Correlation of Cooperatively Localized Rearrangement on the ＂Fluidized Domain＂ of Polymers to Their Nonexponentially Viscoelastic Behaviors at Double Aging Processes （I）： A Set of Reduced Universal Equations on the Stress Relaxation Modulus and Creep Comp

Based on the structure of glass （or liquid） polymers consisting of α-domain, β-co-domain, and entanglement constituent chain networks, and the nonexponentially viscoelastic behavior, a “heterophase fluctuation” model was proposed. It was found that the dynamics of cooperative rearrangement on the “fluidized domain” has a great shear rate, domain size, and temperature dependences. When the shear rate, domain size, and temperature dependences were taken account into the cooperatively localized rearrangement on the fluidized domain by the degradation of primary α-domain and the reformation of secondary β-co-domain constituent chains. A new dynamic theory of cooperatively localized rearrangement on the fluidized domain constituent chains with different size and different network chain length during physical and mechanical aging was established. The total viscoelastic free en-ergy of deformation resulting from the change in conformations of α-domain, β-co-domain, crytallite, crosslinked, and trapped entanglement constituent chains during aging processes was calculated by the combining method of kinetics and statistical mechanics. The constitu- tive equations and reduced stress relaxation modulus and creep compliances for three types of polymers were also derived. Finally, two reduced universal equations on creep compliance and stress relaxation modulus with a non-linear and two nonexponential parameters α and β were theoretically derived from the dynamic theory and a statistically extended mode coupling theory for double aging effects of polymers was developed. Results show that the two reduced universal equations have the same form as Kohlraush-Williams-Watts （K-W-W） stretched exponential function. The nonlinearity and the nonexponentiality are, respectively, originated from the memory effects of nonthermal and thermal history. The correlation of nonlinearity, α and β to the aging time, aging temperature, and the mesomorphic structure of fluidized domains was also established.

Constitutive modeling and springback prediction of stress relaxation age forming of pre-deformed 2219 aluminum alloy

Stress relaxation ageing behavior of pre-deformed AA2219 is studied through stress relaxation age experiments and finite element(FE) simulation. The results show that the stress can promote the process of ageing precipitation, and shorten the time to reach the peak strength. Meanwhile,the residual stress and yield strength increase along with the increase in the initial stress. Based on microstructure evolution and ageing strengthening theory,a unified constitutive model is established and incorporated into the FE simulation model through a user subroutine. It is found that the relative error of the radius is 3.6% compared with the experimental result and the springback is 16.8%. This indicates that the proposed stress relaxation ageing constitutive model provides a good prediction on the springback of such stiffened panel during its ageing process.

Long-term stress relaxation behaviors and mechanisms of 2219 Al-Cu alloy under various temperatures and initial stresses

Large 2219 Al-Cu alloy aerospace integral components suffer from long-term stress relaxation aging(SRA)due to complex temperature and stress loads during aging treatment/forming and service process,which makes it difficult to ensure their appropriate residual stress and excellent mechanical and service prop-erties.However,the research is limited to a thorough understanding of macroscopic and microscopic features and underlying mechanisms of the long-term SRA under multivariable aging conditions.There-fore,this study investigated macroscopic and microscopic features of long-term SRA under different tem-peratures(120 ℃ to 190 ℃),initial stress levels(100 MPa to 250 MPa)and durations(0 h to 50 h)through stress relaxation curves,metallographic traits,Vickers hardness,tensile performance,disloca-tions and phases of precipitation.On the basis of experimental outcomes,the comprehensive mecha-nisms beneath SRA were unraveled through dislocation theory,multiphase strengthening mechanisms and thermodynamics,where the interplays of stress relaxation behavior with age-hardening response were taken into consideration.The results showed elevations in the rate of stress reduction as the tem-perature and initial stress rose.At an initial stress greater than the yield stress of alloy,a marked in-crease in stress relaxation was found,and the mechanisms transform from the intragranular motion of dislocations and diffusion of grain boundaries to the intragranular and intergranular motion of disloca-tions and migration of grain boundaries.The stress reduction rate rose sharply when the temperature exceeded 175 ℃,and the dislocation movement mechanisms transform from gliding to climbing of dislo-cations.Stress relaxation is in nature progressive transformation of strain from elastic into a permanently inelastic state via the motion of dislocations,leading to the decrease of movable dislocations and the increase of immovable dislocations with more stable configurations.The age hardening is mainly deter-mined by precipitation strengthening,supplementarily by dislocation strengthening,and obvious stress orientation effect(SOE)of G.P.zones and θ"phases degenerates strengthening effect.The interplay be-tween stress relaxation behavior and age-hardening response influences the thermal-mechanical coupling SRA of 2219 Al-Cu alloy,which depends fundamentally on the motion of dislocations and their interplay with precipitated phases.This is a thermal activation process concerning the interplay between internal(age-hardening resistance)stress and external(initial)stress.The initial energy of elastic strain offers Gibbs free energy as the SRA driver,and a steady state of stress relaxation is attained with the lowest energy of elastic strain.These findings provide valuable insights into exploring innovative aging treat-ment/forming for optimizing residual stress,mechanical performance and service property in a synergistic manner.

