The Effect of Additives on Crystal Size of Sodium Sulphate

1 Introduction Anhydrous sodium,mainly produced in the United States,Canada,Japan,is indispensable commodities and raw materials in daily life and industry.In recent years,anhydrous sodium sulfate of general size was much oversupplied[1].However particles anhydrous sodium sulphate of large size is not adequate to the demand for its

Corrosion behaviour of die-cast AZ91D magnesium alloys in sodium sulphate solutions with different pH values

The corrosion behaviours of die-cast AZ91D magnesium alloys were investigated in 0.1 mol/L sodium sulphate （Na 2 SO 4 ） solutions with different pH values. The corrosion rates, morphologies, and compositions of the corrosion products were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, and X-ray diffractometry （XRD）. The results indicate that the order of corrosion rates in Na 2 SO 4 solutions with various pH values is pH 2pH 4pH 7pH 9pH 12. The corrosion rates in acidic solutions are higher than those in alkaline solutions, and the corrosion products are mainly magnesium hydroxide （Mg（OH） 2 ） and hydrated sulphate pickeringite （MgAl 2 （SO 4 ） 4 ·22H 2 O）. The results also indicate that the solution pH can influence the corrosion rate and morphology of corrosion products. Chloride ions and sulphate ions have different pitting initiation time.

Attenuation of dextran sodium sulphate induced colitis in matrix metalloproteinase-9 deficient mice

AIM: To study whether matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a key factor in epithelial damage in the dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) model of colitis in mice.METHODS: MMP-9-deficient and wild-type (wt) mice were given 5% DSS in drinking water for 5 d followed by recovery up to 7 d. On d 5 and 12 after induction of colitis, gelatinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, were measured in homogenates of colonic tissue by zymography and Western blot, whereas tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were measured by reverse zymography. The gelatinolytic activity was also determined in supernatants of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) isolated from mice blood. Moreover, intestinal epithelial cells were stimulated with TNF-α to study whether these cells were able to produce MMPs. Finally, colonic mucosal lesions were measured by microscopic examination. RESULTS: On d 5 of colitis, the activity of MMP-9 was increased in homogenates of colonic tissues (0.24 ± 0.1 vs 21.3 ± 6.4, P < 0.05) and PMN from peripheral blood in wt (0.5 ± 0.1 vs 10.4 ± 0.7, P < 0.05), but not in MMP-9-deficient animals. The MMP-9 activity was also up-regulated by TNF-α in epithelial intestinal cells (2.5 ± 0.5 vs 14.7 ± 3.0, P < 0.05). Although colitis also led to increase of TIMP-1 activity, the MMP-9/TIMP-1 balance remained elevated. Finally, in the MMP-9-deficient colitic mice both the extent and severity of intestinal epithelialinjury were significantly attenuated when compared with wt mice. CONCLUSION: We conclude that DSS induced colitis is markedly attenuated in animals lacking MMP-9. This suggests that intestinal injury induced by DSS is modu-lated by MMP-9 and that inhibition of this gelatinase may reduce inflammation.

Effect of tetracarbon additives on gibbsite precipitation from seeded sodium aluminate liquor

Effects of tetracarbon additives, 1-butanol, 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrofurane on gibbsite precipitation from caustic seeded sodium aluminate liquor were investigated. The additive was charged into supersaturated seeded sodium aluminate liquor, then the precipitation ratio of aluminate liquor in 10 h was evaluated and compared, and the particle size distribution of product was measured. The Mulliken atomic charge of oxygen in the additive molecule was calculated with DMo13 program. The results show that 1-butanol has little effect on gibbsite crystallization, while the precipitation ratios under the effect of 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrofurane are 1.7% and 3.6% higher than that of the blank, respectively. The agglomeration efficiency of the product is also enhanced obviously by the addition of 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrofurane. The precipitation ratio is inversely proportional to Mulliken atomic charge of oxygen atom, which implies that functional group in the additive molecule is involved in the gibbsite precipitation process more fundamentally than carbon chain.

