Temporal and Spatial Variations of ET 0 and Sensitivity Coefficients in Spring-summer in Eastern Agricultural Areas of Qinghai,China

Reference crop evapotranspiration(ET 0) is a key parameter to calculate crop water requirements.In the paper,ET 0 during 1960-2005 was calculated with FAO-56 PM in eastern agricultural areas of Qinghai,China.Then the sensitivity coefficients of ET 0 to meteorological variables were estimated through the nondimensional partial derivative in FAO-56 PM.Results show that the mean annual ET 0 of the whole area is 904 mm,and ET 0 portrays a very significant decrease during the 46 years.In spatial,ET 0 decreases from southeast to northwest,firstly increases then decreases from southwest to northeast.Through sensitivity analysis,in spring the most sensitive variable is relative humidity,while in summer is temperature.The temperature,sunshine duration and wind speed sensitivity coefficients(S(TA),S(n),S(u)) are higher in middle areas as opposed to surrounding areas,while the relative humidity sensitivity coefficient(S(RH)) has an opposite distribution rule.

Complementarity of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Data for Mapping Agricultural Areas in Senegal

The small size of agricultural plots is the main difficulty for crops mapping with remote sensing data in the Sahelian region of Africa. The study aims to combine Sentinel-1 (radar) and Sentinel-2 (Optic) data to discriminate millet, maize and peanut crops. Training plots were used in order to analyse temporal variation of the three crops’ signals. The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) was able to differentiate crops only at the end of the rainy season (October). The optical data as well as the radar ones could not easily discriminate the three crops during the growing season, because in that period vegetation cover is low, and soil contribution to the signals (due to roughness and moisture) was more important than that of real vegetation. However, the ratio of VH/VV (VH: incident signal in vertical polarization and reflected signal in horizontal polarization;VV: incident signal in vertical polarization and reflected signal in horizontal polarization) gave a difference between millet and the two other crops at the beginning cultural season (July 11). Difference appears from the second third of September when the harvest of cereals crops (millet and maize) began. From middle of October, the peanut signal dropped sharply thus facilitating the differentiation of peanut from the two other crops. This analysis led to the identification of data that have could be used to discriminate these crops (useful data). Classification of the combined useful data gave an overall high accuracy of 82%, with 96%, 61% and 65% for peanut, maize and millet, respectively. The non-agricultural areas (water, natural vegetation, habit, bare soil) were well classified with an accuracy greater than 90%.

Land Use Change and Its Effect on Environment Based on Farmers’Behaviors: A Case Study in Agricultural Areas of Tibet, China

In the case study in Agricultural Area of Tibet, the process and characteristics of farmers' land use were surveyed by semi-structural interview questionnaire. By comparing the change of land covers and farmers' land decision in two periods, the spatial connection of them was obtained. And the relations among farmers' land decision, land use change and environment were examined by calculating emergy and value flow. The results show that: hunting the maximal profits is the primary aim of farmers' land decision; farmers' land decision is incompatible with sustainable land use presently; farmers' land decision and land cover can be embodied spatially by each other; the change of farmers' land decision can be monitored by observing the change of land cover, and the sustainability of farmers' land decision can be appraised by calculating emergy and value flow.

Confinement and Semi-confinement Raising Fattening Technology of Yaks in Agricultural Areas of Tibet

In the study, confinement and semi-confinement raising fattening technology of yaks in agricultural areas of tibet were analyzed. And several suggestions for improving the efficiency of yak raising were put forward. Aiming at providing the reference of healthy raising and sustainable development of yaks in the agricul- tural areas of tibet.

