Overview of the Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Tannin-Glyoxal Adhesive for Wood-Based Composites

More than a century after its initial synthesis,urea-formaldehyde(UF)resins still have dominant applications as adhesives,paints,and coatings.However,formaldehyde in this industry produces formaldehyde emissions that are dangerous to health.Scientists have spent the last decade replacing formaldehyde and phenol with environmentally friendly substances such as glyoxal and tannin to create bio-based adhesives.This review covers recent advances in synthesizing glyoxal tannin-based resins,especially those made from sustainable raw material substitutes and changes made to synthetic processes to improve mechanical properties.The efficacy of using tannin-glyoxal adhesives in producing wood-based composites has been proven.The glyoxylate reaction forms cross-linked bridges between the aromatic sites of the tannin and glyoxal molecular structures.Glyoxal tannin adhesive with a greater percentage of glyoxal than tannin will produce an adhesive with better characteristics.The gel time reduces as the hardener concentration rises from 7.5%to 15%when glyoxal is used in adhesives.However,excessive amounts of glyoxal will result in a decrease in viscosity values.Glyoxal exhibits faster delivery degradation when it reaches a maximum temperature of approximately 130°C,although it initiates the curing process slightly slower at 110°C.Adding glyoxal to tannin-based adhesives can improve the mechanical properties of composite boards.The wet shear strength of the resulting plywood is increased by 105.4%with the addition of 5-weight percent tannin-based resin with glyoxal as a cross-linker in Soy Protein Adhesive.With glyoxal as a hardener,the panels produced showed good internal bond strengths(>0.35 MPa)and met the international standard specifications for interior-grade panels.

Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B2:A promising biomarker for colorectal cancer

According to the latest global cancer statistics,colorectal cancer(CRC)has emerged as the third most prevalent malignant tumor across the globe.In recent decades,the medical field has implemented several levels of CRC screening tests,encompassing fecal tests,endoscopic examinations,radiological examinations and blood tests.Previous studies have shown that leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B2(LILRB2)is involved in inhibiting immune cell function,immune evasion,and promoting tumor progression in acute myeloid leukemia and nonsmall cell lung cancer.However,its interaction with CRC has not been reported yet.Recently,a study published in the World Journal of Gastroenterology revealed that LILRB2 and its ligand,angiopoietin-like protein 2,are markedly overexpressed in CRC.This overexpression is closely linked to tumor progression and is indicative of a poor prognosis.The study highlights the potential of utilizing the concentration of LILRB2 in serum as a promising biomarker for tumors.However,there is still room for discussion regarding the data processing and analysis in this research.

Adhesion of Technical Lignin-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Adhesives for Wood Bonding

Lignin is the most abundant aromatic natural polymer,and receiving great attention in replacing various petro-leum-based polymers.The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of technical lignin as a polyol for the synthesis of non-isocyanate polyurethane(NIPU)adhesives to substitute current polyurethane(PU)adhesives that have been synthesized with toxic isocyanate and polyols.Crude hardwood kraft lignin(C-HKL)was extracted from black liquor from a pulp mill followed by acetone fractionation to obtain acetone soluble-HKL(AS-HKL).Then,C-HKL,AS-HKL,and softwood sodium lignosulfonate(LS)were used for the synthesis of technical lignin-based NIPU adhesives through carbonation and polyamination and silane as a cross-linker.Their adhesion per-formance was determined for plywood.FTIR spectra showed the formation of urethane bonds and the reaction between lignin and silane.The NIPU adhesives prepared with C-HKL showed the highest adhesion strength among the three lignin-based NIPU adhesives.As the silane addition level increased,the adhesion strength of NIPU adhesives increased whereas formaldehyde emission decreased for all NIPU adhesives prepared.These results indicate that NIPU adhesives based on technical kraft lignin have a great potential as polyol for the synth-esis of bio-based NIPU adhesives for wood bonding.

