The Effects of the Aerobics Exercise Program on the Cardiopulmoner Capacity and Disease Symptoms of the Patients with Primary Fibromialgia Syndrome

Backgrounds: To observe the effects of aerobic exercise program on the illness symptoms and cardiopulmonary capacity of the patients with primary Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) and to find out whether there is a difference or not in terms of cardiovascular capacity among the patients with primary FMS and sedentary healthy people. Materials and Methods: The study has been done on 20 female patients with primary FMS. Before the study and after a 6-week controlled aerobic exercise program, a cardiopulmonary exercise test has been applied on all cases. The symptoms, psychological state and life quality of the cases have been evaluated before and after the exercise program. The first cardiopulmonary results of the cases with FMS have been compared with a control group of 15 sedentary healthy. Results: When the patient and control groups are compared, although maksimal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) was lower in the patient group, this was not a significant difference. VO2 max showing the aerobic condition after the exercise increased significantly in the patients. Conclusions: Aerobic exercise programs lasting six to eight weeks are quite effective for the patients with FMS. There is not any limitation in the increase of the cardiopulmonary capacity of the patients after the exercise program.

Exercise training mode effects on myokine expression in healthy adults:A systematic review with meta-analysis

Background:The benefits of exercise are well known;however,many of the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood.Skeletal muscle secretes myokines,which mediate muscleorgan crosstalk.Myokines regulate satellite-cell proliferation and migration,inflammatory cascade,insulin secretion,angiogenesis,fatty oxidation,and cancer suppression.To date,the effects of different exercise modes(namely,aerobic and resistance exercise)on myokine response remain to be elucidated.This is crucial considering the clinical implementation of exercise to enhance general health and wellbeing and as a medical treatment.Methods:A systematic search was undertaken in PubMed,MEDLINE,CINAHL,Embase,SPORTDiscus,andWeb of Science in April 2023.Eligible studies examining the effects of a single bout of exercise on interleukin15(IL-15),irisin,secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine(SPARC),oncostatinM(OSM),and decorin were included.A random-effects meta-analysis was also undertaken to quantify the magnitude of change.Results:Sixty-two studies were included(n=1193).Overall,exercise appeared to induce small to large increases in myokine expression,with effects observed immediately after to 60 min post-exercise,although these were mostly not statistically significant.Both aerobic and resistance exercise resulted in changes in myokine levels,without any significant difference between training modes,and with the magnitude of change differing across myokines.Myokine levels returned to baseline levels within 180 min to 24 h post-exercise.However,owing to potential sources of heterogeneity,most changes were not statistically significant,indicating that precise conclusions cannot be drawn.Conclusion:Knowledge is limited but expanding with respect to the impact of overall and specific effects of exercise on myokine expression at different time points in the systemic circulation.Further research is required to investigate the effects of different exercise modes at multiple time points on myokine response.

Intervention control of aerobic exercise in maintaining quality of life and pulmonary hypertension in hemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension is a serious complication in the treatment of maintenance hemodialysis patients,which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and threatens their life safety.Prevention,treatment and improvement of pulmonary hypertension are of great significance to improve the quality of life of patients.AIM To investigate the intervention and control of pedal-powered bicycle in maintaining quality of life and pulmonary hypertension in hemodialysis patients.METHODS 73 patients with maintenance hemadialysis combined with pulmonary arterial hypertension at a hemodialysis center in a certain hospital from May 2021 to May 2022 are selected.Patients are divided into two groups,37 cases in the control group(group C)and 36 cases in the intervention group(group I).Patients are divided into two groups,group C is treated with oral administration of betaglandin sodium combined with routine nursing care.Based on group C,group I conducts power cycling exercises.RESULTS After treatment,group I patients had higher muscle strength,36-Item Short Form Health Survey scores,and Kidney Disease Targets Areas scores;The 6-minute walk distance test index level was higher and the Borg score was lower;The group I had lower systolic blood pressure,greater vital capacity,higher positive emotion,lower systolic pulmonary artery pressure index level,higher arterial partial oxygen pressure level,lower pulmonary vascular resistance index level,and higher blood oxygen saturation level[158.91±11.89 vs 152.56±12.81,1795.01±603.18 vs 1907.20±574.15,24.00(22.00,29.00)vs 24.00(22.00,28.00),P<0.001].CONCLUSION Aerobic exercise combined with Western medicine treatment can effectively improve patients'pulmonary hypertension,alleviate their negative emotions,and enable them to achieve a higher level of quality of life.