Compressive creep behavior of Mg-Sn binary alloy

Mg-Sn based alloy is one of the potential alloys for application at elevated temperature.The compressive creep behavior of ageing-treated Mg-xSn(x=3%,5%) alloys was investigated at the temperatures of 423 and 473 K and the stresses from 25 MPa to 35 MPa.When the tin content varies,the ageing-treated Mg-xSn alloys show quite different creep resistance,which are mainly attributed to the size and distribution of Mg_2Sn phases in the ageing-treated Mg-xSn alloys.The calculated value of stress exponent, n=6.3,suggests that the compressive creep behavior of the ageing-treated Mg-5%Sn alloy is controlled by dislocation creep at the temperature of 473 K and the stresses from 25 MPa to 35 MPa.

多级冷压合与高温蠕变应力松弛TC4钛合金微观组织演变机理研究

采用多级冷压合与高温蠕变应力松弛成形工艺制备TC4钛合金薄壁构件,研究了不同蠕变工艺参数对微观组织的影响规律。通过光学显微镜和电子背散射衍射技术分析了晶粒尺寸及取向、位错密度和裂纹萌生扩展。结果表明,在低塑性变形条件下,较高的蠕变温度可以促进α相晶粒长大。然而在大塑性变形条件下,微观组织受到蠕变温度和塑性变形共同影响。较高的温度加快位错回复,引起位错密度降低,从而减小了晶粒生长的驱动力,最终导致在较高的蠕变温度下α相晶粒反而更小。与600℃蠕变工艺相比,750℃蠕变后的TC4板材出现更多的裂纹,可能是β相粗化所致。

应力时效影响Al-10Zn-3Mg-3Cu合金带外纵筋筒形件组织性能研究

目的研究应力时效条件下Al-10Zn-3Mg-3Cu合金带外纵筋筒形件筋部试样的应力松弛行为,探明基体应力松弛机制以及强韧性协同提升机理。方法针对淬火态筋部试样,设计不同的初始应力值进行应力时效实验,然后采用数据分析与微观组织形貌表征方法研究试样组织性能。结果当施加的初始应力为250MPa时,筋部试样的应力松弛程度可达85.8%,同时,试样抗拉强度为736.40 MPa,屈服强度为697.53 MPa,延伸率为10.96%。结论在250MPa应力时效条件下,应力松弛机制主要为晶界Coble蠕变和位错运动,位错运动促进了亚晶的增殖,Coble蠕变使基体晶粒长大,这些行为促使试样应力耗散。同时,应力时效改变了析出相形态,发展了具有孪生界面的复合析出相。经分子动力学计算可知,该特征微结构有利于基体强韧性的协同提升。

A STUDY ON MICRO-PLASTIC DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF 2024 A1 ALLOY

Dimensional stability properties of hot extruded 2024 Al alloy bar in T4 and T6 aging states and dif- ferent extruded directions were investigated by testing micro-yield strength (MYS), stress relaxation resistance (SRR), and dimensional change in thermal cycling and unloading conditions.The results show that micro-plastic deformation resistance in longitudinal(parallel to the axis of the extruded bar) direction is higher than that in transverse(perpendicular to the axis of the extruded bar) direction. Testing in short-term loading condition MYS value corresponding to micro-plastic strain of 1 *10m^(-5)in longitudinal direction is 1.4 times than that in transverse.Compared with the results of MYS and dimensional change in thermal cycling and unloading conditions, the values in T6 state are higher than that in T4 state. Using TEM the microstructures before micro-plastic deformation were observed.The analyses confirm that stability of thermodynamics condition and dislocation results in dimensional stability of the alloy.

耐热Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金的高温蠕变行为

通过蠕变试验、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜分析,对比研究了170℃下,蠕变应力(200 MPa、225 MPa、250MPa、275MPa、300MPa)对峰时效态Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金蠕变行为的影响。结果表明:合金的稳态蠕变速率8对应力状态非常敏感,它们之间的关系符合幂指数关系:ε=e^(-64.81)σ^(8.99)。合金在不同应力下的蠕变断口特征类似,均为韧窝穿晶型断裂。TEM组织表现出明显的晶内位错滑移。合金的真应力指数为3,蠕变门槛应力值为160 MPa,在170C下的蠕变机制为位错滑移机制。

