Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd Isochron Ages of the Dongmozhazhua and Mohailaheng Pb-Zn Ore Deposits in the Yushu area, southern Qinghai and Their Geological Implications

Located on the northeast margin of the Qiangtang terrane between the Jinshajiang suture zone and Bangonghu-Nujiang suture zone,the Dongmozhazhua and Mohailaheng Pb-Zn deposits in the Yushu area of Qinghai Province are representative Pb-Zn deposits of the Pb-Zn-Cu polymetallic mineralization belt in the northern part of the Nujiang-Lancangjiang-Jinshajiang area,which are in the front belt of the Yushu thrust nappe system.The formed environments of these two deposits are different from those of sediment-hosted base metal deposits elsewhere in the world.The authors hold that they were formed during the Indian-Asian continental collision and developed within the fold-thrust belt combined with thrust and strike-slip-related Cenozoic basins in the interior of the collisional zone.Studying on the metallogenic epochs of these two deposits is helpful to the understanding of ore-forming regularity of the regional Pb-Zn-Cu mineralization belt and also to the search for new deposits in this region.The age of the Dongmozhazhua deposit has been determined by the Rb-Sr isochron method for sphalerite residues,whereas the age of the Mohailaheng deposit has been determined by the Rb-Sr isochron method for sphalerite residues and the Sm-Nd isochron method for fluorite.The age of the Dongmozhazhua deposit is 35.0-±0.0 Ma （（87Sr/86Sr）0=0.708807） for sphalerite residues.The age of the Mohailaheng deposit is 32.2±0.4 Ma （（87Sr/86Sr）o=0.708514） for sphalerite residues and 31.8±0.3 Ma （（143Nd/144Nd）o=0.512362） for fluorite with an average of 32.0 Ma.Together with the regional geological setting during mineralization,a possible tectonic model for metallogeny of the Dongmozhazhua and Mohailaheng Pb-Zn deposits has been established.These two ages are close to the ages of the Pb-Zn deposits in the Lanping and Tuotuohe basins,indicating that it is possible that the narrow 1000-kilometer-long belt controlled by a thrust nappe system on the eastern and northern margins of the Tibetan plateau could be a giant Pb-Zn mineralized belt.

Metallogenic Regularities and Deposit Type of Rich(Ge-Ag)-Zn-Pb Deposits in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Triangle(SYGT)Area,China

1 Introduction The well-known1 Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Triangle(SYGT)area of poly-metallic Zn-Pb deposits,southwest China is located at the south-western margin of the Yangtze Block in the transition area of the Tethys Belt and the Circum-Pacific Metallogenic Belt,and is composed of the Northeastern Yunnan,Northwestern

Growth Pattern and Its Indication of Spheroidal Nano-Micro Crystal Aggregates of Pyrite in the Baiyunpu Pb-Zn Polymetallic Deposit, Central Hunan

The Baiyunpu deposit lies in the southwest plunging Dachengshan anticline in central Hunan, which is a large Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit. The orebodies were surrounded by the Qiziqiao Formation limestone in the Middle Devonian, and its geological occurrence is consistent with the wall rocks. A large number of spheroidal pyrite aggregates are found unevenly distributed in the ores. The spheroidal aggregates are made up of kernels and concentric rings. The kernels are composed of approximately epigranular pyrite nanocrystals, while the rings are composed of accumulated pyrite microcrystals growing along the radial direction. The spheroidal pyrite aggregate and its outer zones can be divided into five areas（A–E）. The results of electron probe micro analysis（EPMA） show that from the zone A1 to B, Co/Ni 〈1, the sum of Co and Ni is 0.08%–0.26%, S/Fe increases from 2.06 to 2.15. While from the zone C to E, Ni cannot be detected and S/Fe decreases from 2.22 to 2.08. Powder X-ray diffraction（XRD） analysis in the micro zone shows obvious crystalline characteristics in the aggregates. Moving from the inside outwards, the maximum diffraction peak intensity of the（111） and（220） crystal planes of pyrite increases, and the crystallinity improves. The degree of change in the（111） plane is the most prominent. Considering the theory of crystal growth along with the geologic features of the depositional environment where the spheroidal pyrite aggregates developed, we confirm that the spheroidal aggregates are the result of nano-micro crystalline gathering and growth occurring by the following sequence of processes：nano-crystalline nucleation and growth, gathering into a ball, oriented growth of microcrystals, continuous accumulation, and adjustment of grain boundaries. The formation of the spheroidal pyrite aggregates in the late Qiziqiao Formation of the Middle Devonian occurred in a neutral to weak alkaline and reductive sedimentary environment in the normal oxygen-rich shallowwater carbonate platform edge. The variations in the S/Fe ratio and crystallisation characteristics indicate that during pyrite crystal growth, the sulphur fugacity was high locally and rose constantly, the degree of supersaturation decreased locally and the growth environment was stable relatively.