An Innovative Approach towards Selecting Aerobic and Coordinative Exercises in Clinical Practice for Children and Young People with ADHD

A growing body of studies and systematic reviews show evidence of the beneficial effects of physical exercise on core symptoms of ADHD. Furthermore, studies indicate that physical exercise as an adjuvant can enhance the effects of medication in the treatment of ADHD. Aerobic and coordinative exercises improve executive functioning through their effect on neurocognitive domains that are implicated in ADHD. It is postulated that through their specific modus operandi, aerobic exercise, by raising cortical arousal levels, improves impaired alerting functions whereas coordinative exercises improve the regulation of inhibitory control through the involvement of a higher variety of frontal-dependent cognitive processes. The increasing use of routine neurocognitive testing with continuous performance tests (CPT), such as the QbTest, at clinical assessments for ADHD allows for an innovative approach to identify the assessment impairments in alerting function and inhibition control that are related to ADHD and accordingly choose aerobic or coordinative physical exercise in a more targeted fashion.

Meta-analysis of the effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise on cardiopulmonary function rehabilitation in patients with stroke

Objective:Systematically evaluate the rehabilitation effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise(HIIT)on cardiovascular function in stroke patients,in order to provide a basis for selecting the best rehabilitation plan for stroke patients.Methods:Computer retrieval of CNKI,WanFang Data,VIP,CBM,Pubmed,EMbase,Web of science,The Cochrane Library databases was conducted from the establishment of the database until March 2023.Randomized controlled trials on HIIT improving cardiovascular function in stroke patients were included,and the included literature was screened,data extracted,and bias risk evaluated.Then,metaanalysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4 software and Stata17.0 software.Results:In the end,9 articles met the research criteria,with a total of 428 patients.The meta-analysis results showed that compared with the control group,HIIT had significant effects on peak oxygen uptake(VO2peak)[MD=3.87,95%CI(3.43,4.31),P<0.00001],minute ventilation(VE)[MD=7.14,95%CI(4.34,9.94),P<0.00001],peak power(WRpeak)[MD=17.13,95%CI(13.7320.54),P<0.00001],6-minute walking distance(6MWD)[MD=43.82,95%CI(16.08,71.56),P=0.002],The intervention effect of the 10 meter walking test(10MWT)[MD=-2.00,95%CI(-2.91,-1.08),P<0.0001]was better than that of the control group.Conclusion:The current analysis results show that compared to conventional rehabilitation therapy or continuous aerobic exercise,HIIT has more advantages in improving the cardiopulmonary function of stroke patients.

Effect of Resistance Training,Aerobic Exercise Before Doula-Assisted Delivery on the Psychological Well-Being and Labor Duration of Parturients

Objective:To investigate the impact of resistance training and aerobic exercise before doula-assisted delivery on the psychological well-being and labor duration of parturients.Methods:105 cases of parturients who gave birth in our hospital from February 2021 to April 2023 were included in this study.The patients were divided into a control group of 52 cases and an observation group of 53 cases.The patients in the control group received no particular intervention before delivery and only received doula assistance.The patients in the observation group received resistance training,aerobic exercise,and doula assistance prior to giving birth.After delivery,the mothers were observed for 2 hours in the delivery room and then returned to the maternal and infant ward.The observation indicators of the two groups were compared.Results:In comparison to the control group,the observation group exhibited shorter durations in the first,second,and third stages of labor,as well as the total delivery time.Additionally,the amount of postpartum blood loss at 2 hours was smaller in the observation group.The rate of cesarean section was lower,and the rate of vaginal natural delivery was higher in the observation group.Following the intervention,both groups of postpartum women showed decreased SAS and SDS scores compared to before the intervention.Moreover,the observation group had lower scores than the control group.These differences were all statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Resistance training and aerobic exercise before doula-assisted delivery can effectively improve the psychological state of parturients,shorten labor duration,increase the rate of natural vaginal delivery,and reduce pain and postpartum hemorrhage.