DZ411定向凝固镍基合金蠕变性能的快速评估方法

研究了预应变(0.5%,1.0%,1.5%,2.0%,2.5%)、加载应变速率(4.0×10^(-5),1.2×10^(-4),4.0×10^(-4)s^(-1))和连续温度应力松弛试验的初始温度(750,900℃)对DZ411定向凝固镍基合金应力松弛行为的影响;基于加工硬化和回复软化动态平衡的稳态变形,假设稳态松弛应变速率与传统蠕变持久试验的最小蠕变速率随应力的变化规律一致,通过短时应力松弛试验对最小蠕变速率进行预测,并进行验证。结果表明:试验合金在加工硬化和回复软化动态平衡时开始松弛,当预应变不低于1.0%时能快速达到稳态松弛;初始温度对稳态松弛行为的影响较小;加载应变速率会影响起始松弛应变速率,但对稳态松弛应变速率随应力变化的影响较小;通过稳态松弛应变速率主曲线可以预测不同温度、应力下的最小蠕变速率,蠕变持久试验结果均落在稳态松弛应变速率主曲线的99%可靠度曲线内。

初始状态对2124铝合金蠕变时效行为与力学性能的影响

通过光学、透射电子显微、蠕变与室温拉伸实验研究了2124铝合金板的蠕变时效行为与力学性能。结果表明:185℃/150MPa条件下,经固溶-淬火处理(QCA)板材的蠕变机制从位错增殖发展为位错增殖-消毁平衡,其蠕变曲线第一阶段与第二阶段分界点较为明显;而经固溶-淬火-预压缩处理(PCA)板材的蠕变机制主要为预压缩引入的位错消毁,蠕变曲线第一阶段特征并不明显。蠕变时效过程中,S′相的析出总是伴随着位错线形核,其析出方位受位错运动机制的影响,PCA处理初期,经预压缩引入的位错缠结使S′相可以在互相垂直的{210}面上析出,从而抑制了S′相的位向效应。PCA处理试样的力学性能优于该合金的T6和T87状态的,且各向异性小于QCA处理的。

2219铝合金应力时效强度演变规律及其强化模型

在时效温度为175℃,时效时间为18 h时,开展不同应力水平（120~200 MPa）条件下的应力松弛时效与蠕变时效对比实验。建立应力松弛时效与蠕变时效强化模型,对强化模型进行验证与分析。研究结果表明：合金的屈服强度不仅受应力强化作用面积的影响,而且在时效初期阶段高应力作用对合金的屈服强度产生重要影响;在相同应力强化作用面积条件下,分别由应力松弛时效强化模型与蠕变时效强化模型计算的屈服强度增量差值与应力强化作用面积之间存在一定的线性关系,可以通过蠕变时效来预测应力松弛时效过程中合金强度的演变规律。

时效蠕变与时效应力松弛行为转换关系

针对目前采用的蠕变与应力松弛转换方法存在的问题,即一方面没有考虑时效析出过程对二者的影响,另一方面存在转换精度较低、人为因素影响大等缺陷,以7075铝合金作为试验材料,分别开展对时效热处理温度为140℃,多组不同初应力下的时效应力松弛与时效蠕变试验。基于蠕变和应力松弛特性,利用作图与数值分析相结合的方法,实现时效应力松弛曲线向时效蠕变曲线稳态蠕变阶段的转换,得到了材料的稳态蠕变速率;通过拟合转换曲线与试验曲线,分别得到两组曲线在Norton方程中的材料常数K和n。结果发现,由时效松弛试验转换得到的蠕变数据与时效蠕变试验数据吻合较好,表明这一转换方法可行,并进一步验证了时效应力松弛与时效蠕变两者间的内在联系。

Hastelloy C-276合金应力松弛试验及蠕变本构方程

对Hastelloy C-276合金分别在不同的温度(750、800、850和900℃)和相应的初始应力(250、250、250和200 MPa)条件下进行了多组应力松弛试验。利用试验测得的应力松弛曲线推导出应力松弛过程中蠕变应变速率与应力之间的关系,建立用于描述Hastelloy C-276合金应力松弛行为的蠕变本构方程,通过对蠕变应变速率—应力曲线进行拟合,得到各温度下蠕变本构方程中的材料常数。将蠕变本构方程带入有限元软件MSC.Marc对Hastelloy C-276合金的应力松弛过程进行模拟,模拟得到的应力松弛曲线与试验测得的应力松弛曲线符合得很好,验证蠕变本构方程的可靠性。

2124铝合金时效成形回弹预测

为预测2124铝合金时效成形的回弹量,对时效成形过程进行了理论分析,提出了通过应力松弛量计算时效成形回弹的方法。进行了单向应力松弛试验,得到2124铝合金应力松弛行为的数学表达式,推导出回弹后零件半径的计算公式,并通过实验证明其有效。运用得到的公式研究了弯曲半径、零件厚度和时效时间对回弹量的影响,得到了相应的变化规律和回弹量的下限值,并且给出时效成形回弹成因的解释,并提出材料的应力松弛极限是时效成形回弹的成因之一。

