Agarophyton vermiculophyllum is an agarophytic red alga originating from Northeast Asia that successfully spread to Europe and North America in the last 20 years.In this study,three hsp70 genes(hsp70-l,hsp70-2,and hsp...Agarophyton vermiculophyllum is an agarophytic red alga originating from Northeast Asia that successfully spread to Europe and North America in the last 20 years.In this study,three hsp70 genes(hsp70-l,hsp70-2,and hsp70-3)and one hsp90 gene were cloned,and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)was used to measure their transcriptional levels in three kinds of thalli(tetrasporophytes,and male/female gametophytes)belonging to diploid or haploid phases in the life cycle of A.vermiculophyllum.The results show that the three Hsp70s in A.vermiculophyllum clustered into three different groups,and the locations of the putative Hsp70-l,Hsp70-2,and Hsp70-3 were in the cytoplasm,endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplast,respectively,according to their sequences.Beside on the same research,the putative Hsp90 was supposed to have a cytoplasmic location.The RT-qPCR results show that the three hsp70 genes were highly upregulated in gametophytes as compared to tetrasporophytes but the transcriptional level of hsp90 did not show such a significant increase.The chloroplast hsp70-3 exhibited the highest upregulation and the transcriptional level in creased more than 570 fold in female gametophytes,and 17 fold in male gametophytes,compared with tetrasporophytes.Therefore,cpHsp70-3 might act more like a chaperon molecule involved in haploid development under natural condition,while Hsp70-l and Hsp70-2 were more active in stress resistance.展开更多
Seaweed bioinvasions increasingly affect coastal environments around the world, which increases the need for predictive models and mitigation strategies. The biotic interactions between seaweed invaders and invaded co...Seaweed bioinvasions increasingly affect coastal environments around the world, which increases the need for predictive models and mitigation strategies. The biotic interactions between seaweed invaders and invaded communities are often considered a key determinant of invasion success and failure and we here revise the current evidence that the capacity of seaweed invaders to deter enemies in newly reached environments correlates with their invasion success. Particularly efficient chemical defences have been described for several of the more problematic seaweed invaders during the last decades. However, confirmed cases in which seaweed invaders confronted un-adapted enemies in newly gained environments with deterrents that were absent from these environments prior to the invasion (so-called “novel weapons”) are scarce, although an increasing number of invasive and non-invasive seaweeds are screened for defence compounds. More evidence exists that seaweeds may adapt defence intensities to changing pressure by biological enemies in newly invaded habitats. However, most of this evidence of shifting defence was gathered with only one particular model seaweed, the Asia-endemic red alga Agarophyton vermiculophyllum, which is particularly accessible for direct comparisons of native and non-native populations in common garden experiments. A. vermiculophyllum interacts with consumers, epibionts and bacterial pathogens and in most of these interactions, non-native populations have rather gained than lost defensive capacity relative to native conspecifics. The increases in the few examined cases were due to an increased production of broad-spectrum deterrents and the relative scarcity of specialized deterrents perhaps reflects the circumstance that seaweed consumers and epibionts are overwhelmingly generalists.展开更多
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.41476111 and 31372529).
文摘Agarophyton vermiculophyllum is an agarophytic red alga originating from Northeast Asia that successfully spread to Europe and North America in the last 20 years.In this study,three hsp70 genes(hsp70-l,hsp70-2,and hsp70-3)and one hsp90 gene were cloned,and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)was used to measure their transcriptional levels in three kinds of thalli(tetrasporophytes,and male/female gametophytes)belonging to diploid or haploid phases in the life cycle of A.vermiculophyllum.The results show that the three Hsp70s in A.vermiculophyllum clustered into three different groups,and the locations of the putative Hsp70-l,Hsp70-2,and Hsp70-3 were in the cytoplasm,endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplast,respectively,according to their sequences.Beside on the same research,the putative Hsp90 was supposed to have a cytoplasmic location.The RT-qPCR results show that the three hsp70 genes were highly upregulated in gametophytes as compared to tetrasporophytes but the transcriptional level of hsp90 did not show such a significant increase.The chloroplast hsp70-3 exhibited the highest upregulation and the transcriptional level in creased more than 570 fold in female gametophytes,and 17 fold in male gametophytes,compared with tetrasporophytes.Therefore,cpHsp70-3 might act more like a chaperon molecule involved in haploid development under natural condition,while Hsp70-l and Hsp70-2 were more active in stress resistance.
基金sponsored by the Sino-German Center Science Center,Beijing,China,(GZ1357)the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0900305).
文摘Seaweed bioinvasions increasingly affect coastal environments around the world, which increases the need for predictive models and mitigation strategies. The biotic interactions between seaweed invaders and invaded communities are often considered a key determinant of invasion success and failure and we here revise the current evidence that the capacity of seaweed invaders to deter enemies in newly reached environments correlates with their invasion success. Particularly efficient chemical defences have been described for several of the more problematic seaweed invaders during the last decades. However, confirmed cases in which seaweed invaders confronted un-adapted enemies in newly gained environments with deterrents that were absent from these environments prior to the invasion (so-called “novel weapons”) are scarce, although an increasing number of invasive and non-invasive seaweeds are screened for defence compounds. More evidence exists that seaweeds may adapt defence intensities to changing pressure by biological enemies in newly invaded habitats. However, most of this evidence of shifting defence was gathered with only one particular model seaweed, the Asia-endemic red alga Agarophyton vermiculophyllum, which is particularly accessible for direct comparisons of native and non-native populations in common garden experiments. A. vermiculophyllum interacts with consumers, epibionts and bacterial pathogens and in most of these interactions, non-native populations have rather gained than lost defensive capacity relative to native conspecifics. The increases in the few examined cases were due to an increased production of broad-spectrum deterrents and the relative scarcity of specialized deterrents perhaps reflects the circumstance that seaweed consumers and epibionts are overwhelmingly generalists.