豫西熊耳山蒿坪沟Ag-Au-Pb-Zn多金属矿床闪锌矿矿物学和微量元素组成特征及其成矿启示

蒿坪沟银金铅锌多金属矿床是豫西熊耳山地区重要的铅锌多金属矿床之一,矿体主要赋存在蚀变破碎带和断裂带内,成矿与区内岩浆活动关系密切。目前该矿床的研究集中于同位素地球化学、成矿时代和成矿物质来源等方面,但从矿物角度示踪成矿过程的报道较少。本文以矿石中不同世代闪锌矿为研究对象,开展电子探针和LA-ICP-MS原位主微量元素分析,查明不同世代闪锌矿的矿物学和微量元素组成特征,以反演矿床成矿物理化学条件进而约束矿床成因类型。结果表明,该矿床中闪锌矿主要存在两个世代:第一世代闪锌矿(Sp1)呈黑褐色或浅褐色,常与黄铁矿和黄铜矿共生,相对富集Fe、Mn、Cd、Cu和In;第二世代闪锌矿(Sp2)呈黄褐色或暗褐色,与大量方铅矿共生,裂隙被它形黄铁矿和碳酸盐充填,相对富集Co、Ge、Sn和Pb。闪锌矿中主要富集的元素为Fe、Co和In,其中Fe、Mn、Cd、Co和In等元素基本是以类质同象的形式赋存在闪锌矿的矿物晶格中,而Ag、Sb、Cu和Pb可能是以子矿物或显微包裹体的形式赋存。此外,Zn/Cd、Zn/Fe和Ga/In比值以及Fe温度计指示闪锌矿形成于中低温(沉淀时流体温度为229~259℃)和低硫逸度(lgƒ(S_(2))=-12.0~-10.1)的环境下,由成矿阶段II(Sp1到成矿阶段Ⅲ(Sp2其成矿温度可能发生了显著变化,结合面扫描分析结果,指示闪锌矿从核部到边缘温度逐渐降低。通过与国内外典型铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素特征对比,结合本矿床闪锌矿中低的Ga/In和Ge/In比值及Ge含量的特征,指示蒿坪沟银金铅锌多金属矿床成矿过程有岩浆活动的参与。综合认为蒿坪沟银金铅锌多金属矿床可能属于岩浆期后热液蚀变岩型和脉型矿床。

The multistage genesis of the giant Dongshengmiao Zn-Pb-Cu deposit in western Inner Mongolia,China:Syngenetic stratabound mineralization and metamorphic remobilization

The genesis of the giant Dongshengmiao in the northern margin of the North China Block has been debated since its discovery in the 1950 s,because it shows geological and geochemical characteristics with both syngenetic and epigenetic signatures.It has geological settings and sulfur and lead isotopic compositions that are similar with typical SEDEX（sedimentary exhalative） deposit,while the Zn-Pb-Cu mineralization was controlled by shear deformation and metamorphism,showing similarities with orogenic-type deposits.In this contribution,both the syngenetic and epigenetic features of the Dongshengmiao are envisaged,and accounted for in the context of a genetic model with two metallogenic periods.Massive pyrite at the Dongshengmiao was mostly recrystallized during metamorphism,but finegrained texture was locally preserved,indicating its syngenetic origin.On the contrary,all the Zn-Pb-Cu ores observed in this study show characteristics of epigenetic hydrothermal mineralization that controlled by metamorphism and accompanying shear deformation.The sulfur and lead isotopic compositions of sphalerite and galena indicate that they were in situ remobilized from a syngenetic stratabound source,and the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic ratios of ore-fluid indicate that the large-scale remobilization was assisted by metamorphic fluid.The thermodynamic modeling indicates that the orefluid during remobilization has a great potential of transporting Cu.This may account for the abnormally enriched Cu in the remobilized SEDEX deposit.The metamorphic fluid might strip Cu from the fluid source during devolatilization,and overprint it on the Zn-Pb orebodies during remobilization.A secondary flowthrough modeling reveals that Zn- and Cu-sulfides would be preferentially redistributed in Fe-rich carbonates during remobilization,as a result of fluid-rock interaction.Conclusively,a multistage genetic model is proposed.During the development of the Proterozoic rift,stratabound Zn-Pb mineralization took place in a SEDEX ore-forming system.The syngenetic sulfides subsequently underwent a large-scale fluidassisted remobilization during the early Cretaceous metamorphism and thrusting,forming the shear zone-controlled epigenetic orebodies.During the remobilization process,Cu was scavenged from the source of metamorphic fluid,and deposited accompanying remobilized Zn-Pb sulfides.Shear structures and Fe-rich carbonates are ideal sites for redistribution and re-deposition of remobilized sulfide.

