Relations Between Photosynthetic Parameters and Seed Yields of Adzuki Bean Cultivars (Vigna angularis)

The study comparatively examined the leaf photosynthetic capacities of different adzuki bean cultivars, high-yield 2000-75 and Jihong 9218, and low-yield Hongbao 1 and Wanxuan 1 from flowering to ripening. It showed that after flowering, the leaves of the cultivars gradually aged, the leaf chlorophyll （Chl.）, soluble protein （SP） contents, net photosynthetic rates （Pn）, transpiration rates （Tr） and stomatal conductance （G） of the cultivars tended to decline, but the leaf intercellular CO2 concentration （Ci） of the cultivars tended to rise. The leaf photosynthetic capacities of the cultivars decreased gradually from the lower to the upper nodes. The dry seed yields of the cultivars were positively correlated with their leaf Chl., SP, Pn, and Tr and Gs, and negatively associated with their leaf Ci. At the late growth stages, the high-yield cultivars maintained higher leaf Chl. contents, SP contents, Pn, Tr, and Gs than the low-yield cultivars, indicating that leaf photosynthetic capacity was one of important yield-affecting factors of adzuki bean. Therefore, it was important for a crop at the crucial stage of yield formation to maintain a high leaf chlorophyll content and a high leaf photosynthetic capacity and delay leaf aging.

Effects of drought stress on root morphology and spatial distribution of soybean and adzuki bean

Due to global climate change,Korea is facing severe droughts that affect the planting and early vegetative periods of upland crops.Soybean and adzuki bean are important legume crops in Korea,so it is critical to understand their adaptations to water stress.This study investigated the changes in root morphological properties in soybean and adzuki bean and quantified the findings using fractal analysis.The experiment was performed at the National Institute of Crop Science in Miryang,Korea.Soybeans and adzuki beans were planted in test boxes and grown for 30 days.The boxes were filled with bed soil with various soil moisture treatments.Root images were obtained and scanned every two days,and the root properties were characterized by root length,depth and surface area,number of roots,and fractal parameters(fractal dimension and lacunarity).Root depth,length and surface area and the number of roots increased in both crops as the soil moisture content increased.The fractal dimension and lacunarity values increased as the soil moisture content increased.These results indicated that the greater the soil moisture,the more heterogeneous the root structure.Correlation analysis of the morphological properties and fractal parameters indicated that soybean and adzuki bean had different root structure developments.Both soybean and adzuki bean were sensitive to the amount of soil moisture in the early vegetative stage.Soybean required a soil moisture content greater than 70%of the field capacity to develop a full root structure,while adzuki bean required 100%of the field capacity.These results would be useful in understanding the responses of soybean and adzuki bean to water stress and managing irrigation during cultivation.

Analysis of an Applied Core Collection of Adzuki Bean Germplasm by Using SSR Markers

Genetic diversity of 158 accessions of an applied core collection of adzuki bean （Vigna angularis） and 18 wild genotypes were assessed by using 85 microsatellite markers. With an average of 5.81 alleles per locus, 493 alleles were detected, and their distribution frequencies lower than 5% accounted for 73.02% of the total number. The distributions of alleles between the cultivated and the wild adzuki bean germplasm are different, with a higher allelic diversity in the wild germplasm than that of the cultivated ones. An obvious genetic differentiation was also observed between the wild and the cultivated adzuki beans, and SSR markers may be useful in study identification and classification of them. Among cultivated adzuki bean, the genetic similarity coefficient varied from 0.366 to 0.939. Genetic structure analysis can clearly separate the wild genotypes from the cultivated adzuki bean, and also can divide the cultivated ones into different populations, as these populations are closely agreeable with the ecological regions where they originally grow. The results of this study will be useful in arranging local breeding programs, especially in the aspect of parental combinations or identification of progenies. These SSR markers can also provide important information to explain the genetic relationship between the cultivated and wild adzuki beans, and to accelerate the wild gene resources in broadening the gene pool in breeding program.

The Sequence Variations of Intron-3 of the α-Amylase Gene in Adzuki Bean

This study describes variation of intron-3 of α-amylase gene from 156 breeds of adzuki beans using SSCP(single-strand conformation polymorphism)analysis. Based on α-amylase gene structure and sequence, A pair of PCR primers, F (CCTACATTCTAACACACCCT) and R (GCATATTGTGCCAGTACAAT) were designed to amplify intron-3 fragments of α-amylase gene. 14 variant types were detected, including 13, 9, 10, 4 variant types in the wild, weed, locally cultivated and modern brought-up adzuki beans respectively, 9, 8, 7 variant types of the wild adzuki beans from Japan, China and Korea respectively, and some other variant types in the local adzuki beans from China and Bhutan. 60% of subjects of cultivated races were found to be EE type in the experiment. In addition, sequence analysis of intron-3 of α-amylase gene from 8 variant types reveals the evolution process of various variant types in adzuki beans.

