc networks is highly vulnerable to attacks due to the open medium, dynamically changing network topology, cooperative algorithms, and lack of centralized monitoring and management point. The traditional way of protecting networks with firewalls and encryption software is no longer sufficient and effective for those features. A distributed intrusion detection approach based on timed automata is given. A cluster-based detection scheme is presented, where periodically a node is elected as the monitor node for a cluster. These monitor nodes can not only make local intrusion detection decisions, but also cooperatively take part in global intrusion detection. And then the timed automata is constructed by the way of manually abstracting the correct behaviours of the node according to the routing protocol of dynamic source routing （DSR）. The monitor nodes can verify the behaviour of every nodes by timed automata, and validly detect real-time attacks without signatures of intrusion or trained data. Compared with the architecture where each node is its own IDS agent, the approach is much more efficient while maintaining the same level of effectiveness. Finally, the intrusion detection method is evaluated through simulation experiments.

Node Coverage Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Mobile Agents

This paper proposes fault tolerant algorithms for routing mobile agents in a single channel wireless sensor network which cover every node in the network. These algorithms use local knowledge (assume no knowledge of global deployment or topology, etc). We propose the algorithms and show mathematical analysis to support our claims. The paper ends with simulation studies and discussion of results.

A quality of service routing protocol based on mobility prediction in mobile ad hoc networks

A QoS routing protocol based on mobility prediction is proposed. The protocol selects the steadiest path based on mobility prediction and QoS requirements on bandwidth, delay, and so forth. The main properties of the protocol as follows. (1) Each node just broadcasts its own information, so the packet is very small and can get to the destination in a very short time. (2) When another path is built for the same QoS requirements, the original path has higher priority. (3) The update messages are reduced by using mobility prediction. (4) Data packets carry the information of link change using piggyback, which is helpful for forecasting the link status more accurately. (5) When source node gets Resource Reserve and reconnect packets at the same time, it selects reconnect packet over Resource Reserve packet. The results of simulation show that the protocol has good network performance with low control overload, and efficiently supports transmitting multimedia with QoS requirements in mobile ad hoc networks.

Node deployment strategy optimization for wireless sensor network with mobile base station

The optimization of network performance in a movement-assisted data gathering scheme was studied by analyzing the energy consumption of wireless sensor network with node uniform distribution. A theoretically analytical method for avoiding energy hole was proposed. It is proved that if the densities of sensor nodes working at the same time are alternate between dormancy and work with non-uniform node distribution. The efficiency of network can increase by several times and the residual energy of network is nearly zero when the network lifetime ends.

An Asynchronous Clustering and Mobile Data Gathering Schema Based on Timer Mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks

Recently,Wireless sensor networks(WSNs)have become very popular research topics which are applied to many applications.They provide pervasive computing services and techniques in various potential applications for the Internet of Things(IoT).An Asynchronous Clustering and Mobile Data Gathering based on Timer Mechanism(ACMDGTM)algorithm is proposed which would mitigate the problem of“hot spots”among sensors to enhance the lifetime of networks.The clustering process takes sensors’location and residual energy into consideration to elect suitable cluster heads.Furthermore,one mobile sink node is employed to access cluster heads in accordance with the data overflow time and moving time from cluster heads to itself.Related experimental results display that the presented method can avoid long distance communicate between sensor nodes.Furthermore,this algorithm reduces energy consumption effectively and improves package delivery rate.

Anonymous multipath routing protocol based on secret sharing in mobile ad hoc networks

Because the intrinsic characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks（MANETs） cause several vulnerabilities,anonymous routing protocols attract much more attention in secure mobile ad hoc networks for the purposes of security and privacy concerns.Until recently,lots of anonymous routing protocols have been proposed.However,most of them are single path or use one path at a time,and the multipath schemes can not thwart both the passive attacks and active attacks simultaneously.Thus an anonymous multipath routing protocol based on secret sharing is proposed.The protocol provides identity anonymity,location anonymity,data and traffic anonymity by employing cryptograph technology and secret sharing in MANET communication process.Meanwhile,a hash function is introduced to detect active attacks in the data transmission process.The protocol can effectively thwart various passive attacks and reduce the successful probability of active attacks（such as interception and physical destroy attacks）.Simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides a reasonably good level of network security and performance.