Human Capital Structure and Economic Growth:From the Perspective of New Structural Economics

The Chinese economy has achieved remarkable development over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up.However,with the narrowing of potential for efficiency improvement from resources reallocation and changes in population age structure,the Chinese economy has moved from high-speed growth to high-quality development.In this setting,understanding factor endowment and comparative advantages of the economy from a perspective of human capital structure so as to enhance industrial structure adaptability by riding the trend is of significance for cultivating new driving force for economic development.This paper,following a theoretical paradigm of new structural economics,demonstrates how human capital structure matches industrial structure and the presence of optimal human capital structure using mathematical deduction.On this basis,national level panel data and instrumental variables are adopted for generalized method of moments,the results of which shows that there are varied impacts on economic growth in light of different human capital structure characteristics.The proportions of high-level human capital and medium-level human capital boost economic development,while that of low-level human capital has an inhibitory effect on economic growth.The policy implication of this study is that large economies should diversify efforts as per different human capital structure characteristics in terms of development need of tapping growth impetus from human capital structure improvement.It is of equal importance to raise the proportion of high and medium human capital in order to stimulate economic growth and to cut the proportion of low human capital that hinders economic development.

A Study on the Impact of China’s Demographic Structure on Human Capital Accumulation-Based on a Panel Data Model

With the development of the times,the role of human capital in economic growth has been highlighted.However,in the current academic world,the research on the topic of demographic structure and human capital accumulation is not closely integrated.China is now in a period of economic transformation and upgrading,and it is urgent to change the traditional economic growth model,increase human capital investment,and cultivate new growth momentum.Therefore,this paper examines the impact of China’s population structure on human capital accumulation by constructing a mathematical model based on relevant panel data of 31 provinces(municipalities and autonomous regions)from 2001 to 2020.The empirical results show that human capital accumulation in China has a certain lagging effect,while population age and urban-rural structure enhance human capital accumulation in both quantitative and qualitative terms,respectively.In addition,industrial transformation,economic growth level,and per capita income all have significant positive effects.The effect of education,on the other hand,is not significant,while the interaction between urbanization and industrial structure may hurt it.Based on this,this paper proposes targeted countermeasures and suggestions in terms of fully developing the population quality dividend,fully tapping the talent knowledge dividend,continuously improving the health dividend,and continually tapping the aging dividend.

The Positive Research of Human Capital Structure and the Disparity Problem of Area in Our Country

The factors that influence the economic growth are various and complicated.This paper has especially probed into calculating and impact on regional economic growth of the human capital structure. First, on the basis of considering human capital quality, we use Gini coefficient law to calculate human capital structure coefficient of our country＇s each province （municipal or district）; Second, according to the result of calculating of human capital structure coefficient, considering input of material capital, average education level and so on at the same time, we set up regional economic growth model and use the panel data to examine the model. The result indicates the human capital structure coefficient of each province （municipal or district）in inverse proportion to economic growth （- 0. 108）. The last is the conclusion of this text.

The effect of human capital on energy consumption:Evidence from an extended version of STIRPAT framework

Human capital is an important aspect of energy consumption,exerting crucial effects on economic growth,technological progress,and economic restructuring.This paper presents an in-depth investigation of the effect of human capital on energy consumption using an extended version of the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population,Affluence,and Technology framework.The estimated results using a panel dataset covering China’s 30 provincial regions during the period 1997-2018 and applying fixed effects with instrumental variables and the generalized method of moments indicated that an increase in human capital significantly drove energy consumption.A 1%increase in human capital increased energy consumption by approximately 0.3%.A two-step channel analysis to test scale,technical,and structural effects revealed that the positive effect of human capital on energy consumption is based primarily on the scale effect.However,highly educated human capital alleviates the energy pressure of this effect.In contrast to the scale effect,both the technical and structural effects of human capital reduced energy consumption,and this reduction is primarily correlated with enterprises’utility-oriented technological progress.Finally,we present strategic energy control policy implications related to human capital.

The Role of Human Capital in Economic Growth

In endogenous growth theories, with the endogeneity of technology and its inclusion into the model, the new technologies produced by individuals equipped with knowledge, skills, and experience by using this technology were regarded as the human capital investments of countries. Later, the effects of human capital on economic growth became a significant topic in the empirical literature. In this study, initially the basic approaches to human capital were theoretically investigated. Then, the relationships between human capital and economic growth were analyzed with cointegration and causality tests by using the data of Turkey for the period 1961-2011. Our findings revealed a dual causality relationship between human capital and economic growth variables.