Constraints of molybdenite Re-Os and scheelite Sm-Nd ages on mineralization time of the Kukaazi Pb-Zn-Cu-W deposit, Western Kunlun, NW China

The Kukaazi Pb-Zn-Cu-W polymetallic deposit, located in the Western Kunlun orogenic belt, is a newly discovered skarn-type deposit. Ore bodies mainly occur in the forms of lenses and veins along beddings of the Mesoproterozoic metamorphic rocks. Three ore blocks, KⅠ,KⅡ, and KⅢ, have been outlined in different parts of the Kukaazi deposit in terms of mineral assemblages. The KⅠ ore block is mainly composed of chalcopyrite, scheelite,pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena and minor pyrite, arsenopyrite,and molybdenite, whereas the other two ore blocks are made up of galena, sphalerite, magnetite and minor arsenopyrite and pyrite. In this study, we obtained a molybdenite isochron Re–Os age of 450.5 ± 6.4 Ma(2σ,MSWD = 0.057) and a scheelite Sm–Nd isochron age of 426 ± 59 Ma(2σ, MSWD = 0.49) for the KⅠ ore block.They are broadly comparable to the ages of granitoid in the region. Scheelite grains from the KⅠ ore block contain high abundances of rare earth elements(REE, 42.0–95.7 ppm)and are enriched in light REE compared to heavy REE, with negative Eu anomalies(δEu = 0.13–0.55). They display similar REE patterns and Sm/Nd ratios to those of the coeval granitoids in the region. Moreover, they also have similar Sr and Nd isotopes [ ^(87)Sr/ ^(86)Sr = 0.7107–0.7118;ε_(Nd)(t) =-4.1 to-4.0] to those of such granitoids, implying that the tungsten-bearing fluids in the Kukaazi deposit probably originate from the granitic magmas. Our results first defined that the Early Paleozoic granitoids could lead to economic Mo–W–(Cu) mineralization at some favorable districts in the Western Kunlun orogenic belt and could be prospecting exploration targets.

Behavior and influence of Pband Biin Ag-Cu-Zn brazing alloy

The effects of trace content of Pb and Bi elements on the spreading property and the strength of brazed joints of Ag Cu Zn filler metal have been studied. The results show that Pb has little effect on both above properties, and Bi has remarkable influence on the spreading property but little effect on the strength of brazed joint. Pb and Bi dissolve into the Ag Cu Zn matrix and will melt and gather at lower temperature when that alloy is being heated. Therefore a liquid forms on the surface of the Ag Cu Zn alloy and overlays the melting alloy, then keeps the filler metal away from the materials being joined, and so decreases the spreading property.

Zn对Sn-Pb-Ag合金中Ag富集规律的影响

以Sn-36.6%Pb-1%Ag为研究对象,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X线能谱仪(EDS)和化学成分分析等手段,对Sn-Pb-Ag中加入Zn后Ag与Sn,Zn反应的热力学、浮渣含银量及Ag-Zn化合物的组成、形貌及分布进行研究。研究结果表明:Ag更易与Zn生成Ag-Zn金属间化合物;浮渣含银低于1%(质量分数);体系上部、中部和底部均存在3种金相:富锡相(Sn-12.21%Pb-0.52%Ag-2.42%Zn)、富铅相(Pb-31.34%Sn-1.89%Zn)和Ag-Zn化合物相(Zn-27.30%Ag-10.87%Sn-3.70%Pb),Ag-Zn化合物相不发生偏析,且体系中不存在分层区域。原因可能是Sn-36.6%Pb-1%Ag的密度仅比Ag-Zn化合物密度大0.35 g/cm^3;Sn-36.6%Pb-1%Ag为富锡基体系,富锡基中不存在双液相分层区。但是在Sn-Pb-Ag体系中加入Pb,不仅能增大体系的密度,当铅的质量分数大于60%时液相将存在双液相分层区,使得加锌富集Sn-Pb-Ag中的银成为可能。

