Modal verbs and adverbs and with Continuous

Through English and Chinese Modals with adverbs, Continuous modal verbs such as a comparative analysis between the two languages inspection Modals different grammatical function comparison.

On the Association and Collocation of Lexicology:Between Adjectives and Prepositions

Before we focus association and collocation on a given subject,it is highly important to pay attention to association and collocation between word-classes.The essay endeavors to restate the key rules of association and collocation and restrict itself to the associative and collocative relationship between adjectives and prepositions.

A Comparative Study of the Colligation of the Japanese Degree Adverb“非常に”and“大変”

The abstract collocation of words reflects a grammatical level of relationship that can be summarised as class association,a term introduced by Firth(1957[1968],p.181)as one of the key concepts in the study of corpus.A colligation is a collocation class that shows the different collocations between words.The classification of degree adverbs in Japanese can be divided into“evaluative degree adverbs(評価系程度副詞)”and“non-evaluative degree adverbs(非評価系程度副詞)”according to Watanabe’s(1990)theory.This paper takes“非常に”and“大変”,both of which are non-evaluative degree adverbs,as the objects of the study,using a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches,to analyse“非常に”and“大変”,which belong to the same category of degree adverbs,from a co-occurrence perspective by using relevant statistical tools and the definition of colligation.

The Dynamicity of the Transformation‘Nouns to Adjectives’

The contradiction between the unlimited cognitive needs and limited means of expression of human beings caused the phenomenon of lexical decategorization.There are many examples of nouns that are used as adjectives in Chinese.The evolution of languages is undying and it occurs at anytime.The phenomenon of‘nouns to adjectives’has dynamicity.There is a big difference in the completeness within this phenomenon and it performs as a unidirectional continuum.

A Corpus-Based Study on the Acquisition of the Modal Adverb Fanzheng by Foreign Learners of Chinese

This study investigates foreign learners＇ acquisition of the Chinese modal adverb fanzheng on the basis of interlanguage corpus. We find that the sentences written by foreign learners of Chinese （hereafter simplified as FLC） with the wordfanzheng are quite similar to those by Chinese native speakers in the distribution of the syntactic categories, semantic types, semantic functions, pragmatic or discourse functions. These characterize basically the wordfanzheng as one of the modal adverbs in such three aspects as syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Most of the FLCs study the basic meanings and typical contexts of the wordfanzheng at primary stage, and later the functions emphasizing reasons, summary or explaining, and then the function of textual cohesion at the intermediate and advanced stage. The main causes of errors reflect that the FLCs are not able to differentiate the usage offanzheng and that of other causal or adversative conjunctions.

Sentences with Object-oriented Adverbials and the Syntax-Semantics Interface

SOOAs refer to the phenomenon that the state adjective in the adverbial position is semantically associated with the object.In this paper this fact will be accounted for by invoking the properties of a pre-syntactic level of semantic representation and its interplay with syntax proper.It will be argued that the object-oriented adverbial is not derived from the attributive;in effect,it is base-generated in the complement position.A model of projection of arguments that allows for this will be proposed.It will be shown that the other special properties of SOOAs follow from the way the verb’s object and complement are represented at the pre-syntactic level.In particular,it will be shown that the underlying structure must satisfy both the requirement of the syntactic system and the requirement of the semantic system.The presence of any symbol in a representation is conditional.The theta-roles of internal arguments are assigned by the predicate,which is locally constrained,whereas the theta-roles of external arguments are assigned by the maximal projection of the predicate,viz.VP.When an external argument occurs,there is an empty predicate position in the representation,for there is an asymmetry between the conceptual system and the syntactic system.Derivation involves Move-αand Generalized Transformation.Different use of derivation methods gives rise to various forms of constructions in Chinese.Similarly,different semantic orientations result from different distributions.The state adjective is base-generated in the position behind the object because its nature is to serve the function of the complement of the object.It co-occurs with the object in the embedded VP because they are closely related to each other in terms of semantics.There is no overt predicate between the object and the state adjective.The state adjective occurs in other positions,which is the result of movement.Movement falls into two types,viz.object movement and state adjective movement.Object movement is prior to state adjective movement.In order to satisfy the requirement of feature checking,the object moves to the position NP.Then the state adjective moves to the major predicate and merges with it so as to maintain its semantic association with the state adjective and to serve the function of the complement.It follows that the difference between Chinese SOOAs and English as well as German SOOAs lies in the distance of movement of state adjectives.In Chinese,there are causative markers,resultative markers,and manner markers that can license the state adjective in the landing sites and help to maintain its semantic association with the object while in English and German there are no such markers.As a consequence,the object in Chinese-type SOOAs does not move while the state adjective moves out of the embedded VP to the empty verb position where the manner marker is inserted.The major predicate moves to the same position and merges with the newly-formed syntactic object ADJ-MANN.Furthermore,Chinese-type SOOAs allow the state adjective to precede the major predicate as the manner marker can license the state adjective.In contrast,in English-type SOOAs,neither the state adjective nor the object moves.Moreover,English-type SOOAs do not allow the state adjective to come before the major predicate because there is no manner marker to license it.

