Characteristics and mechanism of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)adsorption by recovered perlite from agar extraction residue

Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)in wastewater accumulated through the ecological chain and could jeopardize human health.Adsorption of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)from wastewater using recovered perlite was an important way to solve the problem of resource utilization of solid waste from agar production.Our previous study confirmed that recovered perlite from agar extraction residue had better pore size and specific surface area than commercial perlite.However,the adsorption efficiency and adsorption mechanism of recovered perlite were the main factors limiting its adsorption application.The adsorption process of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)by recovered perlite in aqueous solution was described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation,and the relevant adsorption mechanism was mainly chemisorption.Compared with commercial perlite,the adsorption removal rate of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)by enzymatic recovered perlite could reach 92.9%and 89.2%,respectively,and were improved by 12.63%and 13.03%.Langmuir isothermal adsorption model could better describe the isothermal adsorption process of recovered perlite on heavy metal Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+),and the relevant adsorption mechanism was mainly monolayer adsorption.The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)results indicated that the decrease of Si—O Si^(2+)hydroxyl coordination bond and the increase of C—Si bond might make the binding effect of recovered perlite with heavy metals stronger.The competitive adsorption of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)by recovered perlite was still dominated by chemisorption and monolayer adsorption.This study was expected to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the removal of Ni^(2+)and Cd^(2+)from wastewater using recovered perlite from seaweed residue.

A comparative study for petroleum removal capacities of the bacterial consortia entrapped in sodium alginate,sodium alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol),and bushnell haas agar

The purpose of this study was to identify and compare the degradation efficiencies of free and entrapped bacterial consortia(Staphylococcus capitis CP053957.1 and Achromobacter marplatensis MT078618.1)to different polymers such as Sodium Alginate(SA),Sodium Alginate/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)(SA/PVA),and Bushnell Haas Agar(BHA).In addition to SA and SA/PVA,which are cost-effective,non-toxic and have different functional groups,BHA,which is frequently encountered in laboratory-scale studies but has not been used as an entrapment material until now.Based on these,the polymers with different surface morphologies and chemical compositions were analyzed by SEM and FT-IR.While the petroleum removal efficiency was higher with the entrapped bacterial consortia than with the free one,BHA-entrapped bacterial consortium enhanced the petroleum removal more than SA and SA/PVA.Accordingly,the degradation rate of bacterial consortia entrapped with BHA was 2.039 day^(-1),SA/PVA was 1.560,SA was 0.993,the half-life period of BHA-entrapped bacterial consortia is quite low(t_(1/2)=0.339)compared with SA(t_(1/2)=0.444)and SA/PVA(t_(1/2)=0.697).The effects of the four main factors such as:amount of BHA(0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,3 g),disc size(4,5,6,7,8 mm),inoculum concentration(1,2.5,5,7.5,10 mL),and incubation period on petroleum removal were also investigated.The maximum petroleum removal(94.5%)was obtained at≥2.5 mL of bacterial consortium entrapped in 2 g BHA with a 7 mm disc size at 168 h and the results were also confirmed by statistical analysis.Although a decrease was observed during the reuse of bacterial consortium entrapped in BHA,the petroleum removal was still above 50%at 10th cycle.Based on GC-MS analysis,the removal capacity of BHA-entrapped consortium was over 90%for short-chain n-alkanes and 80%for medium-chain n-alkanes.Overall,the obtained data are expected to provide a potential guideline in cleaning up the large-scale oil pollution in the future.Since there has been no similar study investigating petroleum removal with the bacterial consortia entrapped with BHA,this novel entrapment material can potentially be used in the treatment of petroleum pollution in advanced remediation studies.

Incorporation ofκ-carrageenan improves the practical features of agar/konjac glucomannan/κ-carrageenan ternary system

Three materials(agar,konjac glucomannan(KGM)andκ-carrageenan)were used to prepare ternary systems,i.e.,sol-gels and their dried composites conditioned at varied relative humidity(RH)(33%,54%and 75%).Combined methods,e.g.,scanning electron microscopy,small-angle X-ray scattering,infrared spectroscopy(IR)and X-ray diffraction(XRD),were used to disclose howκ-carrageenan addition tailors the features of agar/KGM/κ-carrageenan ternary system.As affirmed by IR and XRD,the ternary systems withκ-carrageenan below 25%(agar/KGM/carrageenan,50:25:25,m/m)displayed proper component interactions,which increased the sol-gel transition temperature and the hardness of obtained gels.For instance,the ternary composites could show hardness about 3 to 4 times higher than that for binary counterpart.These gels were dehydrated to acquire ternary composites.Compared to agar/KGM composite,the ternary composites showed fewer crystallites and nanoscale orders,and newly-formed nanoscale structures from chain assembly.Such multi-scale structures,for composites withκ-carrageenan below 25%,showed weaker changes with RH,as revealed by especially morphologic and crystalline features.Consequently,the ternary composites with lessκ-carrageenan(below 25%)exhibited stabilized elongation at break and hydrophilicity at different RHs.This hints to us that agar/KGM/κ-carrageenan composite systems can display series applications with improved features,e.g.,increased sol-gel transition point.

