The agate dyeing industry has been commonly seen as a high-pollution industry. Dyeing wastewater treatment is considered one of the most important categories for water-pollution control, because of its intense colour ...The agate dyeing industry has been commonly seen as a high-pollution industry. Dyeing wastewater treatment is considered one of the most important categories for water-pollution control, because of its intense colour and the high concentration of organic contaminants. Most dyes used in the process present minimal biodegradability due to aromatic organic compounds in their structure. Using a photocatalytic reactor, experiments were carried out to study the decolorization of a water solution containing 8% ethylic alcohol and 200 mg L−1 of the dye Rhodamine B (RhB), the most difficult colorant to degrade among the used by the agate industry. The best conditions were further applied to treat the same agate water/ethyl alcohol solution containing a mixture of 200 mg L−1 of Rhodamine B (RhB), Crystal Violet (CV), Brilliant Green (BG), and Blood Red (BR). All the experiments were performed in a 2 L reactor equipped with ultraviolet (UV) lamps, at a wavelength of 365 nm, with powdered TiO2 or ZnO as the catalyst. The results indicated that the optimal decolorization conditions were attained with 2.5 g L−1 of the catalyst at pH 10 and an irradiation time of 80 min. The process resulted in complete degradation of CV, BG and 80% - 90% degradation of RhB and BR. The catalyst ZnO presented a performance somewhat better than TiO2. It is possible to conclude that the process of heterogeneous photocatalysis is effective for decolorization of water streams from the agate industry.展开更多
The Cheshme Shoor area is located in northeast of Qom which is a part of central Iran geo-structural zone. The rocks of the area are mainly volcanic rocks that include Eocene acidic tuffs and ignimbrites. Different ty...The Cheshme Shoor area is located in northeast of Qom which is a part of central Iran geo-structural zone. The rocks of the area are mainly volcanic rocks that include Eocene acidic tuffs and ignimbrites. Different types of agate, jasper and amethyst formed as secondary cavity filling deposits in variety of colors and shapes in the area. In this paper, chemical treatments by different chemicals with heating methods in 15 different procedures have been conducted on one agate sample of the study area which has been divided into smaller pieces by milling. Dyeing with these methods has been done in blue, yellow and green colors. Excellent results have been achieved in 9 processes, significant but not expected results have been illustrated in 4 processes and 2 processes have been represented no changes. Produced colors have had a natural and light color which makes them more desirable to the consumers but totally these dyeing processes illustrate that concentration of the solution is effective in coloring and solutions with more concentrations produce stronger color.展开更多
In this study, dielectric properties within 8-12 GHz microwave frequencies, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emis- sion spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, synchronized two thermal analyses, and 57...In this study, dielectric properties within 8-12 GHz microwave frequencies, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emis- sion spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, synchronized two thermal analyses, and 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy analysis of chalcedony, agate, and zultanite samples from Turkey are presented. Agate and chalcedony show the same nine vibrational absorption peaks obtained unlike zultanite from FTIR spectra in the 350 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 range, ε＇ values of chalcedony, agate and zultanite derived at 10.5 GHz were 4.67, 4.41, and 7.34, respectively, eI and e~ values of the studied samples at the microwave frequencies are related to the percentage weight of their constituent parts in their chemical compositions. 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy results confirm the existence of iron-containing islands in the crystal structure of zultanite, agate, and chalcedony samples, equipped them with magnetic features typical for magnetic nanoparticles including superparamagnetism. The presence of iron-containing islands significantly affects the magnetic, dielectric, and optical properties of studied samples that are not observed for pure minerals without any foreign inclusions.展开更多
To solve the problems of high Cr^(6+),Cr^(3+),SO_(4)^(2-)and H+concentrations,pollution and processing costs associated with agate dyeing industrial drainage,we prepared an immobilized gel mixture for the treatment of...To solve the problems of high Cr^(6+),Cr^(3+),SO_(4)^(2-)and H+concentrations,pollution and processing costs associated with agate dyeing industrial drainage,we prepared an immobilized gel mixture for the treatment of such drainage on the basis of microbial immobilization technology.The immobilized gel mixture was composed of sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB),corn cob,and nano-Fe_(3)O_(4)(nFe_(3)O_(4)).We used a single-factor experiment to determine the optimal dose of each matrix component.We analyzed the mechanism underlying the treatment of agate dyeing wastewater with an immobilized gel mixture by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy detection.The results of the single-factor test showed that the best treatment was obtained under the following conditions for each matrix component:SRB mass percentage of 30%,nFe_(3)O_(4) dose of 3%,and corn cob mesh size of 100 and dose of 3%.On this basis,we conducted an L9(34)orthogonal experiment to determine the optimal proportion of each matrix component.The results showed that the best treatment was obtained when the gel mixture met the following conditions:SRB mass percentage of 40%,nFe_(3)O_(4) dose of 4%,and corn cob dose of 1%and mesh size of 100.Accordingly,the SO_(4)^(2-),Cr^(6+)and Cr^(3+)removal rates from the agate dyeing drainage were 70.54%,84.75%,and 73.80%,respectively;the total Fe and chemical oxygen demand releases were 1.086 mg·L^(-1)and 1104 mg·L^(-1),respectively;and the pH was 6.27.The gel mixture had the best treatment effect on agate dyeing wastewater under this composition ratio.展开更多