Agricultural Land Contract and Management Rights:Transferring Price and Countermeasures in Typical Agricultural Areas of China

Henan is a large agricultural province and one of China’s major grain-producing areas. Agricultural land transfer and large-scale operations will have a profound impact on regional economic development and food security. This is a case study taken in Xiwan village in Qinyang city, Henan. This paper builds a transferring pricing model using land use rights assessment and characteristic correction of land contract and management rights. Results show that the transferring price of land contract and management rights should include the economic price, social price and corrected price. The use of a price model should focus on the distinction of theory and practical application. If there is no change in agricultural project,the actual transferring price should be the sum of the economic price and social security price. If there is a change in agricultural projects,such as cropland into cash crops,the actual transferring price should be the sum of the economic price, social price and corrected price. Because of the complexity of income distribution following the transfer, transferring gains should follow a rational distribution in the outflow side, inflow side, managers and land owner. The government should establish reasonable and orderly contracted management of land circulation transferring and use this to build a land transferring price system.

Exploration and Practice of Ideological and Political Teaching Construction for Biochemistry Course in Agricultural Colleges and Universities

Biochemistry is a fundamental core course in disciplines such as agriculture,forestry,medicine,animal husbandry,veterinary medicine,and food science.By prioritizing"educating people"in the teaching process of this professional course,we can unearth diverse ideological and political elements related to agricultural production practices within the curriculum knowledge system and the forefront of discipline development.Exploring various teaching methods and utilizing diverse teaching tools are effective strategies to achieve ideological and political education that silently influences students in the field of biochemistry.The goal is to nurture students strong ideals and beliefs,fostering a deep connection to the sentiments of"agriculture,rural areas and farmers in a great nation."This approach aims to instill a sense of responsibility towards strengthening agriculture,shaping students into individuals from South China Agricultural University who possess lofty aspirations and the courage to shoulder responsibility in the new era.

The Emergy-based Ecological Footprint (EEF) of Traditional Agricultural Areas in China: A Case Study of Congjiang County, Guizhou Province

Traditional agricultural systems are under severe threat from modernization, technological and economic changes, while substitution of traditional agriculture with so-called modern agriculture has caused serious non-point source pollution. Ecological footprint, though an approach to measure ecological sustainability, fails to reveal the true environmental condition of the traditional agricultural areas. This paper attempted to establish an enhanced emergy-based ecological footprint （EEF） which could include all the flows of ecosystem services that the local inhabitants had consumed, thus making EEF a better indicator of the regional sustainability. This new approach was then applied to evaluate the sustainability of Congjiang County in Guizhou Province, a typically traditional agricultural area in China. Results showed that the local biocapacity could only meet 64% of the total consumption needed by the local inhabitants, leaving an ecological deficit of 5.2327 gha per capita. This analysis was contrary to earlier findings obtained through the conventional method that Congjiang County was characterized by a small ecological reserve. Disaggregated analysis revealed that the consumption of waste treatment and erosion control services occupied a considerable proportion of the local ecological footprint, indicating that regional sustainability was under serious threat from waste discharge and soil erosion.

A Comparative Study of Different Methods on Quality Assessment of Soil Environment Polluted by Zinc in Agricultural Production Areas——A Case Study in Shulan City of Jilin Province

[Objective] The aim was to explore evaluated precision on quality of soil environment polluted with zinc in agricultural production areas and to provide references for verification of production area.[Method] In Shulan City in Jilin Province,soils were sampled and analyzed in a laboratory using single-factor pollution index and GIS based spatial interpolation.The quality of environment polluted with zinc was assessed and related methods were compared according to Environment Quality Standard of Green Food Production Area.[Result] Spatial interpolation of zinc in soils based on GIS proved more precise than traditional methods;cokriging method with co-factors was higher in precision than common cokriging;cokriging method with zinc and organic matter was higher in precision than cokriging with zinc alone.[Conclusion] Quality assessment on environment polluted with zinc based on GIS interpolation is more scientific and reasonable than traditional methods.