The Way to Improve the Human Capital in the Rural and Pastoral Area in Tibet

The human capital in the rural and pastoral area in Tibet is scarce at present and the investment in human capital faces many difficulties. It is urgent to optimize the education structure, intensify professional training, cultivate the transferring of labor force and pay attention to the child care. The fundamental measure is to establish the concept of "being equipped with the ability to study, work and to be rich", and is to carry out "fundamental education and agricultural education".

China's Industrial Upgrade and Human Capital Improvement

Based on statistics, this paper reviews China＇s economic growth and industrial upgrade since the reform and opening up in 1978 and estimates the contribution of industrial restructuring to economic growth. With the years of schooling as the proxy variable of human capital, this paper describes changes in China＇s labor competence during the industrial restructuring process. Then, this paper estimates China＇s future human capital demand and shortage based on economic and demographic forecast. Lastly, this paper proposes recommendations for improving human capital in China with skills development and education.

Changes of Wage Structures in Chinese Public and Private Sectors： 1995-2007

Using CHIP （Chinese Household Income Project Survey） data and the sample selection bias corrected wage function model, this paper estimated changes in wage structure in China by ownership types （SOEs, COEs, FEs, and PEs） in 1995 and 2007. The major conclusions are as follows. First, effects of education on wage levels in SOEs and FEs become greater, while education effects decrease in SOEs and PEs under economic transition periods; firm-specific human capital becomes more important in the wage determination mechanism along with market-oriented reforms in SOEs, PEs, and FEs; age effect decreases in SOEs and COEs, but it becomes greater in PEs and FEs. Second, there exist wage structure differences between sectors by wage distributions. For example, in 2007, in SOEs, education return rates are higher for the low-wage and middle-wage groups, and the effect is the highest at the 40th percentile. However in COEs and FEs, education return rates are higher for the high-wage groups, and the effect is the highest at the 70th percentile in COEs and at the 70th percentile in FEs. Tenure effects are greater in the middle-wage groups （40th-80th） in SOEs, COEs, and FEs, and age effects are greater in the low-wage groups （5th-30th） in SOEs, FEs, and PEs.

Human Capital Structural Upgrade in Catch-Up Economies: An International Comparison

Based on international comparison, this paper arrives at the following conclusions:(1) with the progress of industrialization and rising per capita GDP, successful catch-up countries will experience an upgrade from low-level human capital to highlevel human capital;(2) the leap phenomenon exists in the deepening of high-level human capital and the universalization of tertiary education is normally completed within a relatively short period of time, which has cumulative causation with high productivity;(3) most developing countries face the critical mass of human capital upgrade, excessive lowlevel human capital and slow improvement of efficiency;(4) problems of China's human capital structure are mainly reflected in the excessive secondary human capital with poor quality and insufficient accumulation of tertiary human capital. According to the patterns of human capital deepening, the fostering of human capital in the current stage determines whether China's economic transition can succeed in the coming couple of decades. In order to mitigate the potential risks of belated transition, China must proactively seek the path of human capital upgrade.

Measuring Audit Firms＇ Intellectual Capital as a Determinant of Audit Quality： A Suggested Model

The intellectual capital is a main source of competing advantage. Many studies developed measure（s） of intellectual capital of industrial and service firms. Few studies have tried to develop a reliable measure of intellectual capital in audit firms. This study extends the current models to provide more insight into the role of intellectual capital in audit firms. The aim of this study is to develop a quantitative model to measure audit firms＇ intellectual capital. The suggested model can be used to explore the relationship between the intellectual capital in audit firms and audit quality. The model combines the main components of intellectual capital （human capital, structural capital, and relational capital）. The suggested model provides a tool that may help to better manage the intellectual capital in audit firms. As this is a theoretical study, a number of hypotheses are presented for testing in the future.

Human Capital Advanced Investment and Its Effects on Economic Growth

This paper created the Human Capital Relatively Advanced Investment(HCRAI)index to compare human capital investment in China and other countries.The HCRAI comprises life expectancy and average length of schooling adjusted for GDP per capita to measure the degree to which a country has invested in human capital in the early stage.Our study found that in 2014,China ranked much higher on the HCRAI index than on GDP per capita.The fact that China was far ahead of the United States on the HCRAI ranking suggests that China had invested more in human capital.Since the 1970s,China’s HCRAI ranking has experienced an inverted U-shaped curve,increasing at first and ranking first in the world in 1980 before declining in a later stage.That is to say,China has invested somewhat less on human capital in relative terms in the post-reform era.International data comparison showed that the HCRAI index may largely explain a country’s long-term economic growth rate,justifying the continuity in China’s six-decade development before and after reform and opening up in 1978.By replacing the existing absolute indicators with relative indicators,this paper measures the level of human care in China,reflecting the concept of fairness.The international comparison and long-term evolution of the HCRAI index offer a new perspective for the new normal of China’s economy and supply-side structural reforms.China’s declining HCRAI ranking over the past three decades indicates the importance of a more inclusive and sustainable development path that puts human first.