Seaweed Fiber Fabricated with Agar Alkali-Free Extracted from Gracilaria lemaneiformis

The sulfate groups in agar structure played a good role in the formation of fiber.However,commercially available agar is usually extracted from red algae by alkali treatment to decrease the content of sulfate group for the purpose of high gel strength.In this paper,an alkali-free method of agar extraction from Gracilaria lemaneiformis was proposed for the wet-spinning purpose.This method is environmentally friendly,reduces the extraction steps,saves energy,and reduces the production cost of agar fiber.The improved agar preparation process not only has higher agar yield,but also has higher molecular weight and sulfate group content,which is beneficial to the preparation and forming of fiber and makes the fiber have higher mechanical strength and elongation.Therefore,this extraction technology has broad application prospect in the textile field.

牛羊布鲁氏菌天然半抗原琼脂扩散试验的建立与应用

【目的】建立并优化布鲁氏菌天然半抗原琼脂扩散试验(Native hapten agar gel immuno-diffusion test,NH-AGID),检测临床样品。【方法】建立NH-AGID方法,评价方法特异性、敏感性及重复性;检测免疫地区2287份、非免疫地区252份牛、羊血清。【结果】建立了NH-AGID方法,检测稳定,重复性好,具有较高的特异性;对自然感染阳性动物检测敏感性低于80%,对排菌动物的检测敏感性高于90%,检出布病阳性抗体的阈值高于RBT。免疫地区血清NH抗体平均检出率17.8%,LPS抗体平均检出率52.3%;非免疫地区血清NH抗体平均检出率40.9%,LPS抗体平均检出率54.8%。【结论】应用NH-AGID方法可鉴别区分免疫地区牛、羊布病感染动物和免疫动物。检出NH抗体动物处于布鲁氏菌活动期或排菌期为布病感染动物,应及时剔除出群。

凹凸棒/琼脂复合气凝胶的制备及太阳能界面蒸发性能

太阳能界面蒸发是一种新兴的、可持续海水淡化和废水净化方法,在缓解淡水资源短缺方面具有巨大的潜力。本研究以凹凸棒和琼脂为原料,通过物理混合、冷冻干燥、交联反应等步骤制备得到凹凸棒/琼脂复合气凝胶(AACA),AACA具有分级多孔结构、优异的隔热性能以及超亲水性能。为了提高材料的光吸收性能,对AACA的表面进行聚吡咯(PPy)喷涂,制备得到了光热转换材料PPy-AACA,其在250~2500nm范围内的平均光吸收率可达到97.7%。以PPy-AACA作为太阳能界面蒸发器,在1个太阳的光照强度下(1k W/m^(2)),PPy-AACA的蒸发速率为1.5012kg/(m^(2)·h),能量转换效率为88.76%。PPy-AACA在循环蒸发实验和盐水蒸发实验中表现出优异的稳定性和抗盐性能。此外,该光热转换材料还证明了海水淡化和净化染料污水的能力,其盐离子和有机染料的截留率均大于99%。

扩散渗析回收琼脂生产废碱液工艺的响应面法优化

为了解决琼脂生产废碱液的资源化利用问题,利用扩散渗析装置对琼脂生产废碱液进行碱回收处理,并以料液流速、水/料流速比和温度为考察因素,以碱回收率和回收碱浓度为评价指标,进行3因素3水平的Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计,构建响应曲面模型,分析3个因素之间的交互作用对碱回收率和回收碱浓度的影响,确定扩散渗析法回收废碱液的最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明,当料液流速为0.75 L/(m^(2)·h)、水/料流速比为1.28、温度为65.5℃时,碱回收率达80%,获得的碱溶液浓度为1.14 mol/L,模型预测值与实验结果接近,模型可靠。这表明,扩散渗析能有效实现碱与有机物的分离,采用响应面法优化扩散渗析回收琼脂生产废碱液工艺是可行的。