Spatial pattern and mechanisms of farmland abandonment in Agricultural and Pastoral Areas of Qingzang Plateau

With the rapid development of social economy and urban−rural integration,the phenomenon of farmland aban-donment worldwide has proved to be one of the main trends of land use and land cover change(LUCC),and profoundly affected the rural landscape and regional ecological environment.Restricted by the natural environ-ment,economic development and backward agricultural technology,the phenomenon of farmland abandonment is also common in the Qingzang Plateau(QP).Therefore,this paper adopted the spatial autocorrelation method to analyze the spatial pattern of abandonment in the agricultural and pastoral areas of the Qingzang Plateau(APA−QP)in 2017,and the geographically weighted regression(GWR)model to explore the effects of geograph-ical resources,socio-economic development and location conditions on farmland abandonment.This study found that:1)From 2015 to 2017,the abandoned farmland area in the APA−QP was approximately 18.23×10^(4)ha,with an overall abandonment rate of 15.18%.On the whole,it showed the distribution characteristics of“strong in the south and weak in the north,strong in the east and weak in the west”.2)There were positive spatial correlation between both abandoned area and abandonment rate in the APA−QP,showing“concave”and“convex”patterns,respectively,mainly concentrated in the Huang−shui Valley and the Southeast Tibet;while in the western and northern regions,the degree of abandonment was relatively low.3)Farmland abandonment in the APA−QP was mainly driven by the geographical environment changes and farmers’decision−making on farmland utilization.There was significant spatial heterogeneity on farmland abandonment associated with the impact of geographical resources,socio−economics and location conditions.The geographical resource factors had a positive impact on the abandonment,and were strongly constrained by natural geographic conditions such as altitude and slope.The farmland resources in the Qingzang Plateau are limited,but are of strategic significance for the sustainable development of agriculture in the whole Qingzang Plateau.In order to realize the rational distribution of agricul-ture and animal husbandry and the sustainable utilization of farmland resources in the plateau region,land use strategies should be implemented according to regional differences and regional advantages in order to ensure the ecological environment security of Qingzang Plateau.

Morphometry and Mineral Content in the Seeds and Soil of Two Species of Argemone L.(Papaveraceae)in the Central Part of the Chihuahuan Desert

The genus Argemone L.(Papaveraceae)is found widely distributed in Mexico’s Chihuahuan Desert(CD).Some species of this genus are of phytochemical or ethnobotanical interest.They are inedible plants considered as scrubs.To date they have not been broadly studied;thus,their ecology is,to our knowledge,unknown.The present work was centered around carrying out a morphometric analysis and the determination of minerals in the soil and seeds of the wild populations of Argemone at sites belonging to two ecoregions of the CD in Mexico.In April 2021 and April 2022,seeds of Argemone spp.,and soil samples were collected at 10 sites of the CD.The seeds were selected under a randomized design,and weight,length,diameter,thickness,buoyancy,and mineral content were determined.The soil samples were obtained under the Mexican regulation NOM-021-RECNAT-2000,and determinations of mineral content,electrical conductivity,apparent density,and soluble anions were performed.The information obtained was grouped by variable,species,and place of precedence.The statistical tests consisted of an ANOVA,Tukey means tests considering p≤0.05,and a Principal Components Analysis.Argemone pleiacantha exhibited differences in terms of weight(F=54.79,p=0.001),length(F=90.83,p=0.001),thickness(F=104.89,p=0.001),and diameter(F=155.82,p=0.001),and the differences in Argemone mexicana were in weight(F=46.71,p=0.001),thickness(F=187.49,p=0.001),length(F=191.56,p=0.001),and diameter(F=215.83,p=0.001).The evaluated seeds reached their maximal imbibition velocity at 24 h of evaluation.The content of the micro-and macro-nutrients analyzed in the seeds and soil suggest a tight relation with the morphometric characteristics of the seeds.