产业融合与数字创新:来自三网融合的证据

产业融合有助于促进科技创新,三网融合是促进数字创新的重要举措。利用2005—2021年292个地级市的面板数据,采用双重差分模型和中介模型研究三网融合对我国数字创新的影响。研究发现:三网融合能提升我国城市数字创新能力;机制检验表明,人力资本水平在三网融合与数字创新之间发挥中介作用,三网融合可以通过促进产业结构高级化和产业结构合理化间接提升我国城市数字创新能力。因此,应大力发挥产业结构升级的促进作用,不断增强人力资本对我国数字创新水平的促进作用,中西部地区企业可尝试利用已有数字技术进行渐进式数字创新,加速推动数字技术的实践应用。

中国制造业数字化对贸易竞争力的影响研究

利用WIOTs结合中国制造业行业2003-2014年的面板数据,研究了制造业数字化对贸易竞争力的影响。研究结果表明:制造业数字化可以促进贸易竞争力的提升,制造业数字化水平每提升1%,就会拉动贸易竞争力提升0.478%。异质性分析结果表明:制造业数字化显著提升了技术密集型行业的贸易竞争力但抑制了劳动密集型行业的贸易竞争力;国内数字化投入对贸易竞争力具有显著的提升效应,但国外数字化投入对其并无显著影响。机制检验的结果表明:制造业数字化可以通过技术创新以及人力资本结构升级的中介效应来提升其贸易竞争力。最后根据研究结论,提出了我国要提升制造业行业数字化水平、加大国内数字化投入、推动技术创新以及加强高素质劳动力培养等政策建议。

专精特新“小巨人”企业培育对突破式创新的影响研究

以中小板、科创板和创业板上市公司为研究对象,运用多时点双重差分法,探究专精特新“小巨人”企业培育对突破式创新的影响。研究发现,专精特新“小巨人”企业培育促进了突破式创新,且经过一系列稳健性检验结论依然成立。作用机制分析发现,专精特新“小巨人”企业培育通过促进数字化转型和优化人力资本结构实现突破式创新,并且数字化转型与人力资本结构在此过程中发挥链式中介的作用。进一步研究发现,法制环境和高管金融背景强化了专精特新“小巨人”企业培育政策的实施效果,而经济政策不确定性削弱了专精特新“小巨人”企业培育政策的实施效果。

数字鸿沟与家庭收入结构多元化

基于香农-维纳多样性指数构建收入结构多元化指标,在此基础上考察数字鸿沟对家庭收入结构变化的影响。研究结果表明,数字鸿沟越大,家庭收入结构越趋于单一化,该结论通过了多种内生性和稳健性检验。机制分析发现,数字鸿沟会通过限制互联网工作渠道、减少互联网人力资本投资等途径抑制居民收入结构多元化。异质性分析说明,数字鸿沟对家庭收入结构多样性的抑制影响在非打工家庭、无银行贷款家庭和东部地区家庭中更加显著。

数字乡村建设对壮大农村集体经济的作用效应

壮大农村集体经济发展是带动农业农村发展,实现中国式农业农村现代化的重要抓手和动力引擎。本文基于2020年和2021年“中国土地经济调查”的数据,利用熵值法测算出数字乡村建设水平的综合指数,在此基础上采用固定效应模型实证考察数字乡村建设对壮大农村集体经济发展的影响效应及作用机制。研究发现:数字乡村建设能显著地促进农村集体经济的壮大发展,本结果在经过内生性和稳健性检验后依然稳健;机制分析显示,数字乡村建设通过提升人力资本水平、促进资源要素集聚、推动产业结构升级壮大农村集体经济的发展;进一步异质性分析发现,数字乡村建设尚未对村级集体经济发展实现包容性增长,数字乡村建设对低等收入组的村级集体经济发展并未发挥正向带动作用。此外,相比低产业化经营发展水平的村庄,数字乡村建设对高产业化经营发展水平的村级集体经济壮大发展促进作用更显著。上述结论对数字乡村建设可作为壮大农村集体经济发展的动力引擎提供了实证依据和决策参考。