Agate geodes are treated and stained for the production of handmade artifacts and jewelry, which greatly increases their aggregate value. Unit operations involve storage, sorting, cutting, crushing, dyeing, polishing,...Agate geodes are treated and stained for the production of handmade artifacts and jewelry, which greatly increases their aggregate value. Unit operations involve storage, sorting, cutting, crushing, dyeing, polishing, washing, and finishing. Substantial amounts of waste materials are produced, which include agate pieces, powders (with or without oils), and wastewaters from organic and inorganic staining procedures. The aim of this work was to quantify the amounts of these waste materials, their characteristics, and possibilities for reuse or recycling in other productivity sectors in the context of the second decade of the 21st century. A review of the theme was carried out and possibilities were analyzed in the light of classic and new technologies.展开更多
Compared with the reactions in solutions, reactions in solid state have their owncharacteristics, which are shown in the synthesis of clusters and direct preparation ofcompounds. Studies show that the reaction rate, w...Compared with the reactions in solutions, reactions in solid state have their owncharacteristics, which are shown in the synthesis of clusters and direct preparation ofcompounds. Studies show that the reaction rate, which is too fast to obtain展开更多
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION China, with a vast territory and a very large population, has a favorable chance to search for meteorites and to observe their fall. According to the latest statistics, about 80 meteorites have been c...Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION China, with a vast territory and a very large population, has a favorable chance to search for meteorites and to observe their fall. According to the latest statistics, about 80 meteorites have been collected all over China, but none of them belongs to the carbonaceous chondrite type.展开更多
The study of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and EHMO (extended H(?)ckel molecular orbital) theoretical calculation on the structure of boratranes and silatranes which are two important members of heteronitro-t...The study of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and EHMO (extended H(?)ckel molecular orbital) theoretical calculation on the structure of boratranes and silatranes which are two important members of heteronitro-tricyclic compounds have been reported by the authors. Experimental and the calculated results can all confirm the existence of the dative bond in these compounds.展开更多
20050704 Cheng Lin (Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China); Feng Songlin Analysis of Colored Elements in Ancient Colored Glaze by SRXRF (Rock and Mineral Analysis, ISSN02...20050704 Cheng Lin (Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China); Feng Songlin Analysis of Colored Elements in Ancient Colored Glaze by SRXRF (Rock and Mineral Analysis, ISSN0254-5357, CN11 -2131/TD, 23 (2), 2004, p. 113-116, 120, 3 illus. , 3 tables, 6 refs. )展开更多
文摘The agate dyeing industry has been commonly seen as a high-pollution industry. Dyeing wastewater treatment is considered one of the most important categories for water-pollution control, because of its intense colour and the high concentration of organic contaminants. Most dyes used in the process present minimal biodegradability due to aromatic organic compounds in their structure. Using a photocatalytic reactor, experiments were carried out to study the decolorization of a water solution containing 8% ethylic alcohol and 200 mg L−1 of the dye Rhodamine B (RhB), the most difficult colorant to degrade among the used by the agate industry. The best conditions were further applied to treat the same agate water/ethyl alcohol solution containing a mixture of 200 mg L−1 of Rhodamine B (RhB), Crystal Violet (CV), Brilliant Green (BG), and Blood Red (BR). All the experiments were performed in a 2 L reactor equipped with ultraviolet (UV) lamps, at a wavelength of 365 nm, with powdered TiO2 or ZnO as the catalyst. The results indicated that the optimal decolorization conditions were attained with 2.5 g L−1 of the catalyst at pH 10 and an irradiation time of 80 min. The process resulted in complete degradation of CV, BG and 80% - 90% degradation of RhB and BR. The catalyst ZnO presented a performance somewhat better than TiO2. It is possible to conclude that the process of heterogeneous photocatalysis is effective for decolorization of water streams from the agate industry.
文摘The Cheshme Shoor area is located in northeast of Qom which is a part of central Iran geo-structural zone. The rocks of the area are mainly volcanic rocks that include Eocene acidic tuffs and ignimbrites. Different types of agate, jasper and amethyst formed as secondary cavity filling deposits in variety of colors and shapes in the area. In this paper, chemical treatments by different chemicals with heating methods in 15 different procedures have been conducted on one agate sample of the study area which has been divided into smaller pieces by milling. Dyeing with these methods has been done in blue, yellow and green colors. Excellent results have been achieved in 9 processes, significant but not expected results have been illustrated in 4 processes and 2 processes have been represented no changes. Produced colors have had a natural and light color which makes them more desirable to the consumers but totally these dyeing processes illustrate that concentration of the solution is effective in coloring and solutions with more concentrations produce stronger color.
