Which adjustment methods are suitable for the wind-induced errors of Geonor T-200BM3 precipitation weighing gauges in a periglacial site?

Single Alter shielded T-200BM3 weighing precipitation gauges are widely used in the measurement of all precipitation types(rainfall,snow and mixed precipitation)in unattended boreal or alpine regions,but their original datasets must be adjusted for undercatch errors caused by wind in snowy,windy and harsh environments.Therefore,previous researchers have developed many adjustment methods for all precipitation types on different time scales.However,which adjustment method is suitable for T-200BM3 weighing gauge wind-induced error adjustment in harsh alpine regions is unclear.Therefore,precipitation measurement intercomparison experiments were conducted in the Qilian Mountains from July 2018 to July 2021,and eight adjustment methods;were evaluated for wind-induced errors for daily,individual precipitation event,hourly,and half-hourly time scales.Z2004 outperformed the other adjustment methods in regard to the daily measurements of snow and mixed precipitation.Regarding individual snowfall events,M2007 reduced the absolute value of RMSE(bias)from 1.44 to 1.32 mm(0.77-0.24 mm)and could be recommended for snowfall event adjustment.K2017-1 attained a better performance than K2017-2 in regard to half-hourly snowfall and mixed sample adjustment and was more suitable for half-hourly snowfall sample adjustment.K2017-1 reduced the absolute value of bias from 0.07 to 0.00 mm for snowfall.Finally,Z2004,M2007,and K2017-1 yielded better adjustment results for the daily accumulation precipitation amount(>2 mm d−1),individual snowfall events(>2 mm per event),and half-hourly accumulation snowfall or mixed samples(>1 mm 30 min−1),respectively.However,further intercomparison in different climate regions is needed for trace precipitation samples.

A SPARSITY AND COMPRESSION RATIO JOINT ADJUSTMENT METHOD FOR COLLABORATIVE SPECTRUM SENSING

Spectrum sensing is the fundamental task for Cognitive Radio (CR). To overcome the challenge of high sampling rate in traditional spectral estimation methods, Compressed Sensing (CS) theory is developed. A sparsity and compression ratio joint adjustment algorithm for compressed spectrum sensing in CR network is investigated, with the hypothesis that the sparsity level is unknown as priori knowledge at CR terminals. As perfect spectrum reconstruction is not necessarily required during spectrum detection process, the proposed algorithm only performs a rough estimate of sparsity level. Meanwhile, in order to further reduce the sensing measurement, different compression ratios for CR terminals with varying Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) are considered. The proposed algorithm, which optimizes the compression ratio as well as the estimated sparsity level, can greatly reduce the sensing measurement without degrading the detection performance. It also requires less steps of iteration for convergence. Corroborating simulation results are presented to testify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for collaborative spectrum sensing.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THUNDERSTORM FREQUENCY VARIATION AND THEIR POSSIBLE RELATION WITH THE ADJUSTMENT OF CROP DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEIZHOU PENINSULA

In order to research possible influences of the adjustment of plant distribution on the development frequency of thunderstorms over the Leizhou Peninsula, mathematic statistic methods, including correlation analyses, 11 kinds of fitting models and all-variable regression methods, were used for analyses and research. The results show that the average trend of the number of annual thunderstorm days is descending obviously, and there are thunderstorms in all seasons, in which warm post-midday thunderstorms have taken up the most part, and high frequency is found from May to September, and the starting and ending dates of thunderstorms have a great annual discrepancy. The vegetation structure has been improved along with the reduction of rice fields and the area increment of sugarcane and fruits planting, which results in the decrease of the number of thunderstorm days; the change in the characteristics of winter spare fields, which is caused by the planting of vegetables, limits the formation of thunderstorms in early winter and late spring. Meanwhile, the area adjustment of peanut planting has little influence on the variation of thunderstorm days. The adjustment of principal crop distribution, such as rice, sugarcane, fruits and vegetables, may have obvious influence on the formation of thunderstorms, and sugarcane has the largest effect, followed in turn by rice, vegetables and fruits, and the adjustment of crop distribution has little influence on the starting and ending dates of thunderstorms.

