Designing an Elderly-Friendly City in Cardiff: Cultivating Sense of Security for the Aging Population: Transforming Butetown for the Entertainment, Health, and Diversification of the Elderly

As an important part of urban construction,elderly-friendly construction is crucial to the formation of an elderly-friendly society,which has been widely recognized internationally.Especially after the COVID-19 pandemic,various organizations around the world have called for changes in public space and urban building planning,with an emphasis on the accessibility of green spaces.This underscores the complexity and difficulty of integrating vulnerable groups of the elderly into cities and using infrastructure and public space.

Planning & Construction of Residential Districts in Hangzhou City from the Aging Perspective

Through questionnaire investigation,interviews and field survey,residence status of the citizens and residence expectations of the elderly in Hangzhou city were investigated.The contradictions between planning & construction of residential districts in Hangzhou and the aging of population were preliminarily analyzed.From the angles of psychological and behavioral characteristics of the elderly,many requirements of the elderly were reasonably taken into account in the planning & construction of residential districts.Through improving conditions of activity places and residence organizations of the elderly,leisure functions of the elderly in residential districts were perfected to provide references for the future planning & construction of residential districts for population aging.

Improvement of the Legal System for Addressing the Issue of Elderly Care in China in the Context of Population Aging

Rapid population aging is a social reality facing China at present,and the issue of elderly care has become a hot topic of social concern.Legislation to address the issue of elderly care in the context of population aging should follow systematic concepts to achieve“vertical and horizontal integration.”In terms of content,it is necessary to formulate specific legal approaches around“the elderly and children,”with a focus on guaranteeing the livelihood and protection of the rights of the elderly while taking into account childbirth,employment and other issues.the laws should not only safeguard the social participation and labor rights of the elderly,but also effectively respond to the social challenges brought about by the aging of the population.It is also necessary to optimize the family planning policy to ease the burden of child-raising,improve the population structure and promote the long-term balanced development of the population,thus fundamentally solving the problem of population aging.the effort to improve the legal system to deal with the issue of elderly care in the context of population aging will better advance Chinese modernization.

Periodontal conditions and treatment in urban and rural population of West Bengal,India

Objective:To search adequate epidemiological data on periodontal conditions for the planning of oral health programs in Indian population,and to determine the prevalence of periodontal diseases,in regards to age and gender of urban and rural population in West Bengal.India. Methods:22 542 subjects aged 15 years onwards,representative of rural and urban areas of West Bengal were examined for their periodontal conditions using the community periodontal index(CPI).Results:Supra and/or sub gingival calculus dominated as the most frequent score (score 2) among males(76.51%) and females(76.58%),which was least affected in young age group and higher in rural population.Severity of highest score were significant(P【0.001) according to their gender,age group and habitation and had independent effects(P【0.001) on it. Mean number of sextants affected by scores 1,2,3,& 4 were more in the rural areas.Assessed treatment needed was predominantly typeⅡ(Scaling and improved oral hygiene).Conclusions: The severe periodontal condition(Score 2,3 and 4) is observed among rural males in older age group more than its urban counterparts of West Bengal,India.

A Study of the Universal Two-child Policy’s Impact on China’s Future Population

The most essential step in adjusting and improving the childbearing policy, the universal two-child policy will produce far-reaching impacts on the future development of China’s population. With its implementation, the country’s total population will peak later, the underage population and its proportion will increase substantially, the working-age population will experience a slower decline, and the aging of China’s population will be eased. However, the drop in the proportion of working-age people over the last 15 years has expedited the reduction of the demographic dividend, the elderly population will remain unaffected over the next 60 years, the aging of the population will continue to deepen, and at the same time, the increased child dependency burden will expand the overall dependency ratio.

Study on the Style of Urban Development as a Center of Kitakyushu Monorail —About the User Actual Situation and the Demographic around the Station

The ageing of the population in Japan has become a problem. According to the research of different regions, where the ratio of the ageing population is above 25%, it is found that the Japanese society is gradually turned to hyper-aged society. The population along Kitakyushu monorail is also in such a situation. This study is based on the background, with excessive reliance on their own vehicles and public transport problems arising from the abolition of public transportation in Kitakyushu as the area of this study. Under the full consideration of people who can’t drive, the elderly who had to take buses as well as people who lack of transport ability where population decrease and the aging problem have been worsening, their surrounding environment should be further improved. In addition, it should be taken into consideration to increase the population in the walking distance around the stations.