基于共混和层层自组装方法协同交联剂对琼胶/海藻酸钠复合膜性能的影响

以琼胶和海藻酸钠为成膜基质,通过共混和层层自组装两种方法制备了琼胶/海藻酸钠共混膜和双层膜,并引入交联剂柠檬酸和阿魏酸,通过测定复合膜的机械强度、耐水性、热稳定性、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,FT-IR)和微观结构等指标,探究了不同制膜方式结合交联剂对复合膜性能的影响。结果表明,与共混膜相比,双层膜表现出更优异的机械性能和耐水性,添加交联剂后,膜的水蒸气透过率(P<0.05)显著降低,拉伸强度、热稳定性和不透明度提高。其中柠檬酸交联的双层膜综合性能最佳,即拉伸强度51.57 MPa,断裂伸长率26.02%,水溶性24.42%,溶胀率101.67%。FT-IR分析表明柠檬酸通过与琼胶和海藻酸钠发生酯化反应形成CO进行共价交联,而阿魏酸通过与成膜基质形成氢键进行非共价交联。扫描电镜分析表明琼胶和海藻酸钠的相容性良好,各膜表面均平整、光滑,而添加交联剂后,膜截面褶皱减少,膜结构更加紧密。由此表明,层层自组装技术和交联剂的结合使用可以制备出综合性能更好的复合膜。

基于离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析木耳、香菇、松茸和茶树菇中砷形态分布

为分析木耳、香菇、松茸和茶树菇中砷形态分布,采用离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(Ion Chromatography-Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer,IC-ICP-MS)法对其砷甜菜碱、二甲基砷、亚砷酸、砷胆碱、一甲基砷、砷酸进行测定,并进行方法学考察和含量测定。结果表明:方法在5 min内能将6种砷形态全部分离开,且峰型好;方法线性关系良好(标线质量浓度0.5~20μg/L,r>0.999),6种砷形态检出限和定量限分别不超过0.005、0.017 mg/kg。木耳、茶树菇和香菇中6种砷形态加标回收率在80%~120%范围;对于松茸,适宜加标量(0.05 mg/kg二甲基砷、砷胆碱和砷酸;0.2 mg/kg亚砷酸和一甲基砷;5 mg/kg砷甜菜碱),加标回收率也在80%~120%范围。结合干制品脱水率,所测样品无机砷含量都符合GB 2762-2022要求;松茸总砷含量最高,但是无机砷(亚砷酸+砷酸)占总砷比例最低为3.7%~6.8%,其占比最高为砷甜菜碱(75.8%~87.3%);木耳、茶树菇和香菇中砷主要形式为无机砷,无机砷占总砷比例分别可达58.4%~66.1%、60.0%~66.7%、81.2%~91.7%,提示其总砷高时有食用安全风险。

卡拉胶/速溶琼胶包埋体系负载茶多酚的特性

为提高茶多酚的稳定性和生物利用率,以卡拉胶和速溶琼胶分别复合乳清蛋白为壁材,制备茶多酚的包埋负载体系。以茶多酚包埋率为主要优化指标,考察卡拉胶和速溶琼胶复合乳清蛋白对茶多酚的负载效果。结果表明:卡拉胶-乳清蛋白包埋体系在pH 2、芯壁比1∶20、壁材质量分数6%时,对茶多酚的负载效果最优,包埋率为(91.94±0.31)%。速溶琼胶-乳清蛋白包埋体系在pH 4、芯壁比1∶25、壁材质量分数为4%时,包埋率最高,达到(98.48±0.39)%。抗氧化活性测定结果表明,卡拉胶和速溶琼胶复合体系的DPPH自由基清除率分别高至(49.55±0.00)%和(48.35±0.52)%,两者ABTS自由基清除率最高达到(90.90±0.23)%和(81.35±0.90)%,具有良好的抗氧化性能。说明卡拉胶-乳清蛋白包埋体系和速溶琼胶-乳清蛋白包埋体系均能够实现对茶多酚的有效保护,尤其是速溶琼胶体系。研究成果可为海藻胶体作为活性成分的递送壁材提供设计思路。