Human leukocyte antigen compatibility and incidence of donorspecific antibodies in pediatric liver transplant recipients

BACKGROUND Antibody-mediated rejection following liver transplantation(LT)has been increasingly recognized,particularly with respect to the emergence of de novo donor-specific antibodies(DSAs)and their impact on graft longevity.While substantial evidence for adult populations exists,research focusing on pediatric LT outcomes remains limited.AIM To investigate the prevalence of human leukocyte antigen(HLA)mismatches and DSA and evaluate their association with rejection episodes after pediatric LT.METHODS A cohort of pediatric LT recipients underwent HLA testing at Santa Casa de Porto Alegre,Brazil,between December 2013 and December 2023.Only patients who survived for>30 days after LT with at least one DSA analysis were included.DSA classes I and II and cross-matches were analyzed.The presence of de novo DSA(dnDSA)was evaluated at least 3 months after LT using the Luminex®single antigen bead method,with a positive reaction threshold set at 1000 MFI.Rejection episodes were confirmed by liver biopsy.RESULTS Overall,67 transplanted children were analyzed;61 received grafts from living donors,85%of whom were related to recipients.Pre-transplant DSA(class I or II)was detected in 28.3%of patients,and dnDSA was detected in 48.4%.The median time to DSA detection after LT was 19.7[interquartile range(IQR):4.3-35.6]months.Biopsyproven rejection occurred in 13 patients at follow-up,with C4d positivity observed in 5/13 Liver biopsies.The median time to rejection was 7.8(IQR:5.7-12.8)months.The presence of dnDSA was significantly associated with rejection(36%vs 3%,P<0.001).The rejection-free survival rates at 12 and 24 months were 76%vs 100%and 58%vs 95%for patients with dnDSA anti-DQ vs those without,respectively.CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the importance of incorporating DSA assessment into pre-and post-transplantation protocols for pediatric LT recipients.Future implications may include immunosuppression minimization strategies based on this analysis in pediatric LT recipients.

Theoretical optimization of micropillar arrays for structurally stable bioinspired dry adhesives

Inspired by the excellent adhesion performances of setae structure from organisms,micro/nano-pillar array has become one of the paradigms for adhesive surfaces.The micropillar arrays are composed of the resin pillars for adhesion and the substrate with different elastic modulus for supporting.The stress singularity at the bi-material corner between the pillars and the substrate can induce the failure of the micropillar-substrate corner and further hinder the fabrication and application of micropillar arrays,yet the design for the stability of the micropillar array lacks systematical and quantitative guides.In this work,we develop a semi-analytical method to provide the full expressions for the stress distribution within the bi-material corner combining analytical derivations and numerical calculations.The predictions for the stress within the singularity field can be obtained based on the full expressions of the stress.The good agreement between the predictions and the FEM results demonstrates the high reliability of our method.By adopting the strain energy density factor approach,the stability of the pillar-substrate corner is assessed by predicting the failure at the corner.For the elastic mismatch between the pillar and substrate given in this paper,the stability can be improved by increasing the ratio of the shear modulus of the substrate to that of the micropillar.Our study provides accurate predictions for the stress distribution at the bi-material corner and can guide the optimization of material combinations of the pillars and the substrate for more stable bioinspired dry adhesives.

Universal Encapsulation Adhesive for Lead Sedimentation and Attachable Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Performance

In this work,a modified polyurethane adhesive(PUA)was prepared to realize a convenient encapsulation strategy for lead sedimentation and attachable perovskite solar cells(A-PSCs).The modified PUA can completely self-heal within 45 min at room temperature with an efficient lead ion-blocking rate of 99.3%.The PUA film can be coated on a metal electrode with slight efficiency improvement from 23.96%to 24.15%.The thermal stability at 65℃and the humidity stability at 55%relative humidity(RH)are superior to the devices encapsulated with polyisobutylene.The PUA film has strong adhesion to the flexible substrate and the initial efficiency of the flexible perovskite module(17.2%)encapsulated by PUA remains 92.6%within 1825 h.These results suggest that PUA encapsulation is universal for rigid and flexible PSCs with enhanced stability and low lead hazards.Moreover,it was found that flexible PSCs can be well attached to various substrates with PUA,providing a facile route for the A-PSCs in various scenarios without additional encapsulation and installation.

