Adipose tissue is a rich, ubiquitous and easily acces-sible source for multipotent stromal/stem cells and has, therefore, several advantages compared to other sourc-es of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. Several studie...Adipose tissue is a rich, ubiquitous and easily acces-sible source for multipotent stromal/stem cells and has, therefore, several advantages compared to other sourc-es of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. Several studies have tried to identify the origin of the stromal/stem cell population within adipose tissue in situ. This is a complicated attempt because no marker has currently been described which unambiguously identifies native adipose-derived stromal/stem cells(ASCs). Isolated and cultured ASCs are a non-uniform preparation consisting of several subsets of stem and precursor cells. Cultured ASCs are characterized by their expression of a panel of markers(and the absence of others), whereas their in vitro phenotype is dynamic. Some markers were ex-pressed de novo during culture, the expression of some markers is lost. For a long time, CD34 expression was solely used to characterize haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, but now it has become evident that it is also a potential marker to identify an ASC subpopula-tion in situ and after a short culture time. Nevertheless, long-term cultured ASCs do not express CD34, perhaps due to the artificial environment. This review gives an update of the recently published data on the origin and phenotype of ASCs both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the composition of ASCs(or their subpopula-tions) seems to vary between different laboratories andpreparations. This heterogeneity of ASC preparationsmay result from different reasons. One of the main problems in comparing results from different laborato-ries is the lack of a standardized isolation and culture protocol for ASCs. Since many aspects of ASCs, suchas the differential potential or the current use in clinical trials, are fully described in other recent reviews, this review further updates the more basic research issues concerning ASCs' subpopulations, heterogeneity andculture standardization.展开更多
<strong>Introduction:</strong> The growing demand for non-surgical, non-invasive procedures for fat and circumference reduction and for cellulite treatments has led to the development of various energy-bas...<strong>Introduction:</strong> The growing demand for non-surgical, non-invasive procedures for fat and circumference reduction and for cellulite treatments has led to the development of various energy-based technologies. Bi-polar radiofrequency (RF) technology combined with additional technologies, such as vacuum, massage or infrared (IR) light is widely used in various body contouring treatments in the medical aesthetic market. The current study is based on a retrospective efficacy analysis of an RF device, combining two RF modalities, coupled with suction. <strong>Methods:</strong> Representative treatment outcomes, documented in photographs taken at baseline and post-treatment were gathered from several clinics. Photos of the various treatment areas were evaluated by independent evaluators for cellulite and contour improvement. <strong>Results:</strong> Before and after photographs were gathered from 31 patients treated in different clinics. Analysis was carried out on different body areas such as thighs, abdomen, back, buttocks and arms and analyzed by two independent evaluators. Scoring was performed according to the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) scale and indicated an overall improvement in the contour of all treated body areas. In cellulite cases, improved appearance according to the cellulite grading scale was noted. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> This retrospective analysis supports the device’s efficacy for fat and circumferences reduction and cellulite improvement. The device’s unique specifications contribute to treatment safety and efficacy which is highly tolerable by the patients.展开更多
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic. Promoting browning of white adipose tissue(WAT)contributes to increased energy expenditure and hence counteracts obesity. Here we show that cordycepin(Cpn), a natural derivative of ade...Obesity is a worldwide epidemic. Promoting browning of white adipose tissue(WAT)contributes to increased energy expenditure and hence counteracts obesity. Here we show that cordycepin(Cpn), a natural derivative of adenosine, increases energy expenditure, inhibits weight gain, improves metabolic profile and glucose tolerance, decreases WAT mass and adipocyte size, and enhances cold tolerance in normal and high-fat diet-fed mice. Cpn markedly increases the surface temperature around the inguinal WAT and turns the inguinal fat browner. Further investigations show that Cpn induces the development of brown-like adipocytes in inguinal and, to a less degree, epididymal WAT depots. Cpn also increases the expression of uncoupling protein 1(UCP1) and other thermogenic genes in WAT and3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes, in which AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK) plays an important role. Our results provide novel insights into the function of Cpn in regulating energy balance, and suggest a potential utility of Cpn in the treatment of obesity.展开更多