A Corpus-based Analysis of English Near-synonymous Adverbs:Absolutely,Utterly

The analysis of near-synonyms has always been a difficult point in English learning.There have been some relevant studies on the analysis of near-synonyms at home and abroad,but the examples are still insufficient.Based on the Corpus of Contemporary American English(COCA),this paper takes“absolutely”and“utterly”as an example,and makes a comparative analysis from the five aspects of register,collocation,collocation,semantic preference and semantic prosody,aiming to make full use of the corpus in the analysis of English near-synonyms,providing a useful supplement for second language teaching and English learning.The results show that“absolutely”is more common in spoken language while utterly is more formal;regarding the collocation,both words are more associated with adjectives and verbs;in terms of colligation patterns,“absolutely”have six kinds of grammatical patterns while there are only four grammatical patterns of“utterly”;as for semantic preference,the semantic preference of“utterly”has a wider range than that of“absolutely”;for semantic prosody,“absolutely”have more neutral semantic prosody whereas“utterly”have stronger negative semantic prosody.This case study not only provides enlightenment for English learning and teaching,but also further enriches the corpus linguistics-related research.

Use of Conjunctive Adverbs to Achieve Sentence Variety

In illustrating how to write good English composition,it's unavoidably to talk how to write good sentence which leads to the right kind of English for formal writing.Good sentences must have emphasis and variety.Writing will be very tedious if full of sentences with similar structures;good articles are typically those in which sentences are varied in structure and the main ideas supporting the article are given the right prominence.Professional writers vary the subject-verb-object pattern with other grammatical sentence structures.A simple guideline for good sentence variety would be 50% subject-verb-object sentence openers and 50% other grammatical sentence opener forms.This article will give comments on conjunctive adverbs,also called adverbial conjunctions which can be used to join sentences of equal importance.Second,the article will discuss the use of frequently used conjunctive adverbs;finally this article will explain conjunctive adverbs to be used in sentence beginning and in mid sentences.Try conjunctive adverbs to add spice to your writing.

A Contrastive Study of the Semantic Prosody of Degree Adverbs——The Case of“Ting(挺)”and“Guai(怪)”in Chinese

If the collocation of a word creates a semantic atmosphere in the context,it will infect the word,so that it has a certain semantic prosody.Based on corpus,this paper chooses ting(挺)and guai(怪)as a case study.This study combines description and interpretation,qualitative and quantitative analysis,and uses semantic prosody theory and related software technology to make a contrastive analysis of semantic prosody of degree adverbs ting(挺)and guai(怪)from synchronic and diachronic perspectives.We find that the semantic prosodies of ting(挺)and guai(怪)belong to positive prosody and negative prosody respectively,which are related to grammaticalization.

A Study of the Semantic Prosody of Adverb of Degree -The Case of “Très (Very)” in French

The collocations of lexical item are able to create a certain semantic atmosphere in the context,which will infect the lexical item and thus give it a certain semantic prosody.Based on the literature corpus,this paper takes the French degree adverb“très”as the object of study.Combining description and interpretation,qualitative and quantitative analysis,the research uses linguistic analysis software as well as semantic prosody theory to analyze its semantic prosody.The study found that“très”possesses mixed semantic prosody.