Fluid Inclusions of Calcite and Sources of Ore-forming Fluids in the Huize Zn-Pb-(Ag-Ge) District, Yunnan, China

The Huize Zn-Pb- (Ag-Ge) district is a typical representative of the well-known medium-to large-sized carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb- (Ag-Ge) deposits, occurring in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn Ore-forming Zone. Generally, fluid inclusions within calcite, one of the major gangue minerals, are dominated by two kinds of small (1-10 um) inclusions including pure-liquid and liquid. The inclusions exist in concentrated groups along the crystal planes of the calcite. The ore-forming fluids containing Pb and Zn, which belong to the Na+-K+-Ca2+-Cl--F--SO42- type, are characterized by temperatures of 164-221℃, medium salinity in 5-10.8 wt% NaCl, and medium pressure at 410×105 to 661×105 Pa. The contents of Na+-K+ and C1--F-, and ratios of Na+/K+-Cl-/F- in fluid inclusions present good linearity. The ratios of Na+/K+ (4.66-6.71) and Cl-/F- (18.21-31.04) in the fluid inclusions of calcite are relatively high, while those of Na+/K+ (0.29-5.69) and Cl-/F- (5.00-26.0) in the inclusions of sphalerite and pyrite are relatively low. The ratio of Na+/K+ increases in accord with those of Cl-/F-, which indicates that ore-forming fluid of deep source participates in the mineralization. The waters of fluid inclusions have δD values from -43.5‰ to -55.4‰ of calcite. The δ18OV-SMOW values of the ore-forming fluids, calculated values, range from 17.09‰ to 18.56‰ of calcite and 17.80‰ to 23.14‰ for dolomite. δ13CV-PDB values range from -1.94‰ to -3.31‰ for calcite and -3.35‰ to 0.85‰ for the ore-bearing dolomite. These data better demonstrate that the ore-forming fluids were mainly derived from metamorphic water and magmatic hot fluid, in relation to the metamorphism of the Kunyang Group in the basement and magmatic hydrothermalism. The deposit itself might have resulted from ascending cycles of ore-forming fluid, enriched in Pb and Zn. The Huize Zn-Pb- (Ag-Ge) deposits related to carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb sulphides.

Zircon U-Pb Age and Geochemistry of the Ore-hosting Ultramafic Complex of Zhou'an PGE-Cu-Ni Deposit,Henan Province,Central China

The Zhou＇an PGE-Cu-Ni deposit was recently discovered in the Qinling orogenic belt bound by the Yangtze and the North China Cratons. It is a blind deposit thoroughly covered by the Cenozoic alluvial sediments in the Nanyang Basin. As the first large PGE-Cu-Ni deposit discovered in the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt, its geological and geochemical characteristic, isotope age, genesis and tectonic setting are of wide concern in both scientific studies and ore exploration. In this contribution, we report the results obtained from a pioneering study. The Zhou＇an ultramafic complex is ferruginous, with m/f = 4.79-5.08, and shows the nature of tholeiite series. It is rich in light rare earth elements, Rb, Th, U, La, Sm, Zr and Hf, and poor in heavy rare earth elements, Nd and Ta, suggesting an intraplate setting. It has high S7Sr/S6Sr and low 143Nd/144Nd ratios. The ratios of Zr/Nb, La/Nb, Ba/ Nb, Rb/Nb, Th/Nb, Th/La and Ba/La, suggest the magma originated from lithosphere mantle. The Fo values of olivine and Pd/Ir-Ni/Cu diagram suggest primary magma was High Mg basalt. The laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy zircon U-Pb age is 641.5 ± 3.7 Ma.

The Sachakou Deposit in West Kunlun of Xinjiang: A Pb-Zn Polymetallic Deposit Associated with Magmatic Metasomatism of Carbonate Rock

Objective The Sachakou Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit is located in Hetian County, Xinjiang （geographical coordinates of E78° 57＇ 54.30＂-78°59＇ 53.63＂, N34° 39＇ 27.50＂-34° 40＇ 57.21＂）. It belongs to the West Kunlun orogenic belt on the northwest edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and is connected to the Sanjiang orogenic belt to the south （Spurlin et al., 2005）. In recent years, a series of Pb-Zn mineralized spots and deposits have been discovered in this area one after another, which is called the Huoshaoyun ore concentration area. Among them, the Sachakou Pb-Zn deposit has reserves up to140 Mt, which has reached a large scale. However, the study on the genesis of deposits in this area has only just begun. This work studied the genesis ofthis Pb-Zn deposit in order to provide new ideas for the genesis of regional deposits and regional prospecting.