Preliminary Study on Geographical Distribution and Evolutionary Relationships Between Cultivated and Wild Adzuki Bean (Vigna angular is var. angularis and var. nipponensis) by AFLP Analysis

A set of representative 146 adzuki (Vigna angular is var. angularis, and var. nipponensis) germplasm from 6 Asian countries traditionally for adzuki bean production, together with an out group standard rice bean (Vigna umbellata), were analyzed by AFLP methodology using 12 informative primer pairs. 313 unambiguous polymorphic bands were created. According to the dendrogram by cluster analysis based on AFLP banding, 143 of the accessions were distinct and revealed enough genetic diversity for identification and classification of accessions within Vigna angularis. A neighbor joining tree was generated using newly developed Innan's nucleotide diversity estimate from the AFLP data. From analysis, 7 distinct evolutionary groups, named as "Chinese cultivated", "Japanese cultivated", "Japanese complex-Korean cultivated", "Chinese wild", "China Taiwan wild", "Nepal-Bhutan cultivated" and "Hymalayan wild", were detected. Nucleotide diversity with geographical distribution of each group is discussed, regarding the evolutionary relationships between wild and cultivated adzuki beans. The preliminary results indicated that cultivated adzuki bean should be domesticated from at least 4 progenitors in at least 3 geographical origins.

Technical Regulations for Production of Green Food--Adzuki Beans

According to the experiment and production practice,this paper brings forward the technical regulations on the production technology,the environmental conditions of production area,the output index,the site selection and land preparation,the variety selection and seed quality,the fertilization,the sowing,the field management,the pest and disease control,the harvesting,the storage,the filing etc. about the adzuki beans in Qingyang City.

富含γ-氨基丁酸的萌发红小豆对T2DM小鼠肠道菌群的影响

为了研究富含GABA萌发红小豆对2型糖尿病(Diabetes Mellitus Type 2,T2DM)小鼠血糖水平及肠道菌群的影响,采用C57BL/6J小鼠为研究对象,通过高脂膳食+链脲菌素(Streptozocin,STZ)注射构建T2DM模型,选择不同剂量的富含GABA萌发红小豆对T2DM小鼠连续膳食干预6周,并利用16S rRNA测序技术对T2DM小鼠盲肠内容物的菌群结构和分布进行鉴定。结果显示:不同剂量富含GABA红小豆膳食干预可使T2DM小鼠FBG值明显下降,其中高剂量富含GABA红小豆(TF3)组FBG值为8.36±0.78 mmol/L,相比模型组(M)下降54.09%,干预效果最好。此外,TF3膳食可引起T2DM小鼠肠道菌群丰度发生显著(P<0.05)改变,门水平上Firmicutes丰度为35.96%,比M模型组下降53.17%,并可显著上调Bacteroidetes、Verrucomicrobia的菌群丰度(P<0.05)。表明TF3膳食改善糖脂代谢与Bacteroidetes、Verrucomicrobia优势菌丰度呈正相关,暗示高剂量富含GABA红小豆膳食可通过增加有益菌来缓解T2DM小鼠高血糖症状,为进一步解释T2DM与肠道菌群的关系提供参考。

低氧联合酸胁迫红小豆/绿豆萌发富集GABA及富含GABA芽豆复配米饭的工艺优化

为了研究低氧联合酸胁迫对红小豆和绿豆GABA富集的作用,采用单因素对萌发时间、萌发温度、低氧时间和L-谷氨酸浓度进行考察,在确定高GABA芽豆的胁迫条件基础上,将富含GABA红小豆、绿豆与大米进行复配,利用D-混料设计优化芽豆米饭配方工艺。结果显示,低氧联合酸胁迫对红小豆、绿豆富集GABA有积极促进作用,在萌发时间48 h、萌发温度40℃、低氧时间15 h和L-谷氨酸浓度2.5 mg/mL条件下,萌发红小豆中GABA高达158.32±3.24 mg/100 g。绿豆胁迫条件为萌发时间24 h、萌发温度35℃、低氧时间15 h和L-谷氨酸浓度2.5 mg/mL时,其中GABA含量最高为141.57±4.35 mg/100 g。在此基础上,通过D-混料设计优化确定了复配芽豆米饭的最佳配方为:大米76%、萌发绿豆11%、萌发红小豆13%,此条件下,芽豆米饭GABA含量为23.73±1.03 mg/100 g,感官评分均值为88.76±2.47,制得的芽豆米饭口感、色泽、香味均在可接受范围内,且积累了GABA活性成分,提升了芽豆米饭的营养及功能特性,为进一步开发杂粮复配米饭提供理论参考。