Research and Practice of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Training Programs

In today’s society, the incidence of cardiopulmonary diseases is increasing annually, seriously affecting patients’ quality of life. Therefore, developing a scientific and effective rehabilitation training program is of great significance. This study first analyzes the theoretical basis of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation training, including the effects of aerobic exercise, interval training, and strength training on cardiopulmonary function. Based on this, a comprehensive rehabilitation training program is designed, which includes personalized training plans, comprehensive interventions, multidisciplinary collaboration, patient education, and regular follow-up visits. The cardiopulmonary rehabilitation training plan developed in this study has certain scientific practicability, which provides a theoretical basis for cardiopulmonary rehabilitation training, and also provides a reference for medical institutions, rehabilitation centers and communities, which is helpful for promotion and application to a wider range of patients with cardiopulmonary diseases.

Physical exercise in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Dementia is one of the greatest global challenges for health and social care in the 21st century.Alzheimer’s disease(AD),the most common type of dementia,is by no means an inevitable consequence of growing old.Several lifestyle factors may increase,or reduce,an individual’s risk of developing AD.Much has been written over the ages about the benefits of exercise and physical activity.Among the risk factors associated with AD is a low level of physical activity.The relationship between physical and mental health was established several years ago.In this review,we discuss the role of exercise(aerobic and resistance)training as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment and prevention of AD.Older adults who exercise are more likely to maintain cognition.We address the main protective mechanism on brain function modulated by physical exercise by examining both human and animal studies.We will pay especial attention to the potential role of exercise in the modulation of amyloid b turnover,inflammation,synthesis and release of neurotrophins,and improvements in cerebral blood flow.Promoting changes in lifestyle in presymptomatic and predementia disease stages may have the potential for delaying one-third of dementias worldwide.Multimodal interventions that include the adoption of an active lifestyle should be recommended for older populations.

Aerobic exercise improves gastrointestinal motility in psychiatric inpatients

AIM: To evaluate the benefit of aerobic exercise on colonic transit time (CTT) for psychiatric inpatients in a closed ward.

Aerobic exercise combined with huwentoxin-I mitigates chronic cerebral ischemia injury

Ca2＋ channel blockers have been shown to protect neurons from ischemia, and aerobic exercise has significant protective effects on a variety of chronic diseases. The present study injected huwentoxin-I （HWTX-I）, a spider peptide toxin that blocks Ca2＋ channels, into the caudal vein of a chronic cerebral ischemia mouse model, once every 2 days, for a total of 15 injections. During this time, a subgroup of mice was subjected to treadmill exercise for 5 weeks. Results showed amelioration of cortical injury and improved neurological function in mice with chronic cerebral ischemia in the HWTX-I ＋ aerobic exercise group. The combined effects of HWTX I and exercise were superior to HWTX-I or aerobic exercise alone. HWTX-I effectively activated the Notch signal transduction pathway in brain tissue. Aerobic exercise up-regulated synaptophysin mRNA expression. These results demonstrated that aerobic exercise, in combination with HWTX-I, effectively relieved neuronal injury induced by chronic cerebral ischemia via the Notch signaling pathway and promoting synaptic regeneration.

Early Aerobic Exercise Promotes Neurological Function Recovery of Rats after Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion by Upregulating the Expression of Heat Shock Protein A5

Objective The neuroprotective function of heat shock protein A5(HSPA5)in ischemic stroke has been confirmed.This study aimed to investigate the effects of early aerobic exercise on neurological function recovery from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and to determine whether these effects are associated with the expression level of HSPA5 in the ischemic penumbra.Methods A total of 72 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the ischemia and exercise group[middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)-Ex,n=18],ischemia and sedentary group(MCAO-St,n=18),sham-surgery and exercise group(Sham-Ex,n=18),or sham-surgery and sedentary group(Sham-St,n=18).The MCAO-Ex and MCAO-St groups were subjected to MCAO for 60 min,whereas the Sham-Ex and Sham-St groups were subjected to an identical operation without MCAO.Rats in the MCAO-Ex and Sham-Ex groups then ran on a treadmill for 30 min once a day for 5 consecutive days.After reperfusion,the motor function of the rats was scored by the Bederson neurological function test,balance beam test,and screen test.Nissl staining was conducted to assess morphological and structural change of nerve cells in the ischemic penumbra.The reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was applied to detect the mRNA expression of HSPA5.Western blot analysis was conducted to determine the protein expression of HSPA5.Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling(TUNEL)staining was carried out in the ischemic penumbra after MCAO.Results Rats receiving early treadmill exercise had lower Bederson neurological function,balance beam,and screen test scores on the 3rd,7th,and 14th days after MCAO;in addition,more neurons survived in the ischemic penumbra after MCAO,and higher mRNA and protein expression of HSPA5 and fewer TUNEL-positive stained cells were observed.Conclusion Our study demonstrated that early aerobic exercise can improve neurological function recovery after ischemia/reperfusion.Furthermore,the increased level of HSPA5 in the ischemic penumbra might be one of the mechanisms of enhanced neurological function recovery.