文摘Adipose tissue is a rich, ubiquitous and easily acces-sible source for multipotent stromal/stem cells and has, therefore, several advantages compared to other sourc-es of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. Several studies have tried to identify the origin of the stromal/stem cell population within adipose tissue in situ. This is a complicated attempt because no marker has currently been described which unambiguously identifies native adipose-derived stromal/stem cells(ASCs). Isolated and cultured ASCs are a non-uniform preparation consisting of several subsets of stem and precursor cells. Cultured ASCs are characterized by their expression of a panel of markers(and the absence of others), whereas their in vitro phenotype is dynamic. Some markers were ex-pressed de novo during culture, the expression of some markers is lost. For a long time, CD34 expression was solely used to characterize haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, but now it has become evident that it is also a potential marker to identify an ASC subpopula-tion in situ and after a short culture time. Nevertheless, long-term cultured ASCs do not express CD34, perhaps due to the artificial environment. This review gives an update of the recently published data on the origin and phenotype of ASCs both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the composition of ASCs(or their subpopula-tions) seems to vary between different laboratories andpreparations. This heterogeneity of ASC preparationsmay result from different reasons. One of the main problems in comparing results from different laborato-ries is the lack of a standardized isolation and culture protocol for ASCs. Since many aspects of ASCs, suchas the differential potential or the current use in clinical trials, are fully described in other recent reviews, this review further updates the more basic research issues concerning ASCs' subpopulations, heterogeneity andculture standardization.
文摘<strong>Introduction:</strong> The growing demand for non-surgical, non-invasive procedures for fat and circumference reduction and for cellulite treatments has led to the development of various energy-based technologies. Bi-polar radiofrequency (RF) technology combined with additional technologies, such as vacuum, massage or infrared (IR) light is widely used in various body contouring treatments in the medical aesthetic market. The current study is based on a retrospective efficacy analysis of an RF device, combining two RF modalities, coupled with suction. <strong>Methods:</strong> Representative treatment outcomes, documented in photographs taken at baseline and post-treatment were gathered from several clinics. Photos of the various treatment areas were evaluated by independent evaluators for cellulite and contour improvement. <strong>Results:</strong> Before and after photographs were gathered from 31 patients treated in different clinics. Analysis was carried out on different body areas such as thighs, abdomen, back, buttocks and arms and analyzed by two independent evaluators. Scoring was performed according to the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) scale and indicated an overall improvement in the contour of all treated body areas. In cellulite cases, improved appearance according to the cellulite grading scale was noted. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> This retrospective analysis supports the device’s efficacy for fat and circumferences reduction and cellulite improvement. The device’s unique specifications contribute to treatment safety and efficacy which is highly tolerable by the patients.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81402983, 81573436)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS) 2016-I2M-3–015the National Major Scientific and Technological Special Project for "Significant New Drugs Development" (2015ZX09501005, China)
文摘Obesity is a worldwide epidemic. Promoting browning of white adipose tissue(WAT)contributes to increased energy expenditure and hence counteracts obesity. Here we show that cordycepin(Cpn), a natural derivative of adenosine, increases energy expenditure, inhibits weight gain, improves metabolic profile and glucose tolerance, decreases WAT mass and adipocyte size, and enhances cold tolerance in normal and high-fat diet-fed mice. Cpn markedly increases the surface temperature around the inguinal WAT and turns the inguinal fat browner. Further investigations show that Cpn induces the development of brown-like adipocytes in inguinal and, to a less degree, epididymal WAT depots. Cpn also increases the expression of uncoupling protein 1(UCP1) and other thermogenic genes in WAT and3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes, in which AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK) plays an important role. Our results provide novel insights into the function of Cpn in regulating energy balance, and suggest a potential utility of Cpn in the treatment of obesity.
