Adenylate cyclase activates the cAMP signalling pathway to enhance platelet-rich plasma-treated Achilles tendon disease,a theoretical bioinformatics-based study

The effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma(PRP)for the treatment of Achilles tendon disorders still needs to be evaluated through a series of prospective studies,but genomic analysis can reveal the existence of complementary PRP treatment options.Based on the 96 platelet activation-related genes in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)database,we performed Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis and KEGG enrichment analysis,pathway correlation analysis,and enrichment mapping to determine the enrichment results of the gene set enrichment analysis and found that the cAMP signalling pathway may be the key to enhancing the effectiveness of PRP treatment.The cAMP signalling pathway interacts with the Rap1 signalling pathway and cGMPPKG signalling pathway to mediate the entire pathophy-siological process of Achilles tendon disease.Moreover,ADCY1-9 may be the key to the activation of the cAMP signalling network.Further based on the data in the Gene Expression Omnibus database,it was found that ADCY4 and ADCY7 may be the players that play a major role,associated with the STAT4-ADCY4-LAMA5 axis and the GRbeta-ADCY7-SEMA3C axis,which is expected to be a complementary target for enhancing the efficacy of PRP in the treatment of Achilles tendon disease.

Characterization of two halophilic adenylate cyclases from Thermobifida halotolerans and Haloactinopolyspora alba

Adenylate cyclase(AC)is the key enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cAMP from ATP.In this study,we discovered two novel class Ⅲ ACs with a halophilic property from Thermobifida halotolerans DSM 44931(ThAC)and Haloactinopolyspora alba DSM 45211(HaAC),respectively.The recombinant ThAC and HaAC were expressed in Escherichia coli with molecular weights of 36.1 and 36.0 kDa respectively.The presence of 2500 and 2200 mmol
L^(-1)1 NaCl significantly enhanced the enzyme activities of ThAC and HaAC,with 22-fold and 7.4-fold higher activities compared to those without NaCl,respectively.Several divalent metal ions were found to activate the recombinant ACs to different extents,and the optimal metal ion was Mg^(2+)for both ThAC and HaAC with concentrations of 80 mmol·L^(-1) and 40 mmol·L^(-1) respectively.Purified ThAC and HaAC had the optimal specific activities((4.59±0.35)×10^(4) and(7.76±0.52)×10^(4) U·mg^(-1))and catalytic efficiency(4.47 and 5.30 L·mmol^(-1)·s^(-1))at 45
℃ and 40
℃ respectively,while the optimum pH of both two recombinant ACs was 10.0.This is the first report of the halophilic Class III ACs,which could make new contributions to explore and study ACs for further associated investigations.

Effects of Meglumine Cyclic Adenylate Pretreatment on Systemic inflammatory Response Syndrome Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Studies showed that the use of cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) substitutes or intracellular c AMP activators increased intracellular cAMP level, causing anti-inflammatory effects. This study was to investigate the effects of pretreatment with meglumine cyclic adenylate(MCA), a compound of meglumine and cAMP, on systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) in rats. Eighteen adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=6 each): control group(NS group), LPS group(LPS group) and LPS with MCA pretreatment group(MCA group). Systemic inflammation was induced with LPS 10 mg/kg injected via the femoral vein in LPS and MCA groups. In MCA group, MCA 2 mg/kg was injected via the femoral vein 20 min before LPS injection, and the equal volume of normal saline was given in NS and LPS groups at the same time. Three hours after LPS injection, the blood samples were taken from the abdominal aorta for determination of plasma concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, cAMP by ELISA and NF-κBp65 expression by Western blotting. The experimental results showed that inflammatory and antiinflammatory indices were increased in LPS group compared to NS group; inflammatory indices were declined and anti-inflammatory indices were increased in MCA group relative to LPS group. Our study suggested that MCA pretreatment may attenuate LPS-induced systemic inflammation.