Beneficial mechanisms of aerobic exercise on hepatic lipid metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND：Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease（NAFLD）refers to any fatty liver disease that is not due to excessive use of alcohol.NAFLD probably results from abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism and insulin resistance.Aerobic exercise is shown to improve NAFLD.This review aimed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on NAFLD.DATA SOURCE：We searched articles in English on the role of aerobic exercise in NAFLD therapy in Pub Med.RESULTS： The mechanisms of chronic aerobic exercise in regulating the outcome of NAFLD include： （i） reducing in- trahepatic fat content by down-regulating sterol regulatory element-binding protein-lc and up-regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y expression levels; （ii） decreas- ing hepatic oxidative stress through modulating the reactive oxygen species, and enhancing antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and glutathione peroxidase; （iii） ameliorating hepatic inflammation via the inhibition of pro-inflammatory media- tors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta; （iv） attenuating mitochondrial dependent apoptosis by reducing cytochrome C released from the mitochondria to the cytosol; and （v） inducing hepato-protective autophagy. CONCLUSION： Aerobic exercise, via different mechanisms, significantly decreases the fat content of the liver and improves the outcomes of patients with NAFLD.

Effects of exercise training on diastolic and systolic dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure

BACKGROUND Chronic heart failure(CHF)is a complex syndrome characterized by a progressive reduction of the left ventricular(LV)contractility,low exercise tolerance,and increased mortality and morbidity.Diastolic dysfunction(DD)of the LV,is a keystone in the pathophysiology of CHF and plays a major role in the progression of most cardiac diseases.Also,it is well estimated that exercise training induces several beneficial effects on patients with CHF.AIM To evaluate the impact of a cardiac rehabilitation program on the DD and LV ejection fraction(EF)in patients with CHF.METHODS Thirty-two stable patients with CHF(age:56±10 years,EF:32%±8%,88%men)participated in an exercise rehabilitation program.They were randomly assigned to aerobic exercise(AER)or combined aerobic and strength training(COM),based on age and peak oxygen uptake,as stratified randomization criteria.Before and after the program,they underwent a symptom-limited maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing(CPET)and serial echocardiography evaluation to evaluate peak oxygen uptake(VO2peak),peak workload(Wpeak),DD grade,right ventricular systolic pressure(RVSP),and EF.RESULTS The whole cohort improved VO2peak,and Wpeak,as well as DD grade(P<0.05).Overall,9 patients(28.1%)improved DD grade,while 23(71.9%)remained at the same DD grade;this was a significant difference,considering DD grade at baseline(P<0.05).In addition,the whole cohort improved RVSP and EF(P<0.05).Not any between-group differences were observed in the variables assessed(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Exercise rehabilitation improves indices of diastolic and systolic dysfunction.Exercise protocol was not observed to affect outcomes.These results need to be further investigated in larger samples.

Effectiveness of statins vs.exercise on reducing postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in dyslipidemic population:A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Background:Individuals at risk of suffering cardiovascular disease(CVD) present with larger increases in blood trigyceride(TG) concentration after a high-fat meal than do healthy individuals.These postprandial hypertriglyceride levels are an independent risk factor for CVD.Prescription of statins and a bout of prolonged exercise are both effective in lowering postprandial hypertriglyceride levels.We aimed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of statins vs.a bout of aerobic exercise in reducing fasting and postprandial TG(PPTG) concentrations in indiv、duals at high nsk of developing CVD.Methods:Thirty-seven sltudies from a systematic literature search of the PubMed,EMBASE,and Cochrane databases were included in this review.The selected studies conducted trials involving statin therapy(n=20) or a bout of aerobic exercise(n=19) and measured their impact on PPTG levels as the outcome.Two studies analyzed both treatments and were included in duplicate.The meta-analysis was constructed using a random-effects model to calculate the mean difference(MD).The Student t test was used to compare the data sets for statins vs.exercise.Results:Overall,statin and exercise interventions showed similar reductions in PPTG levels,with an MD of-0.65 mmol/L for statins(95% confidence interval(95%CI):-0.54 to-0.77;p <0.001) and-0.46 mmol/L for exercise(95%CI:-0.21 to-0.71;p <0.01).However,statins lowered fasting TG levels more than exercise(MD=-1.54 mmol/L,95%CI:-2.25 to-0.83;p=0.009).Conclusion:Although aerobic exercise is effective in lowering blood TG levels,statins seem to be more efficient,especially in the fasted state.A combination of exercise and statins might reveal a valuable approach to the treatment and prevention of CVD.More studies are required to determine the underlying mechanisms and the possible additive effects of these interventions.