Anti-tumor necrosis factor α therapy associates to type 17 helper T lymphocytes immunological shift and significant microbial changes in dextran sodium sulphate colitis

BACKGROUND Anti-tumor necrosis factor α(TNFα) represents the best therapeutic option to induce mucosal healing and clinical remission in patients with moderate-severe ulcerative colitis. On the other side gut microbiota plays a crucial role in pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis but few information exists on how microbiota changes following anti-TNFα therapy and on microbiota role in mucosal healing.AIM To elucidate whether gut microbiota and immune system changes appear following anti TNFα therapy during dextran sulfate sodium(DSS) colitis.METHODS Eighty C57 BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: "No DSS", "No DSS + antiTNFα", "DSS" and "DSS + anti-TNFα". "DSS" and "DSS + anti-TNFα" were treated for 5 d with 3% DSS. At day 3, mice whithin "No DSS+anti-TNFα" and"DSS+anti-TNFα" group received 5 mg/kg of an anti-TNFα agent. Forty mice were sacrificed at day 5, forty at day 12, after one week of recovery post DSS. The severity of colitis was assessed by a clinical score(Disease Activity Index), colon length and histology. Bacteria such as Bacteroides, Clostridiaceae, Enterococcaceae and Fecalibacterium prausnitzii(F. prausnitzii) were evaluated by quantitative PCR.Type 1 helper T lymphocytes(Th1), type 17 helper T lymphocytes(Th17) and CD4+ regulatory T lymphocytes(Treg) distributions in the mesenteric lymph node(MLN) were studied by flow cytometry.RESULTS Bacteria associated with a healthy state(i.e., such as Bacteroides, Clostridiaceae and F. prausnitzii) decreased during colitis and increased in course of anti-TNFαtreatment. Conversely, microorganisms belonging to Enterococcaceae genera,which are linked to inflammatory processes, showed an opposite trend.Furthermore, in colitic mice treated with anti-TNFα microbial changes were associated with an initial increase(day 5 of the colitis) in Treg cells and a consequent decrease(day 12 post DSS) in Th1 and Th17 frequency cells. Healthy mice treated with anti-TNFα showed the same histological, microbial and immune features of untreated colitic mice. "No DSS + anti-TNFα" group showed a lymphomononuclear infiltrate both at 5 th and 12 th d at hematoxylin and eosin staining, an increase of in Th1 and Th17 frequency at day 12, an increase of Enterococcaceae at day 5, a decrease of Bacteroides and Clostridiaceae at day 12.CONCLUSION Anti-TNFα treatment in experimental model of colitis improves disease activity but it is associated to an increase in Th17 pathway together with gut microbiota alteration.

Multifunctional Sodium Gluconate Electrolyte Additive Enabling Highly Reversible Zn Anodes

Sodium gluconate(SG)is reported as an electrolyte additive for rechargeable aqueous zinc batteries.The SG addition is proposed to modulate the nucleation overpotential and plating behaviors of Zn by forming a shielding buffer layer because of the adsorption priority and large steric hindrance effect,which contributes to limited rampant Zn^(2+)diffusion and mitigated hydrogen evolution and corrosion.With the introduction of 30 mmol/L SG in 2 mol/L ZnSO_(4)electrolyte,the Zn anode harvests a reversible cycling of 1200 h at 5 mA/cm^(2)and a high average Coulombic efficiency of Zn plating/stripping(99.6%).Full cells coupling Zn anode with V_(2)O_(5)·1.6H_(2)O or polyaniline cathode far surpass the SG additivefree batteries in terms of cycle stability and rate capability.This work provides an inspiration for design of a high-effective and low-cost electrolyte additive towards Zn-based energy storage devices.