Genesis of the Weiquan Ag-Polymetallic Deposit in East Tianshan, China： Evidence from Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and C-H-O-S-Pb Isotope Systematics

The Weiquan Ag-polymetallic deposit is located on the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and in the western segment of the Aqishan-Yamansu arc belt in East Tianshan,northwestern China. Its orebodies, controlled by faults, occur in the lower Carboniferous volcanosedimentary rocks of the Yamansu Formation as irregular veins and lenses. Four stages of mineralization have been recognized on the basis of mineral assemblages, ore fabrics, and crosscutting relationships among the ore veins. Stage I is the skarn stage(garnet + pyroxene), Stage Ⅱ is the retrograde alteration stage(epidote + chlorite + magnetite ± hematite 士 actinolite ± quartz),Stage Ⅲ is the sulfide stage(Ag and Bi minerals + pyrite + chalcopyrite + galena + sphalerite + quartz ± calcite ± tetrahedrite),and Stage IV is the carbonate stage(quartz + calcite ± pyrite). Skarnization,silicification, carbonatization,epidotization,chloritization, sericitization, and actinolitization are the principal types of hydrothermal alteration. LAICP-MS U-Pb dating yielded ages of 326.5±4.5 and 298.5±1.5 Ma for zircons from the tuff and diorite porphyry, respectively. Given that the tuff is wall rock and that the orebodies are cut by a late diorite porphyry dike, the ages of the tuff and the diorite porphyry provide lower and upper time limits on the age of ore formation. The δ13C values of the calcite samples range from-2.5‰ to 2.3‰, the δ18OH2 Oand δDVSMOWvalues of the sulfide stage(Stage Ⅲ) vary from 1.1‰ to 5.2‰ and-111.7‰ to-66.1‰, respectively,and the δ13C, δ18OH2 Oand δDV-SMOWvalues of calcite in one Stage IV sample are 1.5‰,-0.3‰, and-115.6‰, respectively. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopic compositions indicate that the ore-forming fluids evolved gradually from magmatic to meteoric sources. The δ34SV-CDTvalues of the sulfides have a large range from-6.9‰ to 1.4‰, with an average of-2.2‰, indicating a magmatic source, possibly with sedimentary contributions. The206Pb/204Pb,207Pb/204Pb, and208Pb/204Pb ratios of the sulfides are 17.9848-18.2785,15.5188-15.6536, and 37.8125-38.4650, respectively, and one whole-rock sample at Weiquan yields206Pb/204Pb,207Pb/204Pb, and208Pb/204Pb ratios of 18.2060, 15.5674, and 38.0511,respectively. Lead isotopic systems suggest that the ore-forming materials of the Weiquan deposit were derived from a mixed source involving mantle and crustal components. Based on geological features, zircon U-Pb dating, and C-H-OS-Pb isotopic data, it can be concluded that the Weiquan polymetallic deposit is a skarn type that formed in a tectonic setting spanning a period from subduction to post-collision. The ore materials were sourced from magmatic ore-forming fluids that mixed with components derived from host rocks during their ascent, and a gradual mixing with meteoric water took place in the later stages.

Geochemical Conditions of Metallization of the Lijiagou Pb-Zn Deposit, Gansu Province

The Lijiagou Pb-Zn deposit in Gansu Province is a syngenetic hydrothermal-depositonal and meta-morphosed hydrothermal weakly-reworked stratabound ore deposit. The metallogenic physicochemical condi-tions of the deposit are thoroughly dealt with in this paper according to its different mineralization stages.Based on the systematic study of metallogenic material sources, it is considered that the ore-forming metals, oresulphur and water of mineralizing fluids are mainly derived from the basement, reduction sulphur of marinesulfate and infiltrating heated meteoric water and partially recharged sea water, respectively. Finally, themetallogenic model of this deposit is established.