数字经济对江苏省人力资本结构的影响效应研究

基于2013—2020年江苏省面板数据,采用面板门槛效应等模型,探究数字经济与人力资本结构高级化之间的关系。研究发现,在产业结构高级化水平较低时,数字经济发展对人力资本结构高级化具有显著的推动作用,但达到一定水平之后数字经济对人力资本高级化则会产生抑制作用;数字经济对不同层次人力资本的影响存在异质性。江苏应加快构建数产融合人才发展体系,搭建市场化引才的数字平台,实现以高质量人力资本促进经济发展的战略目标。

数字经济、人力资本结构高级化与区域经济高质量发展

数字经济正逐渐成为推动经济高质量发展的新核心动能。该文基于2013—2022年间中国省级面板数据,采用固定效应模型、中介效应模型及门槛效应模型综合剖析数字经济对区域经济高质量发展的内在作用机理。研究结果表明:数字经济对区域经济高质量发展具有显著正向影响,且2016年以后数字经济对经济发展的提质作用效果更加明显;数字经济对于东、中、西三个地区经济高质量发展具有显著正向作用,但对中部和西部地区作用效果较强;数字经济对经济高质量发展的作用机制中存在人力资本结构高级化的中介效应,且其间接效应小于直接效应;数字经济对经济高质量发展存在非线性特征,整体上人力资本结构高级化在数字经济对区域经济发展质量的促进作用中呈现先升后降的“倒U”型演变趋势。

创新型人力资本对产业结构升级影响的实证研究--基于技术进步的中介效应

在绿色高质量发展的时代背景下,技术创新带来的技术进步是人力资本引导产业结构调整的重要驱动力。基于2005—2020年我国30个省份的面板数据,以技术进步为中介变量建立中介效应回归模型,通过全区域和分区域回归分析,研究创新型人力资本通过技术进步传导路径影响产业结构转型升级的作用机制。研究表明:1)各区域产业结构布局仍存在较大提升空间,都有增加教育、科技投资以提升创新型人力资本存量和质量从而推动产业结构调整升级的需求,且越是经济发达地区,在推动产业结构调整时对创新型人力资本的存量和质量要求越高。2)创新型人力资本能够显著促进全区域范围内技术进步,而欠发达地区创新型人力资本的技术进步效应要明显优于发达地区,发展落后地区创新型人力资本的技术进步效应不明显。3)创新型人力资本可以通过技术进步完全中介效应推动区域整体产业结构合理化发展,但不利于产业结构高级化。分区域来看,发达地区自主创新能力强,自主创新对创新型人力资本提出的高要求会弱化创新型人力资本对产业结构调整升级的间接效应,强化创新型人力资本对产业结构调整升级的直接效应,从而以遮掩效应呈现创新型人力资本对产业结构的间接效应;较发达地区通过技术进步中介效应呈现创新型人力资本对产业结构的间接效应,但因主要以吸收领悟外来技术和在此基础上的模仿创新为技术进步来源,间接效应程度稍低;欠发达地区因“西部大开发”的政策效应驱动,创新型人力资本能够直接影响产业结构调整升级。4)进一步探究创新型人力资本对产业结构调整升级的潜在影响机制,发现投资率对除中部地区以外的创新型人力资本影响产业结构调整升级均具有显著的正向调节效应,金融发展水平对除西部地区以外的创新型人力资本影响产业结构高级化均具有显著的正向调节效应,而对创新型人力资本影响产业结构合理化主要在区域整体和西部地区具有显著的正向调节效应。基于上述研究结果,建议加强创新型人力资本前瞻性培育,积极建立区域人才联合培养机制,加快提升自主技术创新能力,不断优化产业发展外部环境。

数字贸易对中国高质量充分就业的影响

在新发展阶段如何通过数字贸易推动高质量充分就业备受关注。本文基于2013—2020年我国30个省(市、自治区)(因数据缺失,不包括西藏和港澳台地区)的面板数据,利用熵值法对数字贸易与高质量充分就业发展水平进行测度,理论阐释并实证检验了数字贸易对高质量充分就业的影响及其作用机制。研究表明:考察期数字贸易对高质量充分就业有显著推动作用,在考虑内生性问题后该结论依然稳健。机制检验结果揭示,产业结构升级与人力资本积累分别从劳动力的需求和供给端发挥着重要的中介渠道作用。门槛分析显示数字贸易水平越高,对高质量充分就业的推动作用越强。空间溢出检验发现,本地数字贸易发展对邻地就业产生正向溢出效应。异质性检验中,数字贸易对高质量就业比对充分就业的推动作用更大,对东部地区的作用强于中西部地区。研究结论为更全面地考察数字贸易对高质量充分就业的影响提供理论依据、实证支持和政策参考。