Effects of Sodium Sulfate as Electrolyte Additive on Electrochemical Performance of Lead Electrode

Sodium sulfate as an electrolyte additive was studied via electrochemical methods including linear sweep voltammetry（LSV）, cyclic voltammetry（CV） and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS） to deeply understand its effect on the hydrogen evolution current and overpotential as well as the formation and structure of anodic passi- vation films on lead surface during the redox processes. The results achieved will be valuable to improve the cycle life and maintenance-free properties of lead-acid batteries.

Stable sodium metal anode enhanced by advanced electrolytes with SbF_(3) additive

The practical application of sodium metal batteries(SMBs)is hampered due to the inferior interfacial stability between Na metal and conventional electrolytes.Therefore,a high-concentration electrolyte is proposed to solve this issue.However,high viscosity,low ionic conductivity,and unsatisfactory wettability toward the separator need to be overcome.In this study,a localized highconcentration electrolyte(LHCE)is formulated with1 wt%SbF_(3)as an interface-stabilized additive to protect the Na metal anode.This reformulated LHCE retains the special coordination structure in HCE with improved wettability and high ionic conductivity.Moreover,the introduction of the SbF_(3)additive into the LHCE resulted in a bilayer-structured solid electrolyte interface(SEI)including a Na-Sb alloy inner layer and a NaF-rich outer layer on the Na metal.As expected,the NaIINa cells using LHCE+1 wt%SbF_(3)show a long cycle lifespan of over1200 h at 0.5 mA·cm^(-2)with negligible polarization,and NaIINa_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cells exhibit a high capacity exceeding 97 mAh·g^(-1)at 40 C.

High-rate sodium metal batteries enabled by trifluormethylfullerene additive

Sodium metal is a promising anode for sodium batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and low cost.However,the serious Na dendrite growth and low Coulombic efficiency,especially at high current densities/cycling capacities,severely limit the application of sodium metal anodes.Herein,trifluoromethylfullerene,C_(60)(CF_(3))_(6),is designed as an electrolyte additive to enable the high-rate cycling of sodium metal anodes with high Coulombic efficiency.The CF3 groups contribute to the formation of stable NaF-rich solid electrolyte interface layer,while C_(60)cages induce the uniform distribution of sodium ions and promote the formation of smooth and compact morphology.Thus,Na||Cu cell with C_(60)(CF_(3))_(6)can be cycled at 2 mA·cm^(−2)and 10 mAh·cm^(−2)over 180 cycles with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.9%,and Na||Na cell can be cycled at 10 mA·cm^(−2)over 600 cycles.Furthermore,Na||NaV2(PO_(4))_(3)@C full cell exhibits high capacity retention of 84%over 2,000 cycles at 20 C(~3 mA·cm^(−2)).

Selective debenzylation of benzyl esters by silica-supported sodium hydrogen sulphate

A new debenzylation of benzyl esters by silica-supported sodium hydrogen sulfate is described. The debenzylation could be achieved selectively and efficiently in good to excellent yields without affecting sensitive functional groups such as nitro, unsaturated bonds, and ethyl ester.

Barium, Calcium and Sodium, Cyanide, Phosphate and Sulphate Contents of Groundwater in Some Ika Communities of Delta State, Nigeria

Barium, calcium, sodium, cyanide, phosphate and sulphate and contents of groundwater in Boji-Boji (BB) area and suburbs of Ika land, Delta State, Nigeria were studied. Groundwater is the predominant source of water for inhabitants of these communities without any form of treatment. 55 borehole water sites spread within these five sample sub-areas. The metal ions were analyzed using Solar Unicam flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Sulphate, phosphate, and cyanide contents were determined by colorimetric method. Results indicate the presence of sodium, calcium, sulphate, and phosphate. However, barium and cyanide were below detection limit. Secondly, there was a relatively higher proportion of calcium and sulphate than sodium and phosphate in its aquifer. Thirdly, a mean ratio value of 0.018 and 0.158 was observed for the ratios of Na+/Ca2+ and ?respectively. Fourthly, sodium showed good correlation with all the other parameters. Finally, nearly all the studied parameters have concentrations below the maximum contaminant levels of the World Health Organization (WHO), invariably inferring that the water is wholesome with respect to the analytes. However, concern still remains from a health point of view on the sodium concentrations in many sample areas.