13个红小豆品种对红叶螨抗性筛选及评价方法

为了筛选出对红叶螨Tetranychus pueraricola抗性强的红小豆Vigna angularis品种,本研究采用叶片被害指数、盆栽虫口密度、螨量比值、叶绿素含量和田间自然种群密度5种抗性鉴定方法对13个红小豆品种的抗螨性进行评价。5种抗性鉴定方法在评价红小豆品种抗螨性上具有较高的一致性,彼此间的相关性均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。田间自然种群密度法与螨量比值法,相关系数的绝对值最大达0.971,田间自然种群密度法可作为红小豆对红叶螨抗性的最佳评价方法。利用5种抗螨性鉴定方法的抗性指标进行系统聚类,将13个红小豆品种分为5大类,综合判断农垦红和珍珠红为高抗品种,天津红和中红7号为高感品种。红小豆不同品种对红叶螨抗感性的评价结果可作为黑龙江省红小豆田间品种布局的参考,对黑龙江半干旱地区杂粮作物害虫治理具有重要指导意义。

Antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activities of peptides prepared from adzuki bean by semi-solid enzymatic hydrolysis

In this study,adzuki bean peptides were prepared by semi-solid enzymatic hydrolysis(SEH)and their antioxidant and Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitory activities and internal absorption were studied.By modifying different enzymatic hydrolysis times and enzyme additions,the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis condition for SEH could be obtained as adzuki bean powder:water=4:1(w/w),alcalase:neutrase=2:1(w/w),enzyme addition 3.75%(w/w),4 h enzymatic hydrolysis at 50℃ and pH=8.Within these hydrolysis conditions,the content of adzuki bean peptides was 11.37%,the OH−scavenging rate of 1 mg/mL peptides was 72.75%,the total antioxidant capacity was 0.88±0.02 mmol/L FeSO4,the ACE inhibition rate was 77.49%.In vivo absorption test proved that the peptides prepared by SEH were absorbed faster and exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared with liquid enzymatic hydrolysis.In conclusion,the process of SEH can improve not only the efficiency of hydrolysis,but also the antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activity as well as the internal absorption of adzuki bean peptides.

Effect of cooking conditions on quality of sweetened adzuki an

To produce high sensory quality sweetened adzuki an,the effects of cooking conditions including cooking time,heating power,sugar soaking time and soaking liquid pH on textural properties and sensory scores were evaluated using central composite experimental method.Blanching treatment and sodium tripolyphosphate were adopted to improve the mouthfeel of the whole bean an product.Results showed that the optimal parameters were as follows:cooking time of 50 min,heating power of 1.1 kW,sugar soaking time of 2 h and soaking liquid pH of 8.0,which resulted in the highest sensory score of 89.6.In this study,the effectiveness of the method to process sweetened whole bean adzuki an was validated and a sensory evaluation method for whole grain adzuki an product was developed.

Effect of fermentation with Monascus pilosus on the antioxidant activities and phenolic acid contents of adzuki bean(Vigna angularis)

Objective:To enhance physiological activities of adzuki bean(Vigna angularis)via fermentation with Monascus pilosus(M.pilosus).Methods:The adzuki bean fermentation conditions with M.pilosus were optimized,and the effect of Monascus-fermentation on the antioxidant capacity and phenolic acid contents of adzuki bean was investigated.Results:Optimal fermentation conditions were determined by the production of monacolin K.The highest monacolin K production was observed in 5%inoculum sized on day 15 in fermentation.Free and bound phenolic acids were isolated from native and fermented adzuki bean.A 1.9-fold decrease was observed in bound p-coumaric acid content,whereas the contents of bound ferulic and sinapic acids were increased by 28-and 1.7-fold,respectively.However,the contents of free phenolic acids such as p-coumaric,ferulic,and sinapic acids were increased by 2.6-,5.2-,and 7.2-fold,respectively.The fermentation of adzuki bean by M.pilosus enhanced the activities of DPPH■radical scavenging,ferrous ion-chelating,nitric oxide scavenging,and ferric antioxidant reducing activities 2.2-,1.7-,1.2-,and 1.8-fold,respectively.Conclusions:Results from our study suggest that the contents of p-coumaric,ferulic,and sinapic acids in adzuki bean were highly increased by fermentation with M.pilosus,resulting in enhanced various antioxidant activities.