甘油增塑剂浓度对羟丙基淀粉-琼脂复配软胶囊囊皮性能的影响

为寻求传统明胶软胶囊囊皮替代物,本研究以羟丙基淀粉(HPS)和琼脂(AG)为原料,甘油(G)为增塑剂,采用流延法成功制备了不同甘油含量的复配软胶囊囊皮;并探究甘油浓度对复配囊皮性能的影响,阐明其作用机理。红外结果表明,复配囊皮中HPS与AG之间存在氢键相互作用;热重结果表明甘油的添加使得HPS与AG相容性降低,随着甘油质量分数升高(0~20%,m/m),复配囊皮热稳定性提高;复配囊皮在600 nm处的吸光度先增大后减小,甘油含量10%(m/m)(10%G+HPS+AG)复配囊皮吸光度最大(0.60),遮光性好;复配囊皮水接触角(WCA)呈先增大后减小趋势,15%G+HPS+AG复配囊皮WCA最大(86.17°),疏水性好;拉伸测试结果表明,15%G+HPS+AG复配囊皮具备较好的杨氏模量(17.47 MPa),拉伸强度(3.17 MPa)和断裂伸长率(94.17%),满足稳定生产条件;与传统明胶囊皮相比,15%G+HPS+AG复配囊皮在干燥贮存条件下更加柔软,具备良好的储存稳定性,且原料均为非动物源,安全性更好。结果表明,HPS-AG复配体系在软胶囊囊皮领域表现出良好的应用潜力,为淀粉基软胶囊囊皮的工业化生产提供了理论基础。

巨大芽孢杆菌对江蓠植株琼脂直接脱硫工艺的建立及优化

为建立绿色便捷的琼脂脱硫工艺,以江蓠植株作为唯一硫源培养巨大芽孢杆菌进行琼脂脱硫。以脱硫菌的生长情况为评价指标,构建巨大芽孢杆菌对江蓠植株琼脂直接脱硫工艺,并优化江蓠植株脱硫工艺的灭菌方法、江蓠添加量和培养基各组分浓度。结果表明:江蓠植株琼脂在经过优化的脱硫工艺后,琼脂脱硫率达到37.985%,琼脂的凝胶强度由低于检测限提升至(200.263±7.121)g/cm^(2),发酵后的琼脂品质有明显的提升。

组培容器清脂处理装置研发与试验

针对现有组培容器因琼脂黏杯壁导致自动清洗难的问题,提出了一种机械式离心技术清理组培琼脂的方法。通过单因素试验,探究了清脂刮片转速、刮片旋转时间、刮片尺寸以及刮片进出瓶口方式对容器清脂效果的影响。采用正交试验得到了最优试验条件组合,结果表明,刮片旋转速度210 r·min^(-1)、刮片旋转时间2.5 s、刮片进出方式为正转-反转、刮片半径为28 mm,组培容器清脂效果达到95%以上,能满足组培容器清洗灌装实际生产需求。该试验结果为回收型组培容器自动清洗灌装装备研发提供技术支持,具备工程化推广意义。

SYMPHONY^(■)琼脂与孟加拉红琼脂用于霉菌检测的比较研究

文章选取通过ISO 16140-2:2016标准验证,同时获得IFNOR认证BKR23/11-12/18的SYMPHONY^(■)琼脂与国标法孟加拉红琼脂进行标准定量菌株的计数一致性确定,并对比不同时间下菌落的生长形态,以确定SYMPHONY^(■)琼脂的计数准确性和判读优势。结果表明,SYMPHONY^(■)琼脂与孟加拉红琼脂均处于标准定量菌株的质控范围内,并且从菌落形态上来看,SYMPHONY^(■)琼脂抑制菌落过快生长的作用显著优于孟加拉红琼脂培养基,可以更好地减少判读误差,提高计数准确性。

食品检验用木糖赖氨酸脱氧胆盐琼脂质量差异分析

为丰富我国食品微生物检验用培养基验收时的质控菌株,提高商品化培养基质量,该实验采用GB 4789.28-2013中规定的验收方法,以鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ATCC14028、福氏志贺氏菌CMCC 51572、金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 6538和大肠埃希氏菌ATCC 25922为参照,选取6株鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、1株福氏志贺氏菌、4株金黄色葡萄球菌和5株大肠埃希氏菌对4个品牌的木糖赖氨酸脱氧胆盐培养基(XyloseLysineDesoxycholateAgar,XLD)的外观、pH值、水分含量等物理指标以及生长率、选择性等微生物指标进行实验评价。结果显示A、B、C、D4个品牌培养基干粉颜色分别为粉红色,淡粉色、土黄色、粉白色;水分含量分别为5.55%,5.92%、5.46%、5.94%;配置100 mL添加量分别为5.54、5.89、5.69、5.70 g;pH值均符合7.4,6株鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和1株福氏志贺氏菌在4个品牌培养基上生长率均≥0.7,4株金黄色葡萄球菌均不生长,5株大肠埃希氏菌生长指数G均<5。综上,4个品牌的XLD培养基全部符合GB4789.28-2013,该实验所选菌株可用作验收XLD培养基质控菌株的补充菌株。