Experience and Enlightenment of Serve the Old in Abroad Urban Community

At present, the world＇s aging population is developing at an unprecedented rate, how to deal with the community service for the elderly has become a top priority. For it not only relates to the community＇s harmony but also to the whole social＇s stability. This paper summarized some experiences and practices from some typical foreign countries on their community endowment, such as the British community care model, the Japan＇s aged care at home, the PACE mode of United States, the Germany＇s long-term care services, the Australian＇s old-age community security. On the basis of a comparative analysis, this paper concluded some experience and enlightenment of serving the old in abroad urban community, this include： Give full play to the function and role of the community in the pension, take law as safeguard on the implementation of community endowment, professional services, government-led and multiple subject participation, provide comprehensive and diversified service, etc. Combined with China＇s national conditions, this paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions in the end to further perfect China＇s elderly community service.

Significant Differences in Elderly Health between Urban and Rural Communities: A Literature Review

This study aimed to examine measures pertaining to elderly health in urban versus rural settings, and to identify differences in the health of elderly people living in urban and rural communities through a literature review. An electronic literature search was performed using PubMed for English articles published in peer-reviewed journals up to August 2018, with the following search terms: “urban”, “rural”, “comparison of community”, “elderly health”, and “comparison of community health”. A total of 35 articles were extracted for a critical full-text review, and six articles that met the inclusion criteria were subjected to analysis. Measures related to elderly health in urban and rural communities were classified into the following three categories: functional abilities, health, and health perception. Five of the six articles described functional abilities (e.g., social function) and health (e.g., mental health, depression) as categories with significant differences in elderly health between urban and rural communities. The results suggest that elderly health measures related to social function and mental health or depression are more important outcome measures of effective person-centered integrated community care systems from the perspective of community characteristics. As there were only a few articles reporting on elderly health according to differences in environment between urban and rural communities, further investigation is globally warranted.

Implications of an Unlimited Fertility Policy in China:Lessons from Low Fertility and Population Aging in Japan and Korea

In 2016 China began implementing a new population strategy after having maintained a one-child policy for 35 years.This paper draws on the lessons we can learn about low fertility and population aging in Japan and South Korea to consider the implications of the newly announced'universal two-child'policy in China.Japan,Korea and China share many socio-cultural characteristics and have undergone similar processes with respect to low fertility and population aging at different periods of time.Many scholars argue that China's family planning program has greatly reduced China's fertility level,but the effects of other socioeconomic factors have,in fact,had a greater impact on the reduction of the fertility rate than the one-child policy had.Considering the effects of the fertility policy that limits the number of births in China and the lessons we can get from unsuccessful fertility boosting measures in Japan and Korea,this paper suggests that a fertility policy that puts no limits on births should be adopted in China.

以人口高质量发展应对老龄化城乡倒置的挑战

纵观全球,老龄化城乡倒置现象具有普遍性和阶段性特征。对中国而言,随着由乡入城人口的地域流动,老龄化城乡倒置格局不断演变,呈现出“农村先老、农村快老、农村更老、农村高老、农村弱老”的特征,给中国式现代化发展带来诸多挑战。以人口高质量发展为核心积极应对老龄化城乡倒置问题,需从建设人才队伍、提升人口素质、优化人口布局、提高老年人生产生活质量等方面着手,以实施乡村振兴战略为契机,推进城乡全面深度融合发展,促进共同富裕。

以人口高质量发展积极应对人口老龄化:内在逻辑与治理进路

人口老龄化是人口高质量发展的重要背景,人口高质量发展则为积极应对人口老龄化提供人口要素的支撑。结合人口高质量发展与积极应对人口老龄化国家战略的行动目标,在厘清二者辩证关系的基础上,需从激活老年群体价值潜力,完善终身教育体系,统筹“一老一小”服务,面向老龄社会需求优化人力资源分布等方面着手,找准共同进路,把握机遇挑战,在中国式现代化进程中不断夯实高质量的人口要素基础,积极应对人口老龄化。

再分配视域下河北省人口老龄化与城乡收入不平等的关系分析

再分配作为调节收入分配的重要工具,在实现共同富裕目标中发挥着重要作用。河北省作为人口大省,日益加重的人口老龄化对经济社会发展、城乡收入等产生了重要影响。研究发现:一方面,河北省人口老龄化拉大了城乡收入差距,加剧了城乡收入不平等,尤其是在二线城市和大规模城市中,人口老龄化引致的城乡收入不平等效应更加明显;另一方面,经济增长作为“做大蛋糕”和“分好蛋糕”的原动力,能够有效“对冲”人口老龄化对城乡收入分配不公的负面影响,而人口老龄化倒逼技术进步又在一定程度上加剧了城乡收入不平等。因此,河北省不仅要做大“财富蛋糕”,更要使全体社会成员共享“经济蛋糕”,以此加速推进共同富裕进程。