Impact of Sulphate Counter Ion in the Migration of Sodium Ion through Soils

Laboratory advection-diffusion tests are performed on two regional soils-Brown Earth and Red Earth-in order to assess their capacity to control contaminant migration with synthetic contaminant solution of sodium sulphate with sodium concentration of 1000 mg/L. The test was designed to study the transport/attenuation behaviour of sodium in the presence of sulphate. Effective diffusion coefficient (De) that takes into consideration of attenuation processes is used. Cation exchange capacity is an important factor for the attenuation of cationic species. Monovalent sodium ion cannot usually replace other cations and the retention of sodium ion is very less. This is particularly true when chloride is anion is solution. However, sulphate is likely to play a role in the attenuation of sodium. Cation exchange capacity and type of exchangeable ions of soils are likely to play an important role. The effect of sulphate ions on the effective diffusion coefficient of sodium, in two different types of soils, of different cation exchange capacity has been studied. The effective diffusion coefficients of sodium ion for both the soils were calculated using Ogata Bank’s equation. It was shown that effective diffusion coefficient of sodium in the presence of sulphate is lower for Brown Earth than for Red Earth due to exchange of sodium with calcium ions from the exchangeable complex of clay. The soil with the higher cation exchange retained more sodium. Consequently, the breakthrough times and the number of pore volumes of sodium ion increase with the cation exchange capacity of soil.

Experimental and Quantum Chemical Studies of the Inhibition of Copper with Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) in Acidic Medium

This work investigates the inhibitive properties of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) on the corrosion of copper (Cu) in nitric acid using gasometric methods. The inhibition efficiency increases with time and concentration of SDS. The corrosion rate of copper decreases as concentration of SDS increases. Adsorption of the SDS on the surface obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The high negative values of the kinetic parameter B suggest that the inhibitor’s effectiveness increases with temperature. The equilibrium constant and the free energy of adsorption of SDS to copper are negative and large. This observation implies that the adsorption mechanism maybe chemisorption. The quantum chemical calculation of copper dodecyl sulphate shows that the energy change in the HOMO-LUMO energy of the moiety is positive and small. This observation implies that the SDS is an efficient inhibitor. The high dipole moment obtained implies that corrosion inhibition of Cu is enhanced by adsorption of SDS and this observation correlates with the observed experimental inhibition efficiency.

Renal Toxicity of Nickel,Sodium Lauryl Sulphate and Their Combination after Dermal Application in Guinea Pigs

The guinea pigs were dermally exposed to nickel (Ni), sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and in their combination for 7 and 14 days. The exposure to Ni and SLS produced changes in enzymes and lipid peroxidation in kidney. The exposure to Ni or SLS depicted slight changes while combined exposure to Ni plus SLS exhibited more degenerative changes in kidney. The result of the study suggests that industrial workers and/or populations exposed simultaneously to Ni and SLS produces more damage to kidney.