西藏斯弄多低硫化型浅成低温热液Ag-Pb-Zn矿床：Si-H-O同位素的示踪应用

拉萨地块南木林盆地林子宗群火山机构内发育有斯弄多隐爆角砾岩型、热液脉型Ag-Pb-Zn矿床,该矿床金属矿物为闪锌矿、方铅矿,少量黄铜矿和辉银矿,蚀变矿物为绢云母、伊利石、玉髓、蒙脱石、碧玉、方解石、菱锰矿和菱铁矿,符合低硫型浅成低温热液矿床的基本特征。本次研究对陆相火山岩中热泉喷口的硅质条带及穿切矿体石英脉进行了Si、H、O同位素测试,结果表明:(1)硅质条带的石英单矿物δ^(30)Si_(NBS-28)为-1.2‰^-0.4‰,记录有热水沉积Si同位素地球化学特征,为古热泉硅华成因;(2)受后期火山热液作用改造的热水沉积硅质条带全岩δ^(30)Si_(NBS-28)为-0.2‰^+0.3‰,显示火山岩与热水沉积岩混合特征;(3)穿切矿体石英脉δ^(30) Si_(NBS-28)值为-0.8‰^-0.1‰,与热水沉积硅质条带石英单矿物Si同位素组成一致,显示低温成因高Δ30Si同位素分馏值特征;(4)石英脉和硅质条带全岩的流体包裹体氢氧同位素特征显示大气水与火山岩发生了水-岩交换作用的"氧同位素漂移"现象,说明成矿流体在火山岩地层中经历了长期的循环作用。因此,Si-H-O稳定同位素指示:矿区内仍保留有古热泉喷口,表明矿区自古新世火山岩喷发和成矿后,剥蚀程度低,"缺位"寻找低硫化浅成低温热液型Au-Ag矿床的勘查潜力较大,低δ^(30)Si_(NBS-28)值石英脉和硅化是重要找矿标志。

内蒙拜仁达坝超大型Ag-Pb-Zn多金属矿床中针硫锑铅矿的发现与成因意义

在内蒙拜仁达坝超大型Ag-Pb-Zn多金属矿床中,产出针硫锑铅矿。与其共生的金属矿物主要为方铅矿、银黝铜矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、块硫锑铅矿等。针硫锑铅矿呈长柱状、针状、毛发状、束状和不规则状等,粒度变化较大,一般为0.05～4mm,最大可达12mm。反光显微镜下为灰白色,强非均性,显微硬度VHN100g=93.25～127.39kg/mm2(平均111.05kg/mm2),相当于摩氏硬度3.06～3.40(平均3.24)。矿物主要化学成分质量分数为:Pb52.20%～57.80%(平均54.89%),Sb22.26%～28.13%(平均26.08%),S18.65%～19.62%(平均19.01%),并含有少量的Fe、Cu、Zn、Ag和As等元素。相应的平均化学分子式为(Pb4.91,Cu0.04,Fe0.03,Zn0.01)4.99(Sb3.97,As0.04)4.01S11.00,标准化学式为Pb5Sb4S11。晶体为单斜晶系对称,晶胞参数值a=2.156nm,b=2.349nm,c=0.810nm。矿床中针硫锑铅矿的形成,与成矿温度较低、硫逸度升高以及还原作用密切相关。

青藏高原碰撞造山带Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu矿床新类型：成矿基本特征与构造控矿模型