人口特征对中国经济社会需水影响及峰值预测

人口规模结构是决定水资源需求的关键因子,在人口总量负增长的重大变化背景下,中国经济社会需水如何演变直接关系到水资源管理宏观决策。本文通过分析中国人口城乡结构、年龄结构对经济社会需水的影响规律,构建了基于人口特征的需水变化曲线,并在此基础上预测了经济社会需水演变态势及峰值时点。研究结果表明:中国经济社会需水峰值可能出现在2042年,达峰规模约为7300亿m^(3);2050年之前,城镇地区需水总量将会持续增加,农村地区需水峰值将于2030年左右出现。经济社会需水规模是决定区域用水特征的边界条件,研究认为在中国经济社会需水还未到达拐点、国际贸易环境动荡加剧的背景下,未来中国供水保障还应该保持一定的弹性和韧性。

大力发展银发经济,助力中国式现代化--“实现银发经济高质量发展”跨学科专家笔谈

2024年1月《国务院办公厅关于发展银发经济增进老年人福祉的意见》印发,这是国家层面首次出台以“银发经济”为主题的专项政策,成为新时代推动银发经济发展的纲领性文件。2024年7月党的二十届三中全会强调“发展银发经济,创造适合老年人的多样化、个性化就业岗位”,为实现银发经济高质量发展指明了基础性方向。在全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新征程中,人口少子化、老龄化和区域人口增减分化等人口发展新形势相交织,发展方式转变、经济结构优化和增长动力转换等经济发展新要求相叠加,推动银发经济高质量发展成为统筹人口新形势和经济新要求的时代课题,这决定了银发经济不仅涉及人口发展领域,更涉及经济发展领域,需要从跨学科视角进行全面解读。有鉴于此,《人口与经济》特别约请我国银发经济学术、政策和实践研究领域的专家学者,就“实现银发经济高质量发展”议题展开跨学科研讨,准确把握大力发展银发经济的环境基础和资源禀赋,科学认识银发经济的概念、特点和规模,旨在以银发经济为牵引不断深化经济领域的适老化改革,及时出台助推银发经济高质量发展的产业政策,全方位更新和扩展对银发经济的认知,探寻老龄社会下实现经济可持续发展的长期性和全局性解决方案。

影响中国人群心理健康的人口因素及机制——基于省级面板数据的实证研究

目的:分析城镇化、老龄化、人口流动率对医院精神科就诊比例的影响以及独居率的调节作用。方法:基于2010—2019年省级面板数据和Hausman-Taylor模型进行实证研究。结果:城镇化和人口流动率分别与医院精神科就诊比例负相关和正相关。城镇化与老龄化的交互项、城镇化与独居率的交互项均与医院精神科就诊比例负相关,老龄化与独居率的交互项与医院精神科就诊比例正相关。结论:城镇化和人口流动分别是中国人群心理健康的保护因素和风险因素,城镇化改善了老龄化对中国人群心理健康的不利影响。独居率的上升扩大了城镇化对心理健康的保护作用,加深了老龄化带来的心理健康问题。推进新型城镇化的同时,需重视农村老年人口、流动人口以及独居人口的心理健康评估和干预。

新时代老年体育高质量发展的逻辑进路与首要任务

发展老年体育是贯彻落实积极应对人口老龄化国家战略的重要举措,目前尚处于探索阶段。新时代推进老年体育高质量发展,需要把握好其逻辑进路的前提和基础,积极落实好其首要任务。首先,发展老年体育的逻辑前提在于重塑观念,既要摒弃对“老年”的消极偏见,积极看待老年人和老年生活,还要把握人口发展规律,积极看待老龄社会,科学认识老年体育的重要价值。其次,发展老年体育的逻辑基础在于遵循规律,既要遵循长寿化和少子化双驱推进人口老龄化演变的基本规律,也要顺应老龄社会作为新型人口社会形态不断演进的发展趋势,在系统集成的国家战略体系中大力发展老年体育。最后,发展老年体育的首要任务在于做好顶层设计,科学认识和主动适应人口老龄化对老年体育的中远期影响,在大力发展银发经济和推进适老化改革的老龄社会治理举措中予以积极应对。