不同种植密度对珍珠红小豆生理指标及产量的影响

在合江林业地区,选用珍珠红小豆佳红1号和佳红2号两个品种作为试验材料,试验期间,分别以14万株/hm^(2)、21万株/hm^(2)、28万株/hm^(2)和35万株/hm^(2)四种不同的栽植密度进行试验。对两品种珍珠红小豆的形态指标以及产量进行比较。试验结果显示,在一定范围内,种植密度对珍珠红小豆形态指标和产量的影响显著,其中珍珠红小豆的种植密度为21万株/hm^(2),在合江林业地区最为适宜。

蔗糖对不同品种赤小豆淀粉性能的影响

以三种不同赤小豆淀粉为原料,通过分析添加蔗糖前后淀粉的糊化性能、热力学性能、消化性能等特性,探究蔗糖对淀粉性能的影响。结果表明:直链淀粉含量较高的珍珠红赤小豆淀粉,具有较大的粒径、较高的峰值黏度和回生值,但其糊化温度和最终黏度较低;当添加10%的蔗糖后,三种淀粉的平均粒径、峰值黏度、凝沉性和快速消化淀粉(Rapidly digestible starch,RDS)显著降低(P<0.05),而三种淀粉的糊化温度、热焓值、回生值和衰减值却显著增加(P<0.05);慢速消化淀粉(Slowly digestible starch,SDS)含量除珍珠红赤小豆淀粉外均显著增加(P<0.05),淀粉凝胶性以及抗性淀粉(Resistant starch,RS)虽有下降,但不显著。蔗糖的添加促进了赤小豆淀粉的回生;抑制了淀粉的糊化、降低了抗老化性和消化性。

不同叶龄红小豆叶片的转录组分析

为揭示红小豆苗期不同叶龄基因表达量的变化,以晚熟品种‘唐山红小豆’为材料,通过RNA-Seq技术对3叶龄和6叶龄红小豆叶片进行转录组比较分析.结果表明:两个样本的转录组测序共得到94.1×10^(6)个原始reads,过滤后得到92.31×10^(6)个clean reads,Q30比例为94.17%,GC含量为43.68%,能定位到基因组序列上的碱基数占97.77%,在参考序列上有唯一比对序列数占93.07%;两个样本共获得6314个差异表达基因,其中,3059个基因上调表达,355个基因下调表达,对差异基因进行GO和KEGG分析,发现差异表达基因主要富集在光信号接收、昼夜节律、光合作用—天线蛋白、淀粉蔗糖和植物激素信号转导等代谢途径上,其中植物激素信号转导代谢途径中的差异表达基因数目最多,达108个;从昼夜节律、天线蛋白和植物激素信号转导代谢途径中各选取2个差异显著的基因进行验证,结果与FPKM值趋势一致.红小豆转录组测序数据准确可靠,苗期生长发育受到光合作用、淀粉和蔗糖、昼夜节律和植物激素等代谢途径的调控,为红小豆的开花结荚提供保障.该结果为进一步研究红小豆苗期生长过程中相关基因的动态变化提供依据.

基于因子分析和聚类分析对不同红小豆品种(系)性状的综合评价

为筛选出综合性状好的优良红小豆品种(系),对22个红小豆品种(系)的生育期、株高、底荚高度、主茎节数、主茎分枝数、单株荚数、荚长、单荚粒数、百粒重、产量这10个性状进行变异分析、因子分析和聚类分析。结果表明:结合变异系数和因子载荷可以看出,株高、主茎分枝数、单株荚数、百粒重可以作为红小豆形态要求的选择标准。通过建立综合评价模型,综合评价居前3位的品种(系)是渝红豆4号、保红201219-1、THM2011-28,可作为优异资源加以利用。通过聚类分析,将22个红小豆品种(系)划分为4个大类群,大部分品种(系)聚集在第Ⅰ类群和第Ⅲ类群,以后应加强资源的多样性开发利用。