Effects of Yulangsan polysaccharide on monoamine neurotransmitters, adenylate cyclase activity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in a mouse model of depression induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress

The present study established a mouse model of depression induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress. The model mice were treated with Yulangsan polysaccharide （YLSPS; 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg） for 21 days, and compared with fluoxetine-treated and normal control groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, radioimmunity and immunohistochemical staining showed that following treatment with YLSPS （300 and 600 mg/kg）, monoamine neurotransmitter levels, prefrontal cortex adenylate cyclase activity and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression were significantly elevated, and depression-like behaviors were improved. Open-field and novelty-suppressed feeding tests showed that mouse activity levels were increased and feeding latency was shortened following treatment. Our results indicate that YLSPS inhibits depression by upregulating monoamine neurotransmitters, prefrontal cortex adenylate cyclase activity and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression.

Efficient production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate from adenosine triphosphate by the N-terminal half of adenylate cyclase from Escherichia coli

In this study,we aimed at developing an efficient biocatalytic process for bio-production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate(c AMP)from adenosine triphosphate(ATP).First,adenylate cyclase from Escherichia coli MG1655(EAC)and Bordetella Pertussis(BAC)were expressed in E.coli BL21(DE3)and comparatively analyzed for their activities.As a result,EAC from E.coli MG1655 exhibited a higher activity.However,amount of EAC were obtained in an insoluble form.Therefore,we expressed the first 446 amino acids of EAC(EAC446)to avoid the inclusion body.The effects of induction temperature,incubation time,and incubation p H were further evaluated to improve the expression of EAC446.Subsequently,the reaction process for the production of c AMP with ATP as a starting material was investigated.As none of c AMP was detected in the whole-cell based biocatalytic process,the reaction catalyzed by the crude enzyme was determined for c AMP production.What's more,the reaction temperature,reaction p H,metal ion additives and substrate concentration was optimized,and the maximum c AMP production of 18.45 g·L^-1was achieved with a yield of 95.4%after bioconversion of 6 h.

Adenylate cyclase activator forskolin alleviates intracerebroventricular propionic acid-induced mitochondrial dysfunction of autistic rats

Neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction increases inflammatory mediators and leads to free radical generation and anti-oxidant enzymatic alterations,which are major neuropathological hallmarks responsible for autism.Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism is associated with decreased ATP levels due to reduced levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate.Rat models of autism were established by intracerebroventricular injection of propionic acid.These rat models had memory dysfunction,decreased muscle coordination and gait imbalance.Biochemical estimation of propionic acid-treated rats showed changes in enzyme activity in neuronal mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes and increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines,oxidative stress and lipid biomarkers.Oral administration of 10,20 and 30 mg/kg adenylate cyclase activator forskolin for 15 days reversed these changes in a dose-dependent manner.These findings suggest that forskolin can alleviate neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction and improve neurological symptoms of rats with autism.This study was approved by the RITS/IAEC,SIRSA,HARYANA on March 3,2014(approval No.RITS/IAEC/2014/03/03).

SPOC domain-containing protein 1 regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of human spermatogonial stem cells through adenylate kinase 4

BACKGROUND Spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs)are the origin of male spermatogenesis,which can reconstruct germ cell lineage in mice.However,the application of SSCs for male fertility restoration is hindered due to the unclear mechanisms of proliferation and self-renewal in humans.AIM To investigate the role and mechanism of SPOC domain-containing protein 1(SPOCD1)in human SSC proliferation.METHODS We analyzed publicly available human testis single-cell RNA sequencing(RNAseq)data and found that SPOCD1 is predominantly expressed in SSCs in the early developmental stages.Small interfering RNA was applied to suppress SPOCD1 expression to detect the impacts of SPOCD1 inhibition on SSC proliferation and apoptosis.Subsequently,we explored the target genes of SPOCD1 using RNA-seq and confirmed their role by restoring the expression of the target genes.In addition,we examined SPOCD1 expression in some non-obstructive azoospermia(NOA)patients to explore the correlation between SPOCD1 and NOA.RESULTS The uniform manifold approximation and projection clustering and pseudotime analysis showed that SPOCD1 was highly expressed in the early stages of SSC,and immunohistological results showed that SPOCD1 was mainly localized in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-1 positive SSCs.SPOCD1 knockdown significantly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis.RNA-seq results showed that SPOCD1 knockdown significantly downregulated genes such as adenylate kinase 4(AK4).Overexpression of AK4 in SPOCD1 knockdown cells partially reversed the phenotypic changes,indicating that AK4 is a functional target gene of SPOCD1.In addition,we found a significant downregulation of SPOCD1 expression in some NOA patients,suggesting that the downregulation of SPOCD1 may be relevant for NOA.CONCLUSION Our study broadens the understanding of human SSC fate determination and may offer new theories on the etiology of male infertility.

Effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide on CD4^+/CD8^+T cell levels after traumatic brain injury in a rat model

BACKGROUND:The effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide(PACAP)during traumatic brain injury(TBI) and whether it can modulate secondary injury has not been reported previously.The present study evaluated the potential protective effects of ventricular infusion of PACAP in a rat model of TBI.METHODS:Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups(n=6,each):sham-operated,vehicle(normal saline)^+TBI,and PACAP^+TBI.Normal saline or PACAP(1 ug/5uL) was administered intracerebroventricularly 20 minutes before TBI.Right parietal cortical contusion was produced via a weight-dropping method.Brains were extracted 24 hours after trauma.Histological changes in brains were examined by HE staining.The numbers of CD4^+ and CD8^+ T cells in blood and the spleen were detected via flow cytometry.RESULTS:In injured brain regions,edema,hemorrhage,inflammatory cell infiltration,and swollen and degenerated neurons were observed under a light microscope,and the neurons were disorderly arrayed in the hippocampi.Compared to the sham group,average CD4^+ CD8" lymphocyte counts in blood and the spleen were significantly decreased in rats that received TBI^+vehicle,and CD4^+ CD8^+ were increased.In rats administered PACAP prior to TBI,damage was attenuated as evidenced by significantly increased CD4^+,and decreased CD8^+,T lymphocytes in blood and the spleen.CONCLUSION:Pretreatment with PACAP may protect against TBI by influencing periphery T cellular immune function.

No association between a polymorphism of the adenylate cyclase type IX gene and major depressive disorder in the Chinese Han population

Previous studies have demonstrated that a missense single-nucleotide polymorphism variant （2316A〉G;rs2230739）of the adenylate cyclase type IX gene was associated with bipolar disorder and affective disorder.We determined genotype and allele frequencies using a ligase detection reaction method in 315 patients with major depressive disorder and 278 unrelated, sex-matched healthy control subjects.We did not detect any statistically significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies between patients and healthy control subjects.Furthermore,we found no significant difference between genders in major depressive disorder,nor between patients and controls in the same gender.These results suggest that 2316A〉G（rs2230739）may not be a risk factor for increasing susceptibility to major depressive disorder in the Chinese Han population.

Changes of the binding capacity of insulin receptors and activities of adenylate cyclase in hepatocytes after scalding in rat

Ｃｈａｎｇｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｂｉｎｄｉｎｇｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｏｆｉｎｓｕｌｉｎｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒｓａｎｄａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓｏｆａｄｅｎｙｌａｔｅｃｙｃｌａｓｅｉｎ ｈｅｐａｔｏｃｙｔｅｓａｆｔｅｒｓｃａｌｄｉｎｇｉｎｒａｔｓＸｕＡｉｍｉｎ（徐爱民）；Ｘｕｌ...

The increase of adenylate kinase activity in the blood can control aggregation of platelets in coronary or peripheral arterial ischemia

Activation and aggregation of blood platelets is crucial for hemostasis and thrombosis. In the vascular system adenine nucleotides are important signaling molecules playing a key role in hemostasis. ADP was the first low molecular weight agent recognized to cause blood platelets activation and aggregation. NTPDases and adenylate kinase (AK) are the main enzymes involved in metabolism of extracellular adenine nucleotides. The majority of studies concentrated on the role of NTPDase1 (apyrase) in the inhibition of platelets aggregation. Up to now, there are still insufficient data concerning the role of AK in this process. We found that adenylate kinase activity in the serum of patients with myocardial infarction is significantly increased when compared to the healthy volunteers. The elevated activity of AK is connected to appearance of another isoform of that enzyme, expressed in patients with myocardial infarction. The influence of AK on the pig blood platelets aggregation induced by 20 μM ADP or 7.5 μg/ml rat collagen was examined. 1U of adenylate kinase added to platelet-rich plasma (PRP) before ADP or collagen, inhibited the platelets aggregation. One minute after induction of platelets activation by ADP as much as 5U of adenylate kinase was necessary to stop the platelet aggregation. In the case of collagen activated aggregation, only 2U of AK added 1 or 5 minutes after initiation of the aggregation process were sufficient for disaggregation of platelets. The increase of ATP: ADP ratio is probably responsible for the initiation of disaggregation process. We conclude that adenylate kinase is involved in regulation of plate-lets aggregation. Anticoagulative role of AK indicates the possibility of using this enzyme in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Long-Term Exposure to High Corticosterone Levels Inducing a Decrease of Adenylate Kinase 1 Activity