Zr-4合金应力松弛过程中的热激活变形与动态应变时效

采用应力松弛实验研究了Zr-4合金的热激活变形与动态应变时效现象.结果表明,合金在应力松弛过程中的塑性变形速率随松弛时间的增加而减小,塑性变形速率和松弛结束时的应力降低比率在623 K附近都会出现最小值.对位错运动的激活体积分析发现,锆合金中位错运动的速率控制机制是位错克服溶质原子的障碍,动态应变时效会导致位错运动的激活体积增大, 623 K附近动态应变时效最为显著,位错密度会对合金的动态应变时效产生影响.

低浓度Cu-Ni-Si合金的组织与性能

采用金相显微镜、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等分析测试手段系统研究不同固溶、冷变形与时效组合工艺对低浓度Cu-Ni-Si合金的晶粒尺寸、析出相粒子尺寸及分布规律,同时对合金的力学与电学性能进行测试。结果表明,相对于其他四种工艺制度,低浓度Cu-Ni-Si合金经过立式在线固溶处理+冷变形+时效组合形变热处理工艺后,合金组织晶粒更加细小(平均晶粒尺寸为25μm),析出相分布更加弥散,抗拉强度为579MPa,屈服强度为521MPa,屈强比为0.9,伸长率为9%,导电率为52.2%IACS;与常用汽车连接器用C70250和TMg0.5合金综合性能进行对比,低浓度Cu-Ni-Si合金具有优良的综合性能,在大功率电流使用时表现出良好的散热性及可靠的尺寸稳定性,可作为高强高导弹性材料广泛应用于汽车连接器等领域。

Ti6Al4V合金的高温短时蠕变本构关系与应力松弛行为

对Ti6Al4V合金在不同温度(650、700和750℃)、初始应力(100和150 MPa)和预应变(3.97%和15.87%)条件下进行多组应力松弛试验;研究Ti6Al4V合金高温下的应力松弛行为以及影响因素。利用应力松弛的试验数据推导出高温短时蠕变应变速率与应力的关系,对蠕变应变速率-应力曲线进行拟合,得到Ti6Al4V合金的高温短时蠕变本构方程。将高温短时蠕变本构关系代入有限元软件ABAQUS中对Ti6Al4V合金的应力松弛行为进行模拟。结果表明:Ti6Al4V合金的应力松弛可以分为两个阶段:第一个阶段应力松弛速率很快,剩余应力急剧降低,该过程时间为应力松弛的前250 s;第二个阶段应力松弛较为缓慢,经过2000 s后剩余应力趋向于某一极限值,即应力松弛极限。温度对Ti6Al4V合金应力松弛的影响显著,应力松弛随温度的升高而加快,且温度越高,应力松弛极限越小。初始应力和预应变越大,应力松弛极限越大,但是两者对应力松弛行为的影响不大。模拟结果与试验测得的应力松弛曲线具有很高的吻合度,验证了高温短时蠕变本构关系的可靠性。

组合梁中的时效行为计算分析

采用按龄期调整的有效模量,结合有限单元步进法,提出一种计算组合梁中时效行为的方法。该方法通过迭代法计算与时间有关的混凝土收缩徐变及力筋松弛引起的预应力损失。应用这种分析方法,编制相应的计算程序,进行一个组合框架及一座两跨连续组合梁的时效行为分析。结果表明,混凝土的收缩、徐变以及预应力损失对组合梁的应力重分布影响很大。

铝合金时效蠕变与时效应力松弛关系研究

分析了材料蠕变与应力松弛的关系,提出了一种由材料蠕变曲线获取应力松弛曲线的转换方法。以铝合金7075T6为试验材料在177℃时效温度下实施了蠕变与应力松弛试验,通过比较试验应力松弛曲线与此转换方法得到的应力松弛曲线,验证了转换方法的准确性。

时效方式对FeMnSiCrNi系合金形状记忆效应及低温松弛的影响

研究了时效方式对FeMnSiCrNi系合金形状记忆效应和低温松弛性能的影响。结果表明，形变后时效比未变形时效析出的碳化物更多、更细小、分布更均匀，有利于提高基体的强度，抑制不可逆的塑性变形的发生，从而显著提高合金的形状记忆效应和回复应力。合金经过10％变形后时效比未变形时效的回复量提高38％139％，回复应力提高12％-22％。不同时效方式的低温松弛率都不大，在213K时只有16％左右，尽管形变时效后回复应力的提高会提高低温松弛率，但并不显著，仅为0％～3．0％。