地处青藏高原东、北缘的兰坪、玉树及沱沱河地区，广泛发育包括金顶超大型矿床在内的大量新生代Pb、Zn、Cu多金属矿床。这些矿床均产于该高原东缘晚碰撞构造转换环境，主体赋存于第三纪前陆盆地内部，以沉积岩容矿，与岩浆活动无关，受逆冲推覆构造系统控制，显著区别于世界已知的各类以沉积岩容矿的贱金属矿床。研究表明，伴随印度-亚洲大陆碰撞造山而产生一系列逆冲断裂系，将前陆盆地侧缘的中生代地层切割成叠置的构造岩片，并推覆叠置于盆地沉积地层之上，形成单冲式或对冲式逆冲推覆构造系统，并控制了Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu矿床的形成与发育。根据逆冲推覆构造控矿式样和矿化特征，可以识别出4种矿床式：①产于逆冲推覆构造系统前锋带“构造穹隆＋岩性圈闭”内的金顶式Zn-Pb矿床；②受控于前锋带冲起构造的河西-三山式Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu矿床；③产于主逆冲断裂带派生-的次级断层或平移断层内的富隆厂式Ag-Cu或Cu矿床；④产于主逆冲断裂上盘灰岩层间破碎带内的东莫扎抓式Pb—Zn矿床。这些矿床的矿体多受不同级次的断裂控制，多孔砂岩、白云岩化灰岩及构造破碎带是有利矿化部位。多数矿体显示开放空间充填成矿特点，少数显示层控性，属后生成矿。金属矿物组合主要为低Fe闪锌矿＋方铅矿＋黄铁矿组合及低温Cu硫化物（黝铜矿系列为主）＋Ag硫化物（辉银矿、黝银矿、汞银矿）＋方铅矿±闪锌矿组合，脉石矿物组合主要为方解石＋重晶石±萤石±白云石±天青石，局部见沥青。成矿流体以盐水体系为主，盐度w（NaCleq）变化于1％～28．0％之间，成矿温度较低，通常在80～190℃，显示盆地卤水±大气降水的特点。逆冲推覆构造系统对矿床的控制主要体现在：其深部拆离滑脱带可能是流体流长距离侧向迁移的优选通道，主逆冲断裂是成矿流体垂向运移和向上排泄的主要途径，浅部各类样式的逆冲构造是流体汇聚的主要场所。成矿物质以盆地沉积岩贡献为主，部分可能来自幔源岩石。矿床金属组合可能与成矿流体迁移一汇聚过程中流经岩石的性质有关：矿区发育灰岩建造时，出现zn_Pb（rZn多于Pb）矿化；若发育碎屑岩建造，尤其是红层，则出现Cu-Ag（-Pb）矿化。因此，笔者将这种逆冲推覆构造控制的新类型矿床称之为造山型Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu矿床，其成矿模式可表述为：伴随着印度一亚洲大陆持续碰撞，青藏高原东、北缘中生代构造岩片向盆地中央推覆并置，形成单冲式或对冲式逆冲推覆构造系统，流体从造山带沿拆离滑脱带长距离向前陆盆地方向运移，运移过程中淋滤围岩的金属物质，通过主逆冲断裂垂向沟通，进入浅部各式逆冲构造部位从而形成不同样式的矿床。经综合分析，提出了青藏高原东、北缘受逆冲推覆构造控制的贱金属矿床的勘查要素。

内蒙古甲乌拉大型Pb-Zn-Ag矿床稳定同位素地球化学研究

内蒙古甲乌拉银多金属矿床位于大兴安岭成矿带北段,为近年来发现的大型银铅锌多金属矿床。矿床矿体分布完全受到断裂构造的控制,金属矿物组成主要为方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、毒砂、辉钼矿及磁铁矿等。文中重点分析了矿床的硫、氢、氧、碳和铅稳定同位素地球化学特征。研究结果表明:金属硫化物δ34S集中为1.37‰～4.10‰,平均为3.10‰(n=13),极差为2.73‰;石英和方解石δ18Owater的变化范围较大(-18.96‰～+1.08‰)(n=9),均值为-11.36‰;δDV-SMOW的变化范围比较集中(-133.6‰～-103.4‰)(n=9);27件样品的铅同位素组成为:206Pb/204Pb=18.228 3～18.758 7、207Pb/204Pb=15.457～15.880和208Pb/204Pb=37.841～39.049,矿床的铅组成基本为正常的放射性成因铅;方解石δ13CV-PDB变化范围为-5.2‰～-8.4‰,平均为-6.8‰(n=2)。矿石硫化物的硫同位素及方解石的碳同位素均指示成矿物质可能来源于深部的岩浆活动;石英和方解石的氢氧同位素组成表明成矿流体早期以岩浆流体为主,成矿晚期加入了大量加热补给的大气降水;铅同位素组成表明成矿流体中铅的来源主要为幔源,矿床形成过程中混入少量的壳源铅。矿床稳定同位素组成显示成矿流体主要来源于深部的岩浆热液,特别与燕山晚期的火山—次火山热液有较为密切的联系,在流体演化过程中大气降水的加入对矿床成矿元素的聚集和沉淀也起到有利作用。成矿作用的发生是在一种总硫浓度比较低、中等氧化环境、相对开放的非平衡体系中进行的。矿床形成的地球动力学背景为一种岩石圈大规模快速减薄的过程。甲乌拉大型Pb-Zn-Ag矿床的成因类型属于火山—次火山热液脉状银多金属矿床。