Effect of aerobic exercise on the contractile function of gastrocnemius myosin heavy chain

Objective To study the effect of 4-6 weeks’ treadmill training of male SD rats on the contractile function of their gastrocnemius myosin heavy chain (MHC). Methods Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into control group and training group. The treadmill training of the training group rats was incessantly performed for 4-6 weeks at an intensity of about 75% VO2max (18.5-24 m/min,gradient of 0°,each training session lasting 50 minutes,twice a day). The content of gastrocnemius MHC mRNA was tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),and the changes of muscle fibre and its cross-section area (CSA) were measured using immunohistochemistry. Electric stimulation tests were used to determine the maximal tension of isometric contraction of the post-training gastrocnemius. Results ① After continuous treadmill training for 4-6 weeks,we found that the content of the total MHC,MHC Ⅰ,MHC Ⅱx,MHC Ⅱa mRNAs was 105%,105%,109% and 108% of that in the resting control group,respectively,and the MHC Ⅱb mRNA content did not change significantly. The percentage of MHC Ⅰ mRNA in the total MHC mRNA increased while that of MHC Ⅱ mRNA decreased after aerobic training. ② The slow type of fibre type Ⅰ was the main part of the MHC after training and the CSA of the muscle fibres increased simultaneously. ③ The maximal tension of isometric contraction by pulse stimulation of square wave in the training group increased significantly compared with that in the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion The findings indicate that aerobic exercise may promote an increase in the contractile function of MHC.

Failure to identify an acute exercise effect on executive function assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Purpose： Acute exercise has been linked to the facilitation of executive function, but little is known regarding executive function assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test （WCST）. The present research consisted of two experiments aimed to determine whether acute aerobic exercise influences successive WCST performance. Methods： In Study 1, 27 young adults were randomly assigned to the exercise or reading control group and then instiucted to perform the WCST before and after assigned treatment. In exercise group, participants completed a single bout aerobic exercise with moderate intensity for 20 min on a stationary bike. A similar experimental protocol was replicated in Study 2 with 24 late middle-aged adults to look for age differences during adulthood and control for a potential ceiling effect at young adult age. Results： Although a significant time effect was observed in young adults, both studies revealed that there was no main effect for treatment or an interaction between treatment and time on any of the WCST indices. Conclusion： Acute aerobic exercise failed to influence executive function as assessed by the WCST, revealing that this classical neuropsy- chological test tapping executive function may not be sensitive to acute exercise. Our findings suggest that acute exercise does not broadly affect the entire family of executive functions, or its effect on a specific aspect of executive function may be task-dependent, as proposed by Etnier and Chanj~ （2009）.

Non-exhaustive double effort test is reliable and estimates the firs ventilatory threshold intensity in running exercise

Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the reliability of the non-exhaustive double effort(NEDE) test in running exercise and its associations with the ventilatory thresholds(VT_1 and VT_2) and the maximal lactate steady state(MLSS).Methods: Ten healthy male adults(age: 23 ± 4 years, height: 176.6 ± 6.4 cm, body mass: 76.6 ± 10.7 kg) performed 4 procedures:(1) a ramp test for VT_1 and VT_2 determinations measured by ratio of expired ventilation to O_2 uptake(VE/VO_2) and expired ventilation to CO_2 output(VE/VCO_2) equivalents, respectively;(2) the NEDE test measured by blood lactate concentration(NEDE_(LAC)) and heart rate responses(NEDE_(HR));(3) a retest of NEDE for reliability analysis; and(4) continuous efforts to determine the MLSS intensity. The NEDE test consisted of4 sessions at different running intensities. Each session was characterized by double efforts at the same running velocity(E1 and E2, 180 s), separated by a passive recovery period(90 s rest). LAC and HR values after E1 and E2(in 4 sessions) were used to estimate the intensity equivalent to"null delta" by linear fit. This parameter represents, theoretically, the intensity equivalent to maximal aerobic capacity.Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient indicated significant reliability for NEDE_(LAC)(0.93) and NEDE_(HR)(0.79)(both p < 0.05). There were significant correlations, no differences, and strong agreement with the intensities predicted by NEDE_(LAC)(10.1 ± 1.9 km/h) and NEDE_(HR)(9.8 ± 2.0 km/h) to VT_1(10.2 ± 1.1 km/h). In addition, despite significantly lower MLSS intensity(12.2 ± 1.2 km/h), NEDE_(LAC) and NEDE_(HR) intensities were highly correlated with this parameter(0.90 and 0.88, respectively).Conclusion: The NEDE test applied to running exercise is reliable and estimates the VT_1 intensity. Additionally, NEDE intensities were lower but still correlated with VT_2 and MLSS.

Meta analysis of the effect of aerobic exercise on inflammatory factors and glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective:To explore the effects of aerobic exercise on the levels of inflammatory factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods:Randomized controlled studies(RCTs)on the effects of aerobic exercise on inflammatory factors in patients with type 2 diabetes were searched from electronic databases.Two researchers independently screened the literatures for data extraction and quality assessment.Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software.Results:A total of 17 literatures were included,including 1186 patients.The results of Meta-analysis showed that aerobic exercise significantly reduced the plasma levels of CRP,TNF-α,IL-6,and leptin in T2DM patients,but did not significantly reduce the plasma concentration of adiponectin.However,the left and right asymmetry of the"inverted funnel"plot indicated that there was a certain publication bias in the included studies.Conclusion:Existing evidence shows that aerobic exercise has a good effect on the improvement of chronic inflammatory state in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus,suggesting that lifestyle changes can play a good role in adjunctive therapy.

Effects of Teriparatide and Aerobic Exercise on Lumbar Spine Microstructure in Ovariectomized and Tail-Suspended Rats

Osteoporosis is an increasingly prevalent malady of the elderly that is associated with bone fragility and increased risk of fractures. Osteoporosis treatments focus on restoring bone strength and quality. Teriparatide (TPTD) is a therapeutic agent that has been shown to increase bone strength by improving the volume and connectivity of trabecular bone. Exercise is also known to have pro-osteogenic effects. Here we used a rat model of severe osteoporosis (ovariectomized and tail-suspension) to evaluate the effects of TPTD, exercise and a combination of TPTD and exercise on the microstructure of trabecular bone. TPTD mono-therapy and TPTD combined with exercise treatment significantly increased bone mineral density (BMD) in the whole body. Micro-computed tomography analysis revealed that a combination of exercise and TPTD treatment significantly decreased bone surface to volume and trabecular separation compared with those of the control and exercise groups. Node-strut analysis indicated that exercise or TPTD alone did not affect trabecular bone connectivity. However, the combination of exercise and TPTD treatment significantly decreased measures of trabecular bone connectivity (node number) that are consistent with a transition from rod-like to plate-like of trabecular bone microstructures. The combination treatment with exercise and TPTD improved microstructure of trabecular bone in the OVX and tail-suspended rats. These results indicate that combining exercise with TPTD represents a viable means to improve cancellous bone strength in osteoporosis populations.

A Quasi-Experiment of Exercise Modality Effects on Cognition and Fitness in Healthy Women

Exercise has been shown to improve cognitive function in many clinical populations. However, there is not a standard exercise prescription for improving cognition among adults. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of standardizing an exercise prescription for cognitive improvement, without reducing fitness benefits of exercise. Healthy women were assigned to a moderately intense floor/step aerobics （FSA; n = 8）, treadmill walking （TMW; n = 9）, or stretching （STR; n = 10） intervention for 7 weeks. Cognition and fitness were assessed pre-, mid-, and post-intervention. FSA participants experienced a significantly reduced time to complete the Trail Making Test-A compared to those in TMW or STR （P = 0.016）. In conclusion, participation in FSA may result in greater cognitive gains than does participation in TMW, while still providing fitness benefits. For women desiring to improve their cognition and fitness, prescription of moderately intense FSA for 150 minutes each week should be considered.