Rapid Springback Compensation for Age Forming Based on Quasi Newton Method

Iterative methods based on finite element simulation are effective approaches to design mold shape to compensate springback in sheet metal forming. However, convergence rate of iterative methods is difficult to improve greatly. To increase the springback compensate speed of designing age forming mold, process of calculating springback for a certain mold with finite element method is analyzed. Springback compensation is abstracted as finding a solution for a set of nonlinear functions and a springback compensation algorithm is presented on the basis of quasi Newton method. The accuracy of algorithm is verified by developing an ABAQUS secondary development program with MATLAB. Three rectangular integrated panels of dimensions 710 mmx750 mm integrated panels with intersected ribs of 10 mm are selected to perform case studies. The algorithm is used to compute mold contours for the panels with cylinder, sphere and saddle contours respectively and it takes 57%, 22% and 33% iterations as compared to that of displacement adjustment （DA） method. At the end of iterations, maximum deviations on the three panels are 0.618 4 mm, 0.624 1 mm and 0.342 0 mm that are smaller than the deviations determined by DA method （0.740 8 mm, 0.740 8 mm and 0.713 7 mm respectively）. In following experimental verification, mold contour for another integrated panel with 400 ram^380 mm size is designed by the algorithm. Then the panel is age formed in an autoclave and measured by a three dimensional digital measurement devise. Deviation between measuring results and the panel＇s design contour is less than 1 mm. Finally, the iterations with different mesh sizes （40 mm, 35 mm, 30 mm, 25 mm, 20 mm） in finite element models are compared and found no considerable difference. Another possible compensation method, Broyden-Fletcher-Shanmo method, is also presented based on the solving nonlinear fimctions idea. The Broyden-Fletcher-Shanmo method is employed to compute mold contour for the second panel. It only takes 50% iterations compared to that of DA. The proposed method can serve a faster mold contour compensation method for sheet metal forming.

An error evaluation on the vertical velocity algorithm in POM

A time splitting technique is common to many free surface ocean models. The different truncation errors in the equations of the internal and external modes require a numerical adjustment to make sure that algorithms correctly satisfy continuity equations and conserve tracers quantities. The princeton ocean model （POM） has applied a simple method of adjusting the vertical mean of internal velocities to external velocities at each internal time step. However, due to the Asselin time filter method adopted to prevent the numerical instability, the method of velocity adjustment used in POM can no longer guarantee the satisfaction of the continuity equation in the internal mode, though a special treatment is used to relate the surface elevation of the internal mode with that of the external mode. The error is proved to be a second-order term of the coefficient in the Asselin filter. One influence of this error in the numerical model is the failure of the kinetic boundary condition at the sea floor. By a regional experiment and a quasi-global experiment, the magni- tudes of this error are evaluated, and several sensitivity tests of this error are performed. The characteristic of this error is analyzed and two alternative algorithms are suggested to reduce the error.

Another Form for LAMBDA Method

The LAMBDA method that was proposed by Teunissen is introduced. Then, on the basis of both the back-sequential conditional LS technique and the upper-triangular Cholesky decomposition, another form for LAMBDA method is proposed. This new form for LAMBDA method has the same principle and calculation speed as the traditional LAMBDA method.

一维/二维半导体器件肖特基势垒高度的调整方法

The Schottky contact which is a crucial interface between semiconductors and metals is becoming increasingly significant in nano-semiconductor devices. A Schottky barrier, also known as the energy barrier, controls the depletion width and carrier transport across the metal–semiconductor interface.Controlling or adjusting Schottky barrier height(SBH) has always been a vital issue in the successful operation of any semiconductor device. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the static and dynamic adjustment methods of SBH, with a particular focus on the recent advancements in nanosemiconductor devices. These methods encompass the work function of the metals, interface gap states,surface modification, image-lowering effect, external electric field, light illumination, and piezotronic effect. We also discuss strategies to overcome the Fermi-level pinning effect caused by interface gap states, including van der Waals contact and 1D edge metal contact. Finally, this review concludes with future perspectives in this field.

A Stronger Uniform Consistency Check and Adjustment Method

When vectors of a judgement matrix is arranged according to their weight in AHP, uniform consistency is always required and the check criterion is uniform check. In this paper, a stronger uniform consistency check is introduced which can obtain a exact and practical effect by making an adjust to any non-satisfying uniforming matrix.

Fast and accurate adaptive collocation iteration method for orbit dynamic problems

For over half a century,numerical integration methods based on finite difference,such as the Runge-Kutta method and the Euler method,have been popular and widely used for solving orbit dynamic problems.In general,a small integration step size is always required to suppress the increase of the accumulated computation error,which leads to a relatively slow computation speed.Recently,a collocation iteration method,approximating the solutions of orbit dynamic problems iteratively,has been developed.This method achieves high computation accuracy with extremely large step size.Although efficient,the collocation iteration method suffers from two limitations:(A)the computational error limit of the approximate solution is not clear;(B)extensive trials and errors are always required in tuning parameters.To overcome these problems,the influence mechanism of how the dynamic problems and parameters affect the error limit of the collocation iteration method is explored.On this basis,a parameter adjustment method known as the“polishing method”is proposed to improve the computation speed.The method proposed is demonstrated in three typical orbit dynamic problems in aerospace engineering:a low Earth orbit propagation problem,a Molniya orbit propagation problem,and a geostationary orbit propagation problem.Numerical simulations show that the proposed polishing method is faster and more accurate than the finite-difference-based method and the most advanced collocation iteration method.

A new compensation method for temperature-dependent gain tilt in L-band EDFA by adjusting only inserted VOA

A novel compensation method for temperature-dependent gain tilt of L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier (L-EDFA) is proposed, in which the attenuation between stages is the only parameter to be adjusted. A simple linear relationship between the attenuation and the erbium fiber coil temperature was derived theoretically. When the erbium fiber coil temperature cycles from 26 to 70C, the gain tilt variation less than 0.3 dB is achieved experimentally by adjusting only the pre-inserted variable optical attenuator (VOA).