Better understanding of c-reactive protein and leukocytes in psychiatric inpatients with affective disorders:A biopsychosocial approach

BACKGROUND Affective disorders(AD)have been linked to inflammatory processes,although the underlying mechanisms of this relationship are still not fully elucidated.It is hypothesized that demographic,somatic,lifestyle,and personality variables predict inflammatory parameters in AD.AIM To identify biopsychosocial factors contributing to inflammation in AD measured with two parameters,C-reactive protein(CRP)and leukocytes.METHODS This observational study investigated 186 hospital inpatients diagnosed with AD using demographic parameters,serum inflammatory markers,somatic variables,psychological questionnaires,and lifestyle parameters.Hierarchical regression analyses were used to predict inflammatory markers from demographic,somatic,lifestyle,and personality variables.RESULTS Analyses showed that 33.8%of the variance of CRP was explained by body mass index and other somatic medication(e.g.anti-diabetics),age and education,and age of affective disorder diagnosis.For leukocytes,20.1%of the variance was explained by smoking,diet,metabolic syndrome(MetS),and anti-inflammatory medication(e.g.non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).Other psychiatric or behavioural variables did not reach significance.CONCLUSION Metabolic components seem important,with mounting evidence for a metabolic affective disorder subtype.Lifestyle modifications and psychoeducation should be employed to prevent or treat MetS in AD.

Effect of Adhesive Type on the Quality of Coconut Shell Charcoal Briquettes Prepared by the Screw Extruder Machine

Indonesia is one of the largest coconut-producing countries in the world.The utilization of coconut shell waste into briquettes will increase the selling value and become a great export opportunity.However,the effect of adhesives on the quality of coconut shell charcoal briquettes made using screw extruder machine has not been widely studied.This study aims to determine the effect of adhesive type on the quality of coconut shell charcoal briquettes.The process of fabricating briquettes in this study included crushing,mixing,blending,pressing,and drying.In the mixing process,3 types of adhesives were used,namely tapioca flour(Briquette_1),cassava flour(Briquette_2),and modified cassava flour(Briquette_3)with a concentration of 5%of the weight of coconut shell charcoal powders.The quality of the resulting briquettes and commercial briquettes will be evaluated by moisture content,ash content,volatile matter,fixed carbon,calorific value,density,compressive,and drop test testing.The results of this research showed that the type of adhesive had a significant effect on the quality of the briquettes produced.Specimen Briquette_1 had better quality than commercial briquettes(Briquette_4)and other briquette specimens.The test results showed that Briquette_1 produced briquettes with better compressive strength and friability than the other specimens,at 6.95 N/mm^(2) and 4.44%,respectively.The moisture content,ash content,fixed carbon,and calorific value of Briquette_1 have met the requirements set by the Indonesian National Standard(SNI)number 01-6235-2000.Meanwhile,the volatile matter content and density of Briquette_1 are by the standards of Japan and the United States America(USA).

Integrated analyses of transcriptomics and network pharmacology reveal leukocyte characteristics and functional changes in subthreshold depression,elucidating the curative mechanism of Danzhi Xiaoyao powder