新型工业化时期老龄产业的地位和机理

老龄化是人类文明进入发达形态的标志性现象,当观察和研究老龄化现象和老龄社会时,经济学的范式承诺就必须从“经济人”假设转变为结构性人口假设,每个国家都必须以新的思维和行为方式来安排全社会的生存模式。随着社会生产力的显著进步,人口受教育程度的提高,老龄人口发挥“活力”的需要也日趋增强;工业机器人技术可以为老龄智能机器人发展提供多方面的技术供应和创新借鉴,最大限度减少失能老人的无助和增强老人老龄产业的经济学效应,不仅体现在赋能助能老龄人口,使其活力化,而且体现在可以激发产业发展的供给侧创新和需求侧拉动,形成老龄产品市场供求结构的新格局。健康的自益性、公益性和公论性特质在老龄化国家和老龄社会受到社会各方的高度重视,大量经济资源和技术创新能力必然会流向老龄产业,在新型工业化时代,企业界更普遍地具有社会责任意识和行为特征,社会企业的发展空间也更为宽广,并具有很大的社会期望迫切性;老龄产业的发展将获得更大机会的空间拓展和形态完善,承担特殊的经济发展使命,成为新型工业化时代极具人本关怀特质的标志性产业之一。

未来我国人口中长期发展对经济社会影响研究(2024-2050)

人口老龄化是我国未来发展的重要挑战,未来几十年,我国人口将经历短时期的零增长或轻微性负增长,随后实现恢复性增长,进入高原期阶段。研究发现我国正处于人口生育政策调整的时期,需要通过渐进式延迟退休政策和开发老年人力资源来应对;我国人口老龄化将持续对公共服务产生压力,需要完善人口发展评估指标体系建设,促进人口结构的均衡发展;关注“一老一小”公共服务供给,实现人口与公共服务的优质共享需要建立完善的育儿友好型社会,发展多元化的养老托育服务体系。

城市群视角下中国人口老龄化的时空演变——基于人口普查与抽样调查数据的分析

基于全国人口普查和抽样调查数据,以12个主要城市群作为研究区域,并以地级及以上城市作为空间单元,采用时序比较、核密度估计、马尔科夫链分析以及地理探测器模型,对2000—2020年我国城市群人口老龄化的时空演变及驱动因素进行了分析,研究结果表明:(1)我国城市群的人口老龄化整体呈现出加速深化趋势,但不同城市群在加深速度上存在着显著的差异;(2)随着时间的推移,城市群所辖城市人口老龄化的离散程度有明显扩大的趋势,考察期内不同城市群所辖城市人口老龄化的空间分布及其演进区别明显,城市的相对老龄化水平在保持较强惯性的同时,也体现出一定的动态变化性;(3)2010年,城市群人口老龄化主要受老年人口惯性的影响,而2020年,除老年人口惯性外,人口自然增长率和人口迁移也是引致城市群人口老龄化空间分异的重要因素。结果总体表明,近二十年来我国不同城市群的人口老龄化展现出明显的时空差异与动态演变特征,因此各城市群应有针对性地制定差异化的人口老龄化政策,以更有效地应对日益严峻的老龄化挑战。

治理现代化视域下老年群体的数字社会排斥与消解

党的二十大报告强调,“人民健康是民族昌盛和国家强盛的重要标志。把保障人民健康放在优先发展的战略位置,完善人民健康促进政策”,要“推进健康中国建设”。显然,贯彻党的二十大精神的一个重要方面是实施积极应对人口老龄化战略,推动实现全体老年人享有基本养老服务。与此同时,党的二十大报告擘画数字中国发展的新蓝图,提出要加快发展数字经济,促进数字经济和实体经济深度融合。但是,由于缺乏数字素养和日常生活实践的充分表达,老年群体面临“数字鸿沟”问题,这也成为社会治理现代化转型的一道障碍,引起广泛关注。为此,文章从老年人数字社会排斥的理论指向和现实问题出发,在老年人现实生活经验与实践中分析社会排斥的根源,探讨社会治理现代化转型的可能路径与未来方向。文章以65岁以上老年人为调查对象,对宁夏银川市和石嘴山市四个社区的老年人居住家庭和所属社区开展实地调查。调查发现,以数字技术的变革为驱动的数字社会重塑了人们的价值观念,改变着人们的态度和行为模式,重建了人们的社会联结纽带。这一点,在老年群体身上体现得较为明显。在融入数字社会的过程中,由于受到“数字鸿沟”限制,该群体受到了社会排斥。推进社会治理现代化转型,需要全面理解老年人所处的社会环境,也就是全面数字化、数字平台化和智能化以及社会个体化的现实。剖析老年群体在结构性排斥的驱动下,经由主体建构与策略选择共同作用下“复合型排斥”的生成机制。基于此,应当从社会、社区与个体的多维融合视野出发,始终秉持以人民为中心的价值理念,完善数字社会和数字中国的体制机制建设,完善政府各部门间的统筹协调机制,加强社区组织化建设,激发银发活力,再造老年人的主体性来消解社会排斥,满足人民群众对美好生活的向往。