姜黄素联合粪菌移植对DSS诱导的小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的改善作用

目的:探讨姜黄素联合粪菌移植对葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导的小鼠溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的改善作用,并阐明其相关作用机制。方法:50只小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、姜黄素组、粪菌移植组和联合组,除对照组小鼠自由饮用纯净水外,其余各组小鼠自由饮用含2%DSS的蒸馏水建立UC模型。姜黄素组小鼠灌胃给予60 mg·kg^(-1)姜黄素溶液0.4 mL,每日1次,连续10 d;粪菌移植组小鼠灌肠粪菌液0.2 mL,每日1次,持续10 d;联合组小鼠给予0.2 mL粪菌液灌肠后,给予60 mg·kg^(-1)姜黄素溶液0.4 mL灌胃。实验结束后,计算各组小鼠疾病活动指数(DAI)和结肠大体形态损伤指数(CDMI),HE染色观察各组小鼠结肠组织病理形态表现,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测各组小鼠结肠组织中白细胞介素(IL)-1β、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、IL-4和IL-10水平,实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)法和Westernblotting法检测各组小鼠结肠组织中闭合蛋白(occludin)和闭锁小带蛋白1(ZO-1)m RNA及蛋白表达水平。结果:对照组小鼠结肠黏膜上皮结构完整且连续,腺体排列规则,无炎性细胞浸润和溃疡;模型组小鼠结肠黏膜上皮脱失,腺体排列紊乱,杯状细胞减少,黏膜和黏膜下层充血水肿,大量炎性细胞浸润,弥漫分布小溃疡;姜黄素组、粪菌移植组和联合组小鼠结肠黏膜上皮结构相对完整,炎性细胞浸润减少,黏膜和黏膜下层充血水肿减轻。与对照组比较,模型组小鼠DAI和CDMI升高(P<0.05),结肠组织中IL-1β和TNF-α水平升高(P<0.05),IL-4和IL-10水平降低(P<0.05),occludin和ZO-1 mRNA及蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,姜黄素组、粪菌移植组和联合组小鼠DAI和CDMI降低(P<0.05),结肠组织中IL-1β和TNF-α水平降低(P<0.05),IL-4和IL-10水平升高(P<0.05),occludin和ZO-1mRNA及蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05);与姜黄素组和粪菌移植组比较,联合组小鼠DAI和CDMI降低(P<0.05),结肠组织中IL-1β和TNF-α水平降低(P<0.05),IL-4和IL-10水平升高(P<0.05),occludin和ZO-1 mRNA及蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05)。结论:姜黄素联合粪菌移植可改善UC小鼠结肠组织病理损伤,抑制炎症因子分泌,促进肠黏膜修复。

Inclusion of CoTiO_(3) to ameliorate the re/dehydrogenation properties of the Mg–Na–Al system

For the first time,the MgH_(2)–NaAlH_(4)(ratio 4:1)destabilized system with CoTiO_(3) addition has been explored.The CoTiO_(3)-doped MgH_(2)–NaAlH_(4) sample begins to dehydrogenate at 130℃,which is declined by 40℃ compared to the undoped MgH_(2)–NaAlH_(4).Moreover,the de/rehydrogenation kinetics characteristics of the CoTiO_(3)-doped MgH_(2)–NaAlH_(4) were greatly ameliorated.With the inclusion of CoTiO_(3),the MgH_(2)–NaAlH_(4) composite absorbed 5.2 wt.%H_(2),higher than undoped MgH_(2)–NaAlH_(4).In the context of dehydrogenation,the CoTiO_(3)-doped MgH_(2)–NaAlH_(4) sample desorbed 2.6 wt.%H_(2),almost doubled compared to the amount of hydrogen desorbed from the undoped MgH_(2)–NaAlH_(4) sample.The activation energy obtained by the Kissinger analysis for MgH_(2) decomposition was significantly lower by 35.9 kJ/mol than the undoped MgH_(2)–NaAlH_(4) sample.The reaction mechanism demonstrated that new phases of MgCo and AlTi_(3) were generated in situ during the heating process and are likely to play a substantial catalytic function and be useful in ameliorating the de/rehydrogenation properties of the destabilized MgH_(2)–NaAlH_(4) system with the inclusion of CoTiO_(3).