Corticosterone, a principal glucocorticoid synthesized in the rodent adrenal cortex, can be cumula- tively toxic to hippocampal neurons, the cause of which is not known. The present study determined whether the cytosol adenylate kinase （AK） system long-term exposure to high corticosterone levels. We was involved in the neuronal damage induced by nvestigated the effects of long-term exposure to high corticosterone levels on AK1 activity, AK1 mRNA expression, and energy levels in cultured hippocampal neurons. The results show that long-term exposure to high corticosterone levels induces a reduction of the cultured hippocampal neuron viability, significantly reduces energy levels, and causes a time-dependant re- duction of the AK1 activity. These findings indicate that changes in the AK system might be the mechanism underlying neuronal damage induced by long-term exposure to high corticosterone levels.

Reconstitution of Gs and Adenylate Cyclase From Bovine Brain Cortices on Asolectin Liposomes

Signal transduction across cell membranes is an important subject of the current studies on biomembranes. Hormonally regulated adenylate cyclase signalling system is composed of three distinct types of plasma-membrane associated proteins: the receptor, adenylate cyclase (AC) and stimulatory GTP-binding protein (Gs) which me-

Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against adenylate kinase

Six hybridoma cell lines that can continuously secrete monoclonal antibodies against adenylate kinase (AK) have been produced. The characteristics including the subclass and molecular weight of monoclonal antibodies manufactured by these strains are also determined. Further studies show that the two monoclonal antibodies McAb3D3 and McAMD8 bind easily with AK absorbed on microtitration plates, with affinity constants of 8.4 × 108 M-1 and 9.6 × 108 M-1, while their interactions to AK in solution are much weaker, with affinity constants of 7.0 × 104 M-1 and 3.9×106M-1, respectively. Thus, McAb3D3 and McAMD8 react preferentially to the immobilized AKs. Since pro-teins are often partially denatured when absorbed on microtitration plates, it is suggested that both McAb3D3 and McAMD8 are directed against non-native AK.

Activation and conformational changes of adenylate kinase in urea solution

The activation and inactivation of adenylate kinase during denaturation in urea are compared with changes in UV absorbance at 287 nm, CD spectrum change at 222 nm, fluorescence intensity of ANS binding and small angle of X ray scattering. At 1 mol/L of urea the enzyme is activated 1.5 fold companied with a subtle decreasing of its second structure, whereas its tertiary structure is fairly resistant to denaturation. By comparing the studies of the crystal structure and the mechanism of the catalysis of adenylate kinase, the activation is believed to result from the effect that low concentration of urea increases the flexibility of the active site of the enzyme. This suggestion was confirmed by the results of the fluorescence intensity changes of ANS binding to adenylate kinase versus the concentration of urea.

Purification of β-adrenergic receptors from Beijing duck erythrocyte plasma membranes and their reconstitution with Gs and adenylate cyclase on asolectin liposomes

Catecholamines such as adrenaline, norepinephrine and isoproterenol regulate a wide variety of physiological responses via their specific binding to adrenergic receptors located in the plasma membrane. Adrenergic receptors have been divided into two major types, α and β. Binding of ligands to β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) first triggers the activation of stimulatory GTP-binding protein (Gs). The activated Gs then interacts

