We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density vary in space and drops to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevat...We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density vary in space and drops to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks, which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. We propose an electron tetrahedron model, where electrons are comprised of tetraquark tetrahedrons, and . The quarks determine the negative electron charge and the or quarks determine the electron two spin states. The electron tetrahedron may perform a high frequency quark exchange reactions with the pion tetrahedron condensate by tunneling through the condensation gap creating a delocalized electron cloud with a fixed spin. The pion tetrahedron may act as a QCD glue bonding electron pairs in atoms and molecules and protons to neutrons in the nuclei. Conservation of valence quarks and antiquarks is proposed.展开更多
Extreme gravitational collapse is explored by utilizing two fundamental properties and one reasonable assumption, which together lead logically to an end-state gravitating structure. This structure, called a Terminal ...Extreme gravitational collapse is explored by utilizing two fundamental properties and one reasonable assumption, which together lead logically to an end-state gravitating structure. This structure, called a Terminal state neutron star, manifests nature’s ultimate density of mass and possesses the ultimate electromagnetic barrier. It is then shown how this structure is central to the remarkable mechanism whereby the density is prevented from going higher. A simple process assures that such density is not exceeded—regardless of the quantity of additional mass. As an example, the discourse focuses on the expected progression and outcome when a compact star of <img src="Edit_2c290d68-3330-4724-9e68-e7f1c9d3df1a.png" width="25" height="15" alt="" />—far more mass than can be accommodated by the basic Terminal state structure—undergoes total gravitational collapse. An examination of what happens to the considerable excess mass leads the discussion to the <i>principle of mass extinction by the process of aether deprivation</i> and its profound implications for black-hole physics and the current revolution in cosmology.展开更多
General quantum gravity arguments predict that Lorentz symmetry might not hold exactly in nature. This has motivated much interest in Lorentz breaking gravity theories recently. Among such models are vector-tensor the...General quantum gravity arguments predict that Lorentz symmetry might not hold exactly in nature. This has motivated much interest in Lorentz breaking gravity theories recently. Among such models are vector-tensor theories with preferred direction established at every point of spacetime by a fixed-norm vector field. The dynamical vector field defined in this way is referred to as the "aether". In this paper, we put forward the idea of a null aether field and introduce, for the first time, the Null Aether Theory(NAT) — a vector-tensor theory. We first study the Newtonian limit of this theory and then construct exact spherically symmetric black hole solutions in the theory in four dimensions, which contain Vaidya-type non-static solutions and static Schwarzschild-(A)dS type solutions, Reissner-Nordstr?m-(A)dS type solutions and solutions of conformal gravity as special cases. Afterwards, we study the cosmological solutions in NAT:We find some exact solutions with perfect fluid distribution for spatially flat FLRW metric and null aether propagating along the x direction. We observe that there are solutions in which the universe has big-bang singularity and null field diminishes asymptotically. We also study exact gravitational wave solutions — AdS-plane waves and pp-waves — in this theory in any dimension D ≥ 3. Assuming the Kerr-Schild-Kundt class of metrics for such solutions, we show that the full field equations of the theory are reduced to two, in general coupled, differential equations when the background metric assumes the maximally symmetric form. The main conclusion of these computations is that the spin-0 aether field acquires a "mass" determined by the cosmological constant of the background spacetime and the Lagrange multiplier given in the theory.展开更多
We study light rays in the static and spherically symmetric gravitational field of the null aether theory(NAT).To this end,we employ the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to compute the deflection angle formed by a NAT black hole ...We study light rays in the static and spherically symmetric gravitational field of the null aether theory(NAT).To this end,we employ the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to compute the deflection angle formed by a NAT black hole in the weak limit approximation.Using the optical metrics of the NAT black hole,we first obtain the Gaussian curvature and then calculate the leading terms of the deflection angle.Our calculations indicate how gravitational lensing is affected by the NAT field.We also illustrate that the bending of light stems from global and topological effects.展开更多
With the dark energy phenomena explored over a decade,in this present work we discuss a specific case of the generalized Einstein-aether theories,in which the modified Friedmann equation is similar to that in the Dval...With the dark energy phenomena explored over a decade,in this present work we discuss a specific case of the generalized Einstein-aether theories,in which the modified Friedmann equation is similar to that in the Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati(DGP) brane world model.We compute the joint statistic constraints on model parameters in this specific case by using the recent type Ia supernovae(SNe Ia) data,the cosmic microwave background(CMB) shift parameter data,and the baryonic acoustic oscillations(BAOs) data traced by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey(SDSS).Furthermore,we analyze other constrains from the observational Hubble parameter data(OHD).The comparison with the standard cosmological model(cosmological constant Λ cold dark matter(ΛCDM) model) is clearly shown;also we comment on the interesting relation between the coupling constant M in this model and the special accelerate scale in the modified Newtonian dynamics(MOND) model initially given by Milgrom with the hope for interpreting the galaxy rotation curves without introducing mysterious dark matter.展开更多
Classical Physics is a branch of Physics that should be described by classical notions, which define emergent phenomena. An Emergent Phenomenon is a property that is a result of simple interactions that work cooperati...Classical Physics is a branch of Physics that should be described by classical notions, which define emergent phenomena. An Emergent Phenomenon is a property that is a result of simple interactions that work cooperatively to create a more complex interaction. Physically, simple interactions occur at a microscopic level, and the collective result can be observed at a macroscopic level. The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) introduces classical notions, when the very first ensemble of particles was created at the cosmological time π<sub>M</sub> ≅ 10<sup>-18</sup> and become possible to introduce the notion “Medium of the World”. We emphasize that Classical Physics is principally different from Quantum Physics that describes quantum objects, which have four-momenta only. Classical Physics is dealing with ensembles of quantum objects! The present paper discusses the Basic Notions of Classical Physics considering a principally different cosmological model WUM, which is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift for Cosmology. WUM is a natural continuation of Classical Physics, and it can already serve as a basis for a New Cosmology proposed by Paul Dirac in 1937.展开更多
文摘We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density vary in space and drops to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks, which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. We propose an electron tetrahedron model, where electrons are comprised of tetraquark tetrahedrons, and . The quarks determine the negative electron charge and the or quarks determine the electron two spin states. The electron tetrahedron may perform a high frequency quark exchange reactions with the pion tetrahedron condensate by tunneling through the condensation gap creating a delocalized electron cloud with a fixed spin. The pion tetrahedron may act as a QCD glue bonding electron pairs in atoms and molecules and protons to neutrons in the nuclei. Conservation of valence quarks and antiquarks is proposed.