Evaluation on Soil Heavy Metal Pollution of Agricultural Habitat Environment in Xi'an City

[Objective] This study aimed to understand and grasp the soil heavy metal pollution status of agricultural habitat environment in Xi＇an City. [Method] The soil heavy metal pollution status of pollution-free agricultural products-producing areas in 9 counties （districts） of Xi＇an City was investigated. A total of 609 soil samples were collected, and their Cd, Hg, As, Pb and Cr contents were determined. In addition, the heavy metal pollution status of the collected soil samples was evaluated by Nemerow index method. [Result] The pollution in Baqiao, Chang＇an; Gaoling, Lan- tian, Lintong and Yanliang was of grade I, belonging to clean level; the pollution in Hu County, Weiyang and Zhouzhi was of grade II, near the warning line, belong to relatively clean level. There was no large-area soil heavy metal pollution overall. The investigated areas could be used as production bases of pollution-free agricultural products and even high-quality agricultural products. However, the heavy met- als contents in some individual areas exceeded relevant soil environmental quality standards, and they should be avoided or forbidden during regional planning and selection of production area. [Conclusion] Soil heavy metal pollution of agricultural habitat environment in Xi＇an City is generally at good status. Targeting at the future development plan of Xi＇an City, feasible and scientific suggestions are put forward.

Heavy metal contamination and source in arid agricultural soil in central Gansu Province,China

Concentrations of copper （Cu）, lead （Pb）, chromium （Cr）, mercury （Hg）, and arsenic （As） were measured in arid agricultural and irrigated agricultural soils collected in Daba Village, Shajiawuan Village, Gangou Village and Sifangwu Village, located in central Gansu Province, China. Concentrations except Hg and Pb were lower than the background values in grey calcareous soil in the selected arid agricultural soils. Pb concentration exceeded the threshold of arid agricultural soils in China by 72.46%. These results showed that there was indeed serious pollution with Pb, a slight pollution problem for other selected metals in the irrigated agricultural soils in Daba Village. Principal component analysis （PCA） was used to assess the soil data, applying varimax rotation with Kaiser Normalization. The result showed that the irrigated factor, agricultural factor and anthropogenic factor all contributed to the relations between selected chemical properties. The main factor of accumulation of Cu, Pb, Cr, Hg and As was lithological factor in arid agricultural areas. There is a striking dissimilarity of origin of Cu, Pb, Cr, Hg and As in agricultural soil between the irrigate agriculture and arid agriculture.

Preliminary Analysis of Special Tourism Transportation in Agricultural Eco-scenic Area

Transport varies greatly in agricultural eco-scenic areas for the diversity of resources, and different terrains such as mountains, low hills and forest lands. Special tourism transportation is common in scenic area of different themes. For agricultural eco-scenic area, the road design has to consider the theme of the scenic area, thus animal power is a favorable transportation choice, it refl ects agricultural ecological characteristics and also takes production needs into consideration. This paper analyzed road design characteristics of agricultural eco-scenic area, and proposed the transportation model dominated by animal power and considering farming production, so as to meet the standards of "rural road" in agricultural eco-scenic area and comply with the style of agricultural tourism, and satisfy the visitors.

Issues of "Agriculture, Rural Areas and Farmers" from the Perspective of Economy and Ideological System : Based on the Background of All-round Well-off Society

Based on CNKI core journals and CSSCI database, "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" were used as the key words to summarize 20 core articles and CSSCI articles with "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" as the key words from 2015 to 2020, so as to let more researchers have a deeper understanding and grasp of China s current problems of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers". Through the method of comparative analysis of studies, the problems that need to be solved in the work of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" were discussed, so that other scholars can further clarify the research results and experience of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers", so as to deepen the reform of rural land system and steadily promote the work of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" in the future. This study can provide thinking and reference for deepening the reform of rural land system and steadily promoting the work of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers".

A Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Concentration in Different Layers of Tannery Vicinity Soil and Near Agricultural Soil

This research was conducted to bring out the appropriate level of heavy metal contamination in soil at the site of Buriganga river bank near the Hazaribagh tannery area and the normal agricultural area to evaluate heavy metal contamination in soil due to untreated tannery effluents. AAS flame method was used to determine the concentration of Chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn) in several depths of the soil. Results showed that, the heavy metal concentration in soil at the site of Buriganga river bank in the tannery vicinity and normal agricultural area significantly varies, such as Cr varies (561.71 - 31.23) mg/kg, Zn varies (158.23 - 73.5), Pb varies (70.58 - 24) and Cd varies (2.25 - 0.71) mg/kg in the river bank as well as in the normal agricultural area Cr varies (27.869 - 24.5416) mg/kg, Zn varies (134.167 - 28), Pb varies (25.76 - 22.49) and Cd varies (1.30 - 0.64) mg/kg. The study indicated that heavy metals concentration was found to be significantly higher in river bank soils than in the normal agricultural area. This metal concentration in soil is responsible for the promotion of toxicity in agricultural products. Therefore, the human health and environment are affected by these areas.

Available Agricultural Area by Utilization Categories and Ownership Structure of Holdings in the Republic of Serbia

The subject of research in this paper is the analysis and presentation of data on agricultural holdings, the structure of available and utilized area. The data and calculated indicators represent a comprehensive overview of the structural characteristics of national agriculture, but they are also an internationally comparable database, based on key features of agriculture. The main goal of this paper is to determine and explain more comprehensively and in detail by using appropriate methods, and based on available data, the condition of utilized agricultural area (hereinafter: UAA) and its quantitative and qualitative characteristics by utilization categories and manner of its use;types of agricultural holdings and statistical regions and lower statistical units of data grouping. Implementation of such a defined basic research goal indicates necessity of more detailed and continuous study of the causes that led to the reduction of available agricultural area and especially its better and more important production categories of utilization and measures and activities to be taken to eliminate or reduce the causes of inadequate management of agricultural area in the coming period. The importance of this research arises from the fact that the results on utilized agricultural area can be used to adopt appropriate measures and undertake certain activities in land and overall agricultural and rural policy related to sustainable utilization, arrangement and protection of agricultural land and more balanced integrated development of rural areas, as well as to find better solutions in the field of utilization, ownership sector and conditions of agricultural area management.

THE LAST TRADE CARAVAN IN TIBET WANGCHEN WAS BUSY IN AN AGRICULTURAL AREA

Setting off from Lhasa we followed Lhasa River,passing through Chushur County,then,driving along the banks of the Yarlung Tsangpo River,we finally arrived at Nyemo Bridge.Next we headed northward and into a long valley.Finally,we reached Nyemo County.Although it was not a big county,it looked much more prosperous than Palgon County.A large government office building greeted us in a main street offering shops,both big and small,as well as restaurants-which also caught our eye.Nevertheless,the wandering la...

Analysis of Outdoor Cultivation of Pepino(Solanum muricatum)in Qinghai Province

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the feasibility of planting pepino(Solanum muricatum Ait.)in Qinghai Province,and to understand the cultivation quality and yield in various areas of Qinghai.[Methods]With small fruit type of pepino as the material,four areas in eastern Qinghai were selected to determine the agronomic traits,yield and quality indexes of pepino.[Results]Under the same cultivation conditions,there were some differences in the cultivation status of pepino,but overall,pepino fruit had higher quality.Various physiological indexes were correlated with quality and yield.[Conclusions]This study clarified the specific cultivation situation of pepino in Qinghai Province,and evaluated the quality and yield of pepino,providing strong data support for the promotion and planting of pepino in various regions in the future.

Research on layout of China leisure agriculture based on sustainable development

Leisure agriculture is a new form of agricultural production and management in the course of agricultural structure adjustment.It is an aggregation of agricultural production and tourism,high-tech and traditional agriculture,agricultural value and regional cultural values.There is the inseparable relationship between Leisure agriculture and sustainable development.Four agricultural areas of China have rich but different agricultural and tourist resources,by which different types of leisure agriculture can be layed out.It is important to make a right orientation for leisure agriculture in various agricultural areas for sustainable development of agriculture in China.