Objective:To investigate the molecular mechanism and identify potential drugs for subthreshold depression(SD),and elucidate the detalied mechanism of Danzhi Xiaoyao powder(DZXY)in SD.Methods:Using RNA-sequencing,we identified differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in leukocytes of SD compared to healthy controls,deciphered their functions and pathways,and identified the hub genes of SD.We also assessed changes in leukocyte transcription factor activity in patients with SD using the TELis platform.The Connectivity Map database was retrieved to screen candidate drugs for SD.Based on network pharmacology,we elucidated the"multi-component,multi-target,and multi-pathway"mechanism of DZXY in the treatment of SD.Results:We identified 1080 DEGs(padj<0.05 and|log2(fold change)l≥1&protein coding)in the leukocytes of patients with SD.These DEGs,including hub genes,were primarily involved in immune and inflammatory response-related processes.Transcription factor activity analysis revealed similarities between the leukocyte transcriptome profile in SD and the conserved transcriptional response to adversities in immune cells.Connectivity Map analysis identified 28 potential drugs for SD treatment,particularly SB-202190 and TWS-119.Constructing the"Direct Compounds-Direct Targets-Pathways"network for DZXY and SD revealed the curative mechanisms of DZXY in SD,primarily including inflammatory response,lipid metabolism,immune response,and other processes.Conclusion:These results provide new insights into the characteristics and functional changes of leukocytes in SD,partially illustrate the pathogenesis of SD,and suggest potential drugs for SD.The curative mechanisms of DZXY in SD are also partially elucidated.

Preparation of Environmentally Friendly Urea-Hexanediamine-Glyoxal(HUG)Resin Wood Adhesive

Using non-toxic,low-volatile glyoxal to completely replace formaldehyde for preparing urea-glyoxal(UG)resin adhesive is a hot research topic that could be of great interest for the wood industry.However,urea-glyoxal(UG)resins prepared by just using glyoxal instead of formaldehyde usually yields a lower degree of polymerization.This results in a poorer bonding performance and water resistance of UG resins.A good solution is to pre-react urea to preform polyurea molecules presenting already a certain degree of polymerization,and then to condense these with glyoxal to obtain a novel UG resin.Therefore,in this present work,the urea was reacted with hexamethylene diamine to form a polyurea named HU,and then this was used to react it with different amounts of glyoxal to synthesize hexamethylenediamine-urea-glyoxal(HUG)polycondensation resins,and to use this for bonding plywood.The results show that the glyoxal can well react with HU polyuria via addition and schiff base reaction,and also the HUG resin exhibits excellent bonding strength and water resistance.The shear strength of the plywood bonded with this HUG at 160°C hot press temperature as high as 1.93 MPa,2.16 MPa and 1.61 MPa,respectively,which meets the requirement of the China national standard GB/T 9846-2015(≥0.7 MPa),and can be a good choice as a wood adhesive for industrial application.

Efficacy of Cyanoacrylate Tissue Adhesive Application in the Management of Corneal Perforations at Preah Ang Duong Hospital in Cambodia

Purpose: The study was to evaluate the efficacy of cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive (CTA) application in corneal perforations. Method: This was a prospective study on 20 patients of corneal perforations who received cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive application as treatment between March 2021 and March 2022 at Preah Ang Duong Hospital. The primary outcome measure was success rate of CTA application, while the secondary outcome was to measure postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and ocular complications. Results: The mean age of patients was 44.15 ± 16.05 years old and 7 (35%) were female. Causes of perforation were microbial infection in 12 patients (60%), trauma in 5 patients (25%), and sterile melting in 3 patients (15%). The perforation of size smaller than 1.5 mm was in 8 patients (40%) while 12 patients (60%) had perforated size between 1.5 mm to 3 mm. The perforation was 60% (12 patients) central, 25% (5 patients) paracentral, and 15% (3 patients) peripherally. Out of 20 patients, 5 patients (25%) received CTA application more than 1 time. The mean glue retention was 57.60 ± 31.84 days. Success rate of glue application (defined as intact globe without surgical intervention regardless of number of CTA applications) was 85%. At the last visit, 7 patients (35%) had BCVA of 6/120 or better. Common complications were uveitis (45%), ocular hypertension (30%), cataract (25%) and neovascularization (20%). No serious complications were found. Conclusion: Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive is an effective treatment option in sealing corneal perforations with no serious complications. .

