Bioassay Procedure for the Diagnosis of Aflatoxicosis in a Pig Farm in Nsukka, South East Nigeria

The owner of an intensively reared pig farm in Nsukka, South-East Nigeria reported the deaths (within one week) of 90 piglets (2-3 months of age) out of 150 piglets on the farm. The piglets were being fed home-compounded ration composed of spent grain (which appeared moldy) and other locally sourced materials. Clinical signs observed in affected piglets include sudden loss of appetite, diarrhea and distress grunting sound prior to death. Symptomatic treatment of the piglets which included the use of antibiotics (tetracycline, LA) did not appear to have ameliorated the condition. At necropsy carcasses were generally in fair to good body condition;with subcutaneous hemorrhages, mainly under the skin of head and neck regions. Lungs were congested and edematous, with froth along the tracheal and bronchial airways. The liver and spleen were moderately congested, while the mucosae of the gastrointestinal tract (which was free of ingesta) appeared mildly hyperaemic. No pathogenic bacterium was isolated from the heart blood and spleen. Histologic section of the liver showed centrilobular hepatocytes vacoulation and necrosis with hypertrophy of Kupffer cells that were in erythrophagocytosis. There was moderate fibrinous exudation into the interlobular septae. Spleen section showed severe erythrophagocytosis, but mild haemosiderosis. White pulp was either reactive or depopulated. Lungs were severely haemorrhagic with bronchitis and bronchiolitis. A tentative diagnosis of mycotoxicosis was made and the spent grain-compounded ration was fed to different groups of ducklings, with/without arginine and lysine supplementation. On the bases of clinical signs and mortality pattern;gross and histologic changes in the liver of the ducklings, a definitive diagnosis of aflatoxicosis was made. This paper emphasizes the experimental feeding of suspected feeds/feed ingredient to ducklings as a reliable diagnostic model for aflatoxicosis.

Protective effect of Zhizi Huangqi Shanzha formula(栀子黄芪山楂方)on aflatoxin poisoning in mice and its effect on intestinal flora

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the protective effect of Zhizi Huangqi Shanzha formula(栀子黄芪山楂方,ZHSF)on aflatoxin-induced liver injury.METHODS:The protective effect of ZHSF on the aflatoxin-induced liver injury was evaluated by histological observation,blood cell analysis,evaluation of liver function and immunity,and gut microbiota analysis.RESULTS:ZHSF can significantly up-regulate the percentage of lymphocytes and eosinophils in the blood of Aflatoxin B1-intoxicated mice,down-regulate the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,and malondialdehyde,and recover the liver tissue structure.Aflatoxin poisoning induces a variation of the intestinal flora of mice,and ZHSF may recover the variation of intestinal flora induced by Aflatoxin B1.Cluster analysis showed that the intestinal flora of mice in the intervention group was more similar to that of the control group.Correlation analysis showed that Lachnospiraceae,Desulfovibrio,and Lactobacillus may be the key flora for the pharmacological effects of ZHSF.CONCLUSIONS:ZHSF may protect against aflatoxininduced liver damage,improve immunity,and inhibit oxidative stress by regulating the composition and relative abundance of intestinal flora,which makes it a promising liver-protective candidate drug.

The world’s ten most feared fungi

An account is provided of the world’s ten most feared fungi.Within areas of interest,we have organized the entries in the order of concern.We put four human pathogens first as this is of concern to most people.This is followed by fungi producing mycotoxins that are highly harmful for humans;Aspergillus flavus,the main producer of aflatoxins,was used as an example.Problems due to indoor air fungi may also directly affect our health and we use Stachybotrys chartarum as an example.Not everyone collects and eats edible mushrooms.However,fatalities caused by mushroom intoxications often make news headlines and therefore we include one of the most poisonous of all mushrooms,Amanita phalloides,as an example.We then move on to the fungi that damage our dwellings causing serious anxiety by rotting our timber structures and flooring.Serpula lacrymans,which causes dry rot is an excellent example.The next example serves to represent all plant and forest pathogens.Here we chose Austropuccinia psidii as it is causing devastating effects in Australia and will probably do likewise in New Zealand.Finally,we chose an important amphibian pathogen which is causing serious declines in the numbers of frogs and other amphibians worldwide.Although we target the top ten most feared fungi,numerous others are causing serious concern to human health,plant production,forestry,other animals and our factories and dwellings.By highlighting ten feared fungi as an example,we aim to promote public awareness of the cost and importance of fungi.