文摘Extreme gravitational collapse is explored by utilizing two fundamental properties and one reasonable assumption, which together lead logically to an end-state gravitating structure. This structure, called a Terminal state neutron star, manifests nature’s ultimate density of mass and possesses the ultimate electromagnetic barrier. It is then shown how this structure is central to the remarkable mechanism whereby the density is prevented from going higher. A simple process assures that such density is not exceeded—regardless of the quantity of additional mass. As an example, the discourse focuses on the expected progression and outcome when a compact star of <img src="Edit_2c290d68-3330-4724-9e68-e7f1c9d3df1a.png" width="25" height="15" alt="" />—far more mass than can be accommodated by the basic Terminal state structure—undergoes total gravitational collapse. An examination of what happens to the considerable excess mass leads the discussion to the <i>principle of mass extinction by the process of aether deprivation</i> and its profound implications for black-hole physics and the current revolution in cosmology.
基金Supported in part by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey(TUBITAK)
文摘General quantum gravity arguments predict that Lorentz symmetry might not hold exactly in nature. This has motivated much interest in Lorentz breaking gravity theories recently. Among such models are vector-tensor theories with preferred direction established at every point of spacetime by a fixed-norm vector field. The dynamical vector field defined in this way is referred to as the "aether". In this paper, we put forward the idea of a null aether field and introduce, for the first time, the Null Aether Theory(NAT) — a vector-tensor theory. We first study the Newtonian limit of this theory and then construct exact spherically symmetric black hole solutions in the theory in four dimensions, which contain Vaidya-type non-static solutions and static Schwarzschild-(A)dS type solutions, Reissner-Nordstr?m-(A)dS type solutions and solutions of conformal gravity as special cases. Afterwards, we study the cosmological solutions in NAT:We find some exact solutions with perfect fluid distribution for spatially flat FLRW metric and null aether propagating along the x direction. We observe that there are solutions in which the universe has big-bang singularity and null field diminishes asymptotically. We also study exact gravitational wave solutions — AdS-plane waves and pp-waves — in this theory in any dimension D ≥ 3. Assuming the Kerr-Schild-Kundt class of metrics for such solutions, we show that the full field equations of the theory are reduced to two, in general coupled, differential equations when the background metric assumes the maximally symmetric form. The main conclusion of these computations is that the spin-0 aether field acquires a "mass" determined by the cosmological constant of the background spacetime and the Lagrange multiplier given in the theory.
文摘We study light rays in the static and spherically symmetric gravitational field of the null aether theory(NAT).To this end,we employ the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to compute the deflection angle formed by a NAT black hole in the weak limit approximation.Using the optical metrics of the NAT black hole,we first obtain the Gaussian curvature and then calculate the leading terms of the deflection angle.Our calculations indicate how gravitational lensing is affected by the NAT field.We also illustrate that the bending of light stems from global and topological effects.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 11075078 and 10675062by the project of knowledge Innovation Program (PKIP) of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) under Grant No. KJCX2.YW.W10 through the KITPC astrophysics and cosmology programmes where we have initiated this present work
文摘With the dark energy phenomena explored over a decade,in this present work we discuss a specific case of the generalized Einstein-aether theories,in which the modified Friedmann equation is similar to that in the Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati(DGP) brane world model.We compute the joint statistic constraints on model parameters in this specific case by using the recent type Ia supernovae(SNe Ia) data,the cosmic microwave background(CMB) shift parameter data,and the baryonic acoustic oscillations(BAOs) data traced by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey(SDSS).Furthermore,we analyze other constrains from the observational Hubble parameter data(OHD).The comparison with the standard cosmological model(cosmological constant Λ cold dark matter(ΛCDM) model) is clearly shown;also we comment on the interesting relation between the coupling constant M in this model and the special accelerate scale in the modified Newtonian dynamics(MOND) model initially given by Milgrom with the hope for interpreting the galaxy rotation curves without introducing mysterious dark matter.
文摘Classical Physics is a branch of Physics that should be described by classical notions, which define emergent phenomena. An Emergent Phenomenon is a property that is a result of simple interactions that work cooperatively to create a more complex interaction. Physically, simple interactions occur at a microscopic level, and the collective result can be observed at a macroscopic level. The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) introduces classical notions, when the very first ensemble of particles was created at the cosmological time π<sub>M</sub> ≅ 10<sup>-18</sup> and become possible to introduce the notion “Medium of the World”. We emphasize that Classical Physics is principally different from Quantum Physics that describes quantum objects, which have four-momenta only. Classical Physics is dealing with ensembles of quantum objects! The present paper discusses the Basic Notions of Classical Physics considering a principally different cosmological model WUM, which is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift for Cosmology. WUM is a natural continuation of Classical Physics, and it can already serve as a basis for a New Cosmology proposed by Paul Dirac in 1937.