Properties of Bark Particleboard Bonded with Demethylated Lignin Adhesives Derived from Leucaena leucocephala Bark

Lignin extraction from bark can maximize the utilization of biomass waste,offer cost-effectiveness,and promote environmental friendliness when employed as an adhesive material in bark particleboard production.Particles of fine(0.2 to 1.0 mm),medium(1.0 to 2.5 mm),and coarse(2.5 to 12.0 mm)sizes,derived from the bark of Leucaena leucocephala,were hot-pressed using a heating plate at 175℃for 7 min to create single-layer particleboards measuring 320 mm×320 mm×10 mm,targeting a density of 700 kg/m^(3).Subsequently,the samples were trimmed and conditioned at 20℃and 65%relative humidity.In this study,we compared bark particleboard bonded with urea formaldehyde(UF)adhesive to fine-sized particleboard bonded with demethylated lignin adhesive.The results indicated that bark particleboards utilizing demethylated lignin and UF adhesives exhibited similar qualities.Coarse particleboard showed differences in modulus of elasticity(MOE)and modulus of rupture(MOR),while medium-sized particles exhibited significant variations in moisture content(MC)and water absorption(WA).Furthermore,the thickness swelling of coarse and medium-sized particles under wet and oven-dried conditions exhibited notable distinctions.Overall,the demethylated lignin adhesive extracted from L.leucocephala bark demonstrated similar quality to UF adhesive,with particle size correlating inversely to the strength of the bark particleboard.

Endoscopic band ligation or endoscopic tissue adhesive injection in the treatment of gastric varices:Which is better?

The combination of endoscopic ultrasound with endoscopic treatment of type 1 gastric variceal hemorrhage may improve the robustness and generalizability of the findings in future studies.Moreover,the esophageal varices should also be included in the evaluation of treatment efficacy in subsequent studies to reach a more convincing conclusion.

Ginger oil-loaded transdermal adhesive patch treats post-traumatic stress disorder

Objective:To find a viable alternative to reduce the number of doses required for the patients with post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD),and to improve efficacy and patient compliance.Methods: In this study,we used ginger oil,a phytochemical with potential therapeutic properties,to prepare ginger oil patches.High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)was used to quantify the main active component of ginger oil,6-gingerol.Transdermal absorption experiments were conducted to optimize the various pressure-sensitive adhesives and permeation enhancers,including their type and concentration.Subsequently,the ginger oil patches were optimized and subjected to content determination and property evaluations.A PTSD mouse model was established using the foot-shock method.The therapeutic effect of ginger oil patches on PTSD was assessed through pathological sections,behavioral tests,and the evaluation of biomarkers such as tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF),and melatonin(MT).Results: The results demonstrated that ginger oil patches exerted therapeutic effects against PTSD by inhibiting inflammatory responses and modulating MT and BDNF levels.Pharmacokinetic experiments revealed that ginger oil patches maintained a stable blood drug concentration for at least one day,addressing the rapid metabolism drawback of 6-gingerol and enhancing its therapeutic efficacy.Conclusions: Ginger oil can be prepared as a transdermal drug patch that meets these requirements,and the bioavailability of the prepared patch is better than that of oral administration.It can improve PTSD with good patient compliance and ease of administration.Therefore,it is a promising therapeutic formulation for the treatment of PTSD.