A Comparative Study of Adjective Nominalization in English and Chinese

It is generally recognized that nominalization, the use of a word which is not a noun as a noun, functions as a natural section of language, among which adjective nominalization serves as a requisite. This phenomenon can be frequently found in both Chinese and English. This paper comparatively studies adjective nominalization in the two languages, and discovers that the phenomenon in two languages shares similarities in syntactic functions, but differs in terms of the composition pattern in that formation in English is more various than Chinese, that is, in English it can be achieved either with or without the assistance of suffixes, yet that in Chinese is realized merely through zero suffixes.

FUNCTION OF ADJECTIVE IN A SENTENCE

In English grammar, an adjective is used to depict, qualify or modify a noun. In doing so, it may refer to the noun either directly, or through the medium of a link verb. Take the adjective "diligent" for example. We can say, "a diligent student", or "The student is diligent." Thus,

A Study of Metaphorical Noun-noun Compounds and Adjective-noun Compounds in English

Compounds are constantly used in everyday language,which has a significant contribution to forming new words in Eng lish.The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of its constituents,partly because some of those compounds bear metaphori cal/metonymic sense.This article focuses on the study of the metaphorical noun-noun compounds and adjective-noun compounds in English.Based on the semantic relationship between the compound and the constituents,and the parts that metaphorical sense occurs in the compound,three main types of metaphorical adjective-noun compounds were identified.

小议near作prepositional adjective

本文作者对near在句中作介词形容词用法进行了讨论和归纳,使得中国学生和初学者更容易理解。从而得出:同一个词在不同的句中可有不同的词性。

A STUDY OF ADVERBS BOTH WITH THE SUFFIX LY AND WITHOUT THE SUFFIX LY

Ouite a few English adverbs appear in two forms;one with the suffixly and the other without the suffixly .Though similar in form,some are consideraldy different in meaning and some in usage.How to use them differentially and skilfally?That is a hard nut to crak.This article makes a brief study with some examplea ,trying to provide a solution.

试析语气副词“复”的形成与演变

“复(復)”本为动词“返还、返回”,受语义和句法的双重影响,它由动词虚化为累加副词。然而,它的语法化过程并未就此停止,两汉之际,受疑问代词“谁”“何”的组合影响,加之副词“又”的类推同化,“复”由累加副词再度虚化为一个语气副词。作为一个新兴的语气副词,“复”不仅用于疑问句中,表示反诘或疑问,同时也用于否定句或肯定句中,表示强调。不过,自从产生以后,语气副词“复”的虚化程度和使用频率并不太高,受同一形式的词尾“复”的冲击和制约,以及同一意义范畴内副词“又”“还”的排挤与压制,唐宋时期,“复”的使用已呈明显衰落趋势;元明时期,在语言文字内外部各种因素的影响下,语气副词“复”逐渐退出历史舞台。

试论汉英肤觉形容词义位衍生现象的共性与差异

通过引申和比喻扩展词义是语言系统高度发展的特征之一。以汉英肤觉形容词为切入点,运用词汇语义逻辑理论,发现两种语言在义位衍生机制方面存在共性,即引申、比喻义位的衍生分别遵循“以属指名”和“以名指属”的语义逻辑机制。通过对比还发现,英语作为形态语言,衍生的义位明显多于汉语,而汉语衍生义位的透明度和理据性更高。

A CORPUS-BASED STUDY OF ENGLISH DIMENSION ADJECTIVES IN ACADEMIC SPEAKING AND WRITING

The study investigates the literal and non-literal uses of nine dimension adjectives in academic speaking and writing based on MICASE as an academic speaking corpus and Hyland as an academic writing corpus.The nine dimension adjectives are.broad,deep,high,long,low,narrow,short,tall,and wide.The results show that all the nine dimension adjectives have been used in literal sense.Except for tall,all the nine adjectives are more frequently used in metaphorical sense than in literal sense.A specific study is made on their non-literal use with regard to their semantic features.