CHROM agar培养基鉴定念珠菌的临床评价

目的:评价CHROM agar念珠菌培养基应用于临床标本念珠菌分离和鉴定的效果。方法:取500份临床患者的标本,分别接种至血琼脂、Sabouraud和CHROM agar念珠菌培养基,常规孵育,并进行VITEK-YBC法鉴定和药敏判断。结果:利用血琼脂、Sabouraud和CHROM agar念珠菌培养基各获得200、296和296株念珠菌,其特异性分别为67.6%、78.3%和100%。CHROM agar念珠菌培养基可对占94.26%的白色、热带、克柔和光滑念珠菌做出正确鉴定。结论:CHROM agar念珠菌培养基可用于临床标本念珠菌的初筛及快速做出病原学诊断,为抗念珠菌药物的选择提供依据。

Comparative Studies on Detection of Antibodies against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus with Test Strips and Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Method

[Objective] This study aimed to compare the detection results of antibodies against infectious bursal disease virus with test strips and agar gel immunodiffusion method. [Method] Antibodies against infectious bursal disease virus in chicken serum were detected using test strips developed in our laboratory, and the results were comparad^with that using traditional agar diffusion method. [Result] The comparative study of the two methods showed that the sensitivity of test strips was eight times over agar gel immunodiffusion; test strips showed higher detection rate in the deter- mination test of 216 clinical samples, with high specificity, easy preservation, and simple and rapid operation, thereby being more suitable for the monitoring of clinical antibodies. [Conclusion] Test strips could replace the existing serological methods, having great promotion and application value in antibody monitoring.

扩散渗析法应用于琼脂加工废碱液回收的研究

琼脂生产企业产生大量的废碱液,具有氢氧化钠和有机物含量高的特点。运用扩散渗析法从琼脂加工废碱液中回收碱,考察扩散时间、料液流速、水/料流速比、温度等因素对碱回收的影响。结果表明,碱回收率随料液流速的增大而逐渐下降,随水/料流速比的增大而增加,随温度升高而增加。当进料液中碱含量为1.5 mg/L、料液流速1.0 L/(m^(2)·h)、水/料流速比1.2、温度65℃、扩散时间为1.5 h时,碱回收率74.25%,可获得浓度为1.12 mol/L的碱液。研究表明,扩散渗析能有效实现碱与有机物的分离,所回收的碱液可重新用于琼脂生产。

基于营养琼脂培养基保温后浑浊问题与对策研究

营养琼脂培养基在50℃条件下保温18 h后,会出现浑浊现象,给无菌判定带来困难,同时也会影响菌落计数等微生物实验的准确性。为查明营养琼脂培养基在保温后出现浑浊现象的原因,以提高涉及该培养基的所有实验的准确性,文章通过复融法、磷酸盐沉淀法和初始菌控制法对其原因进行研究分析。实验结果表明,导致营养琼脂培养基在保温过程中出现浑浊现象的主要原因是培养基中初始菌含量过高,在121℃灭菌15 min的条件下无法全部灭活。针对验收过程中出现的保温浑浊问题,可以采用辐照灭菌的方法,将培养基以15~18 kgy的剂量进行辐照灭菌,降低初始菌含量,并在121℃的条件下灭菌15 min。

氮杂尿苷对三株腐败菌抑菌活性的测定

目的:以二酮哌嗪为母核,对其结构修饰得到的30种化合物进行抑菌活性筛选,找到对大肠杆菌(E.coli)、腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella spp.)和铜绿假单胞菌(P.aeruginosa)抑菌效果理想的化合物。方法:首先采用紫外吸收光谱法定期测定放入光照振荡培养箱中菌悬液和营养肉汤的吸光度,得到三株腐败菌的生长曲线。其次采用纸片琼脂扩散法对药物的抑菌活性进行筛选,从30种化合物中筛出有抑菌效果的化合物。最后采用肉汤稀释法结合紫外分光光度计测定最低抑菌浓度(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, MIC)。结果:氮杂尿苷对三株腐败菌的MIC均为3.42 mg/mL,且抑菌效果随着药物浓度的增大而增大。结论:氮杂尿苷对三种腐败菌具有较为显著的抑菌作用,这为后期防腐保鲜剂的研发提供了一定数据参考和理论支持。