Investigating the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of PDMS-Toughened Epoxy Resins for Advanced Adhesive Solutions

This study investigates the enhancement of mechanical and thermal properties in epoxy resins modified with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for advanced adhesive applications. The research focuses on evaluating the tensile strength, thermal stability, and glass transition temperature (Tg) of PDMS-toughened epoxy resins. The primary objective of this study was to explore the use of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as an impact modifier for epoxy resin. We successfully synthesized a grafting copolymer of diglycidyl ether bisphenol-A (DGEBA) and hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HTPDMS) through the condensation of hydroxyl groups. Triethylene tetraamine (TETA) was employed as the curing agent to cross-link both DGEBA and the HTPDMS copolymer. The chemical structure of the DGEBA-HTPDMS grafting copolymer was confirmed using fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Tensile testing of the cured materials indicated that the elongation at break increased upon addition of PDMS. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed improved thermal stability for the DGEBA system with the incorporation of HTPDMS. These findings suggest that the Si-O-Si segments within the PDMS contribute to the improved mechanical and thermal properties of the DGEBA-based resin.

Polyurethane Hybrid-Based Wood Adhesive: Review

Based on commercially available polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) stabilised polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), emulsion adhesives are neither heat nor moisture-resistant and show weak strength at high relative humidity and high temperatures. Pre- or post-crosslinking is another method used to manufacture a conventional vinyl-based homopolymers or copolymers system with improved water resistance. Vinyl neodecanoate (VeoVa), N-methylolacrylamide (NMA), Methacrylamide, methacrylic acid (MAA), and other self-crosslinking comonomers are typically inserted to produce highly water-resistant vinyl based homopolymers or copolymers. Additionally, organic crosslinkers like glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, citric acid, tartaric acid, and the like, as well as inorganic crosslinkers like acidic metal salts like aluminium chloride, aluminium nitrate, boric acid, and the like, can be used to prepare the highly water-resistant vinyl based homopolymers or copolymers. It is also possible to combine the self-crosslinking comonomers with the organic crosslinkers. Recently, a different hybrid chemistry has been developed that improves lap shear strength, has outstanding water resistance, good durability, and doesn’t require any additional crosslinker agents. Two distinct polymers were combined to develop hybrid polymers. They usually involve mixing an organic polymer with a polymer. There are many capping agents that are used for polyurethanes to produce acrylics that are capped with polyurethane and used as an oligomer in PVAc wood glue. Here, in this paper, we reviewed the different hybrid chemistry based on polyurethane chemistry for wood bonding applications.

Reinforcing Effect of Graphene in Epoxy Adhesives: Review

Due to its great strength, hardness, and chemical resistance, epoxy adhesives are becoming more and more used. They continue to have drawbacks, nevertheless, such as poor thermal stability, and poor electrical conductivity. Two-dimensional graphene is a wonderful substance with exceptional qualities including high strength, high electrical conductivity, and large surface area. Because of these characteristics, graphene has been thoroughly researched for its prospective uses in a variety of industries, including electronics, energy storage, and biomedical engineering. The use of graphene as an additive in epoxy adhesives to enhance the characteristics of such materials is one of its promising uses. This paper reviewed the latest findings about graphene’s effects on epoxy adhesives. The various methods to produce graphene-epoxy composites and their improvements are discussed. This research additionally discusses the challenges associated with the production and processing of graphene-epoxy composites, as well as the mechanisms behind the improvements in mechanical, electrical, and thermal characteristics. The final section of this review discusses the challenges and prospective uses of graphene in epoxy adhesives in the future.

Polyvinyl Acetate and Vinyl Acetate-Ethylene Hybrid Adhesive: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties

The goal is to develop a hybrid IPN network of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and ethylene-vinyl acetate (VAE). In this research work, the vinyl acetate (VAc)/ VAE hybrid emulsion and polyvinyl acetate emulsion (PVAc) were effectively synthesized. Emulsions with various characteristics have been developed by adjusting the weight ratios between the vinyl acetate monomer and the VAE component. The impacts on the mechanical, thermal, and physical properties of the films were investigated using tests for pencil hardness, tensile shear strength, pH, contact angle measurement, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and viscosity. When 5.0 weight percent VAE was added, the tensile shear strength in dry conditions decreased by 18.75% after a 24-hour bonding period, the heat resistance decreased by 26.29% (as per WATT 91) and the tensile shear strength decreased by approximately 36.52% in wet conditions (per EN 204). The pristine sample’s results were also confirmed by the contact angle test. The interpenetrating network (IPN) formation in hybrid PVAc emulsion as primary bonds does not directly attach to PVAc and VAE chains. The addition of VAE reduced the mechanical properties (at dry conditions) and heat resistance as per WATT 91. Contact angle analysis demonstrated that PVAc adhesives containing VAE had increased water resistance when compared to conventional PVA stabilised PVAc homopolymer-based adhesives. When compared to virgin PVAc Homo, the water resistance of the PVAc emulsion polymerization was enhanced by the addition of VAE.