双碳背景下的废盐制碱工艺研究进展

综述了以卤盐和硫酸盐废盐为原料制碱的工艺路线及进展,对比分析不同废盐制碱工艺的现状和潜在问题。卤盐制碱工艺相对成熟,但仍然存在能耗较高和流程复杂等不足;利用硫酸盐制碱为废盐制碱提供了一条新思路,可与碳利用相结合,使生产过程更经济、更清洁,促进双碳目标的实现。总结并展望以硫酸钠和CO_(2)为原料制碱的发展前景。

氢氧化钠对地质聚合物制备及高温力学性能影响

该研究旨在探索锂辉石尾矿与精炼渣的资源化利用新途径。通过单因素实验和正交实验,分析了氢氧化钠添加量、水玻璃添加量和锂辉石尾矿与精炼渣掺量比对地质聚合物力学性能的影响。在此基础上,重点分析了氢氧化钠添加量对锂辉石尾矿-精炼渣基地质聚合物制备力学性能的影响,采用XRD、SEM、FT-IR等表征手段分析了氢氧化钠对地质聚合物微观结构的影响。研究结果表明,锂辉石尾矿与精炼渣掺比量为7∶3、水玻璃添加量为15 mL、氢氧化钠添加量为2 g的条件下,制备地质聚合物28 d抗压强度可达26.78 MPa。氢氧化钠添加量对地质聚合物制备的影响最为显著,当锂辉石尾矿的碱度过高时,会减缓或抑制硅氧四面体和铝氧四面体的溶出,从而影响了C-S-H凝胶和N-A-S-H凝胶的合成。XRD和SEM分析显示,随着氢氧化钠含量的增加,生成的凝胶先增多后减少,同时与蓝晶石等物质结合,提高了地质聚合物的致密程度。此外,在800℃下,锂辉石尾矿-精炼渣基地质聚合物的抗压强度损失较小,表明其具有良好的耐高温性能。

甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠联合硫酸镁治疗小儿喘息性支气管肺炎的临床疗效及对患者炎症指标的影响

目的探讨甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠联合硫酸镁治疗小儿喘息性支气管肺炎的疗效对患者炎症指标的影响。方法选取2021年10月至2022年10月东台市人民医院收治的130例喘息性支气管肺炎患儿作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为常规组与观察组,每组65例。常规组给予甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠治疗,观察组给予甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠联合硫酸镁治疗,比较两组临床疗效、炎症指标[超敏C-反应蛋白(hypersensitive C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)、中性粒细胞百分比(percentage of neutrophils,NEUT%)、降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)]及不良反应发生情况。结果观察组治疗总有效率高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组咳嗽、气喘、肺啰音、气促症状消失时间及肺部炎症消失时间、住院时间均短于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组hs-CRP、NEUT%及PCT均低于治疗前,且观察组低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义。结论甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠联合硫酸镁治疗喘息性支气管肺炎患儿疗效显著,可缩短症状改善时间,改善炎症反应程度,值得临床推广应用。

卷烟纸中的钾钠离子添加剂对卷烟性能的影响研究

本研究通过设计不同钾钠离子含量的卷烟纸,制备得到常规卷烟和细支卷烟,分析不同钾钠离子添加剂(柠檬酸钾、柠檬酸钠)对常规卷烟和细支卷烟的包灰性能、烟气常规指标及感官质量的影响规律。结果表明,当卷烟纸中钾钠离子添加剂的钾钠离子总量相同时,随着K^(+)比例增加,卷烟的包灰性能降低,烟碱、焦油和CO释放量也呈降低趋势,K^(+)比例≥75%(相对于钾钠离子总量12 mg/g)后卷烟包灰效果明显变差,而细支卷烟的包灰效果优于常规卷烟。当卷烟纸中钾钠比相同、钾钠离子总量不同时,随着钾钠离子总量的增加,卷烟的包灰性能变化不明显,其烟碱、焦油和CO释放量有所降低。与现有卷烟产品相比,K^(+)比例增加有利于改善细支卷烟的香气并降低刺激性,但却会使常规卷烟烟气显干燥、刺激;钾钠离子总量的增加有利于体现常规卷烟的香气且柔和度较好,但却会使细支卷烟的刺激性增加。