基金supported by the Project LO1305 and Operational Program Education for Competitiveness-European Social Fund of the Ministry of Education,Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic(Grant No.CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0155)the Internal Student Grant IGA of Palacky University in Olomouc,Czech Republic(Grant No.IGA PrF 2014017)
文摘In this study, dielectric properties within 8-12 GHz microwave frequencies, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emis- sion spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, synchronized two thermal analyses, and 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy analysis of chalcedony, agate, and zultanite samples from Turkey are presented. Agate and chalcedony show the same nine vibrational absorption peaks obtained unlike zultanite from FTIR spectra in the 350 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 range, ε＇ values of chalcedony, agate and zultanite derived at 10.5 GHz were 4.67, 4.41, and 7.34, respectively, eI and e~ values of the studied samples at the microwave frequencies are related to the percentage weight of their constituent parts in their chemical compositions. 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy results confirm the existence of iron-containing islands in the crystal structure of zultanite, agate, and chalcedony samples, equipped them with magnetic features typical for magnetic nanoparticles including superparamagnetism. The presence of iron-containing islands significantly affects the magnetic, dielectric, and optical properties of studied samples that are not observed for pure minerals without any foreign inclusions.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41672247,41102157,51304114)Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2015020619)+1 种基金and Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(LJYL031,LJ2017FAL016)the project was supported by the discipline innovation team of Liaoning Technical University(LNTU20TD-21).
文摘To solve the problems of high Cr^(6+),Cr^(3+),SO_(4)^(2-)and H+concentrations,pollution and processing costs associated with agate dyeing industrial drainage,we prepared an immobilized gel mixture for the treatment of such drainage on the basis of microbial immobilization technology.The immobilized gel mixture was composed of sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB),corn cob,and nano-Fe_(3)O_(4)(nFe_(3)O_(4)).We used a single-factor experiment to determine the optimal dose of each matrix component.We analyzed the mechanism underlying the treatment of agate dyeing wastewater with an immobilized gel mixture by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy detection.The results of the single-factor test showed that the best treatment was obtained under the following conditions for each matrix component:SRB mass percentage of 30%,nFe_(3)O_(4) dose of 3%,and corn cob mesh size of 100 and dose of 3%.On this basis,we conducted an L9(34)orthogonal experiment to determine the optimal proportion of each matrix component.The results showed that the best treatment was obtained when the gel mixture met the following conditions:SRB mass percentage of 40%,nFe_(3)O_(4) dose of 4%,and corn cob dose of 1%and mesh size of 100.Accordingly,the SO_(4)^(2-),Cr^(6+)and Cr^(3+)removal rates from the agate dyeing drainage were 70.54%,84.75%,and 73.80%,respectively;the total Fe and chemical oxygen demand releases were 1.086 mg·L^(-1)and 1104 mg·L^(-1),respectively;and the pH was 6.27.The gel mixture had the best treatment effect on agate dyeing wastewater under this composition ratio.
文摘Agate geodes are treated and stained for the production of handmade artifacts and jewelry, which greatly increases their aggregate value. Unit operations involve storage, sorting, cutting, crushing, dyeing, polishing, washing, and finishing. Substantial amounts of waste materials are produced, which include agate pieces, powders (with or without oils), and wastewaters from organic and inorganic staining procedures. The aim of this work was to quantify the amounts of these waste materials, their characteristics, and possibilities for reuse or recycling in other productivity sectors in the context of the second decade of the 21st century. A review of the theme was carried out and possibilities were analyzed in the light of classic and new technologies.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Compared with the reactions in solutions, reactions in solid state have their owncharacteristics, which are shown in the synthesis of clusters and direct preparation ofcompounds. Studies show that the reaction rate, which is too fast to obtain
文摘Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION China, with a vast territory and a very large population, has a favorable chance to search for meteorites and to observe their fall. According to the latest statistics, about 80 meteorites have been collected all over China, but none of them belongs to the carbonaceous chondrite type.
文摘The study of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and EHMO (extended H(?)ckel molecular orbital) theoretical calculation on the structure of boratranes and silatranes which are two important members of heteronitro-tricyclic compounds have been reported by the authors. Experimental and the calculated results can all confirm the existence of the dative bond in these compounds.
文摘20050704 Cheng Lin (Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China); Feng Songlin Analysis of Colored Elements in Ancient Colored Glaze by SRXRF (Rock and Mineral Analysis, ISSN0254-5357, CN11 -2131/TD, 23 (2), 2004, p. 113-116, 120, 3 illus. , 3 tables, 6 refs. )