Mussel-inspired Methacrylic Gelatin-dopamine/Ag Nanoparticles/Graphene Oxide Hydrogels with Improved Adhesive and Antibacterial Properties for Applications as Wound Dressings

A novel strategy was developed to prepare the methacrylic gelatin-dopamine(GelMA-DA)/Ag nanoparticles(NPs)/graphene oxide(GO) composite hydrogels with good biocompatibility,mechanical properties,and antibacterial activity.Mussel-inspired DA was utilized to modify the GelMA molecules,which imparts good adhesive performance to the hydrogels.GO,interfacial enhancer,not only improves mechanical properties of the hydrogels,but also provides anchor sites for loading Ag NPs through numerous oxygencontaining functional groups on the surface.The experimental results show that the GelMA/Ag NPs/GO hydrogels have good biocompatibility,and exhibit a swelling rate of 202±16%,the lap shear strength of 147±17 kPa,and compressive modulus of 136±53 kPa,in the case of the Ag NPs/GO content of 2 mg/mL.Antibacterial activity of the hydrogels against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria is dependent on the Ag NPs/GO content derived from the release of Ag^(+).Furthermore,the GelMA/Ag NPs/GO hydrogels possess good adhesive ability,which is resistant to highly twisted state when stuck on the surface of pigskin.These results demonstrate promising potential of the GelMA-DA/Ag NPs/GO hydrogels as wound dressings for biomedical applications in clinical and emergent treatment.

Importance of human leukocyte antigen antibodies and leukocyte antigen/killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in liver transplantation

Many mechanisms have been proposed to explain the hypothetical state of hepatic tolerance,which is described by eventual imbalances or deregulation in the balance of cytokines,mediators,effectors,and regulatory cells in the complex milieu of the liver.In this section,we will comment on the importance of donorspecific anti-human leukocyte antigen(HLA)antibodies(DSA)as well as the compatibility and pairings of HLA and killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor(KIR)genotypes in the evolution of liver transplantation.Thus,HLA compatibility,viral infections,and HLA-C/KIR combinations have all been linked to liver transplant rejection and survival.There have been reports of increased risk of acute and chronic rejection with ductopenia,faster graft fibrosis,biliary problems,poorer survival,and even de novo autoimmune hepatitis when DSAs are present in the recipient.Higher mean fluorescence intensity(MFI)values of the DSAs and smaller graft size were associated with poorer patient outcomes,implying that high-risk patients with preformed DSAs should be considered for selecting the graft placed and desensitization methods,according to the investigators.Similarly,in a combined kidney-liver transplant,a pretransplant with a visible expression of several DSAs revealed that these antibodies were resistant to treatment.The renal graft was lost owing to antibody-mediated rejection(AMR).The HLA antigens expressed by the transplanted liver graft influenced antibody elimination.Pathologists are increasingly diagnosing AMR in liver transplants,and desensitization therapy has even been employed in situations of AMR,particularly in patients with DSAs in kidney-hepatic transplants and high-class II MFI due to Luminex.In conclusion,after revealing the negative impacts of DSAs with high MFI,pretransplant virtual crossmatch techniques may be appropriate to improve evolution;however,they may extend cold ischemia periods by requiring the donor to be typed.