EFFECT OF TRANSMEMBRANE Ca^(2+) GRADIENT ON CONFORMATION AND ENZYME ACTIVITY OF RECONSTITUTED ADENYLATE CYCLASE

Adenylate cyclase from bovine brain cortex was reconstituted into asolectin liposomes with （500-fold） or without transmembrane Ca2+ gradient. The enzyme activity of four types of proteoliposomes （the active center of enzyme exposing outside） was compared. The highest adenylate cyclase activity was observed in the vesicles with outside lower Ca2+concentration (≈10-6 mol/L, similar to thephysiological condition). If the transmembrane Ca2+ gradient was in the inverse direction (i.e. outside higher Ca2+ concentration, 0.5 mmol/L), a lowest enzymatic activity would appear. The difference in enzymatic activity between the two types of proteoliposomes could be diminished following the addition of Ca2+ ionophore A23187. Proteoliposomes without transmembrane Ca2+ gradient exhibited intermediate activities.The conformation difference of adenylatecyclases in the above-mentioned proteoliposomes was also detected by measuring intrinsic fluorescence and fluorescence quenching with KI.

Alternative Respiration Induced by Glucose Stimulation and Variation of Adenylate Energy Charge in Glucose-Starved Cells of Green Alga Chlorella Protothecoides

Effects of inhibitors and glucose on cytochrome and alternative respiration and on adenylate energy charge (AEC) in glucose starved Chlorella protothecoides were investigated. 1 mmol/L azide (NaN 3), which immediately caused an increase of O 2 uptake by inhibiting the cytochrome pathway and stimulating alternative respiration, resulted in a decrease of AEC value from 0.83 to 0.34 within 3 minutes. When 1 mmol/L salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) was added into the cell suspension, there was no apparent variation in AEC. Adding NaN 3 and SHAM together into cell suspension to inhibit both cytochrome and alternative pathways showed a same change of AEC as that of adding NaN 3 alone. When 2.0 mmol/L of glucose was added to a suspension of glucose starved cells, the O 2 uptake rate was immediately stimulated from 0.81 up to 1.34 [μmol/L O 2[DK]·min -1 ·(mL PCV) -1 ]. The respiration stimulated by glucose could be inhibited about 20% by adding 1 mmol/L SHAM. It was found by titration with SHAM in the absence and presence of NaN 3 that 53% of O 2 uptake went through the cytochrome pathway and 45% of the alternate pathway was operational in enhanced respiration. It implied that induced operation of the alternative respiratory pathway probably resulted from the burst of the electron flux into the electron transport chain by glucose stimulation. . The respiration stimulated by glucose could be inhibited about 20% by adding 1 mmol/L SHAM. It was found by titration with SHAM in the absence and presence of NaN 3 that 53% of O 2 uptake went through the cytochrome pathway and 45% of the alternate pathway was operational in enhanced respiration. It implied that induced operation of the alternative respiratory pathway probably resulted from the burst of the electron flux into the electron transport chain by glucose stimulation.

Changes of Adenylate Cyclase and Guanylate Cyclase in the Frontal Cortex,Lenticula,Corpus Amygdaloideum,and Hippocampus in Morphine‑dependent Rats

To detect the changes of adenylate cyclase(AC)and guanylate cyclase(GC)in the four cerebral regions that are concerned with psychogenic dependence of morphine in rats,including the frontal cortex,lenticula,corpus amygdaloideum,and hippocampus.To discuss the relation between the expressions of AC and GC with the psychogenic dependence on morphine.Different periods of morphine‑dependent rat models were established,and enzyme histochemistry was used to detect the variations of AC and GC in four cerebral regions.Compared with the control group,AC and GC in all the morphine‑dependent groups increased.The data indicated that the amounts of AC and GC were significantly different between the morphine‑dependent groups and the control group when tested at periods of 1 week,2 weeks,4 weeks,and 8 weeks(P<0.05 or P<0.01).There were significant differences when comparing the 1‑week group with the 2‑week,4‑week,and 8‑week groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01).There were significant differences when comparing the 2‑week dependent group with the 4‑week dependent group or the 8‑week dependent group(P<0.05 or P<0.01).The activities of AC and GC increased in four cerebral regions of morphine‑dependent rats.The psychogenic dependence on morphine appears to be closely linked to the upgrade of AC and GC.