基于转录组的小豆SSR分子标记开发及其应用

为了开发小豆SSR(Simple Sequence Repeats)分子标记,2019—2020年,利用微卫星识别工具MISA和软件Primer 3搜索小豆资源QH1转录组测序得到的Unigene,获得3045个SSR分子标记,通过对标记的重复基序特点分析,发现标记的重复基序以单核苷酸重复、二核苷酸重复和三核苷酸重复为主,分别占标记总数的41.2%、26.4%和25.6%。利用可以锚定到小豆基因组并能成功设计引物的标记,构建了包括1505个SSR分子标记的物理图谱。从以上1505个标记中,随机选取分布于小豆11条染色体上的132个SSR标记进行有效性验证,发现有效扩增的标记为118个,有效率为89.4%。通过多态性标记筛选,获得6个多态性标记,利用这6个标记对36份小豆品种进行聚类分析,发现供试小豆材料可以分为4个类群。说明开发的SSR分子标记能够分析小豆的遗传背景差异,为小豆种质资源鉴定、遗传多样性分析以及优良性状基因定位研究提供可用的分子标记。

不同抗旱性小豆根系对干旱-复水的生理生态响应

为了探究不同抗旱性的小豆品种根系对于干旱-复水的生理生态响应规律,以京农2号、遵化红和B1783为试验材料,研究了干旱胁迫和复水处理对根系形态、根系活力、根系抗氧化酶活性、根系的丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫对小豆的根系造成了不同程度的损害,引起了小豆根干重、主根长、根系活力、根系可溶性蛋白质含量显著下降,3个品种中京农2号的下降幅度最小,重度干旱胁迫(SS)下降幅分别是8.82%、12.15%、18.83%和15.80%,复水后,各指标值存在不同程度的回升,但仍低于对照;根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,京农2号的增幅最大,SS处理下增幅分别是15.02%、86.76%、37.70%;根系MDA、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量随着干旱胁迫程度的加深而升高,且品种的抗旱性越强,增加量越大,复水后有所恢复但未达到对照水平。不同抗旱性小豆的干旱-复水后的恢复能力存在较大差异,整体表现为抗旱能力越强的小豆品种,干旱-复水后的恢复能力也越强。

微波预处理对红豆吸水特性、外观及淀粉特性的影响

本文旨在利用微波预处理在红豆表皮形成裂缝的方式改善其在常温下的吸水速率。红豆经80~800 W微波处理10~50 s后,观察其外观和淀粉特性变化,并将其置于清水或果胶酶溶液中浸泡,探究其吸水特性。结果表明,随着微波预处理功率和时间的增加,红豆表皮逐渐形成裂缝、体积膨大、淀粉部分糊化,在25℃清水和0.20 mg/mL果胶酶溶液中的吸水速率均显著增加、饱和吸水率下降。其中,经800 W、30 s微波预处理后,红豆表皮产生裂缝、保持原有颗粒形状、尺寸略微变大;部分淀粉颗粒破碎和糊化、偏光十字减少;清水中吸水率提高28.78%(浸泡6 h)、饱和吸水率下降10.64%,果胶酶溶液中吸水率提高30.89%(浸泡6 h)、饱和吸水率则无明显下降。综上,微波预处理可提高红豆的吸水速率,且该提升作用可能与其表皮形成裂缝以及淀粉部分糊化有关。研究结果可为微波技术在杂粮加工中的应用提供理论指导。

基于SSR标记初步定位小豆驯化相关性状QTL

炸荚和籽粒硬实性是野生小豆的主要特性,严重制约着野生小豆资源的利用,解析这些性状的遗传机理,对培育优良小豆新品种具有重要意义。本研究基于中红5号和野生小豆(Vigna angularis var.n ipponensis)杂交衍生的重组自交系,开展炸荚和籽粒硬实等驯化相关性状鉴定及SSR标记分析。表型分析显示荚皮卷曲数、炸荚率及籽粒硬实率均不符合典型正态分布。构建了包含111个SSR标记、11个连锁群的小豆遗传连锁图谱,总长3813.5 cM,标记间平均距离为34.35 cM。连锁分析共发掘到与2021年炸荚率和荚皮卷曲数相关QTL 19个,与2022年炸荚率及荚皮卷曲数相关QTL 13个,其中不同年份重复检测到的荚皮卷曲数相关QTL 2个,重复检测到的炸荚率相关QTL 3个。籽粒硬实相关QTL 4个,其中位于LG11的QTL分别与炸荚率及2022年荚皮卷曲数相关QTL重叠。本研究结果为进一步开展小豆驯化相关基因的精细定位及机理解析奠定了基础。