西南三江碰撞造山带沉积岩容矿Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu贱金属复合成矿与深部过程

西南三江特提斯造山带中新生代沉积盆地中(沱沱河、玉树、昌都和兰坪-思茅地区)发育包括金顶超大型铅锌矿床在内的一系列以沉积岩容矿的Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu贱金属矿床,构成长达千余千米的青藏高原东缘贱金属成矿带。作为大陆碰撞环境成矿谱系的重要矿床类型,加强这些矿床的理论研究对提高和完善大陆碰撞造山成矿理论和指导找矿勘查等具有重要意义。已有研究表明这些Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu矿床的分布受盆地形成后新生代大型逆冲推覆-走滑构造控制,其容矿岩石和成矿作用特征与SEDEX和MVT矿床存在明显的差异,矿床成矿流体表现出多来源混合的特征,成矿与深部过程密切相关。尽管取得重要进展,但由于缺乏高精度年代学数据制约,成矿动力学背景及其与碰撞造山的时空联系存在较大争议。一些矿床的研究显示复合成矿迹象,但是复合成矿过程与深部驱动等问题仍不清楚。近年来我们以兰坪和昌都盆地的Pb-Zn-Ag多金属矿床和Cu多金属矿床为重点研究对象,系统开展了成矿年代学、成矿流体源-运-储系统和复合成矿机制以及深部过程对成矿制约等方面研究。结果表明,兰坪盆地西缘Cu(Mo)多金属矿床主要形成于48～58Ma,兰坪和昌都盆地Pb-Zn-Ag多金属矿床主要形成于27～33Ma。成矿流体表现出明显的多来源混合的特征,主要存在三种类型:1)变质流体与盆地卤水或大气降水复合成矿,以金满-连城Cu矿床为代表; 2)盆地卤水与大气降水复合成矿,以金顶Pb-Zn矿床为代表; 3)盆地卤水和岩浆流体复合成矿,以拉诺玛Pb-Zn-Sb矿床为代表。兰坪盆地西缘Cu矿床主要形成于新生代印度-欧亚大陆主碰撞挤压阶段,与成矿密切相关的变质流体可能来源于陆-陆碰撞俯冲引起的高压变质。Pb-Zn矿床主要形成于印度-欧亚大陆晚碰撞构造转换环境,构造挤压和造山隆起驱动盆地流体迁移,同期的岩浆活动主要为成矿提供热驱动力或成矿物质。

藏南扎西康Pb-Zn-Sb-Ag多金属矿床典型矿物标型研究

扎西康矿床地处雅鲁藏布江缝合带(ITS)与主边界逆冲断层(MBT)之间,是藏南Au-Sb成矿带内以富含硫盐矿物为特征的Pb-Zn-Sb-Ag多金属矿床。通过对该矿床典型硫化物热电系数、晶胞参数及化学成分等标型特征的研究,得到黄铁矿导电类型以P型为主,α值介于17.4~384.6μV/℃之间,占总数的92%;所有方铅矿导电类型为N型,热电系数变化范围为-372.1^-419.9μV/℃。黄铁矿晶胞参数a介于0.54195~0.54239 nm,As置换S是其增大的主要因素;闪锌矿a值为0.54111~0.54210 nm,Fe、Cd进入闪锌矿使其晶胞参数增大;方铅矿中普遍含Ag而使晶胞参数低于理论值。黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿等矿物化学成分标型均指示地层为矿源层,成矿过程与热液改造作用紧密相关;银矿物及硫盐矿物多以微细连晶形式产出,反映成矿的多阶段性。综合分析认为扎西康Pb-Zn-Sb-Ag矿床为多期次多阶段中低温热液改造型矿床。

江西冷水坑Ag-Pb-Zn矿田碳、氧、硫、铅同位素特征及成矿物质来源

江西冷水坑矿田是武夷山地区重要的银铅锌集中区之一。无论是世界上少有的斑岩型银铅锌矿床还是火山沉积-热液改造矿床都独具特色,具有很高的研究意义。该矿田的黄铁矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿等硫化物的δ34S值变化为-3.80‰～6.94‰,平均为1.87‰。大约为-4.11‰的δ13C值与峰值约为2‰的δ34S值的很窄分布表明成矿流体中的碳和硫来源于深部岩浆,并不排除地层提供一部分硫和碳的可能性。硫化物矿石的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值分别为17.771～17.867、15.564～15.685和38.235～38.652。地层中火山岩、火山岩沉积岩以及变质岩石的206Pb/204Pb比值为17.899～18.220,与矿石铅既有联系又有分离。然而,矿石和花岗斑岩的长石铅中206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值是相近的,它们在208Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb和207Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb图上落在同一条直线上。这条铅同位素混合线两个端员分别为上地壳和地幔。这些证据都强烈地支持了成矿物质主要来源于斑岩岩浆系统,地层对于成矿流体和物质的贡献不可或缺。冷水坑是一个典型的与次火山岩有关的岩浆热液成因的Ag-Pb-Zn矿田,成矿作用均发生于中国东部燕山中期陆内环境。