Optimal scenario balance of reduction in costs and greenhouse gas emissions for municipal solid waste management

To reduce carbon intensity, an improved management method balancing the reduction in costs and greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions is required for Tianjin's waste management system. Firstly, six objective functions, namely, cost minimization, GHG minimization, eco-efficiency minimization, cost maximization, GHG maximization and eco-efficiency maximization, are built and subjected to the same constraints with each objective function corresponding to one scenario. Secondly, GHG emissions and costs are derived from the waste flow of each scenario. Thirdly, the range of GHG emissions and costs of other potential scenarios are obtained and plotted through adjusting waste flow with infinitely possible step sizes according to the correlation among the above six scenarios. And the optimal scenario is determined based on this range. The results suggest the following conclusions. 1) The scenarios located on the border between scenario cost minimization and GHG minimization create an optimum curve, and scenario GHG minimization has the smallest eco-efficiency on the curve; 2) Simple pursuit of eco-efficiency minimization using fractional programming may be unreasonable; 3) Balancing GHG emissions from incineration and landfills benefits Tianjin's waste management system as it reduces GHG emissions and costs.

Implementation of a greenhouse gas reduction roadmap for steel producing companies

This paper shall show an economic feasible approach to implement greenhouse gas(GHG) reduction measures into steel companies. The goal to improve energy consumption is directly linked to the reduction of GHG emissions and therefore directly in correlation with the economic viability. A baseline scenario of the considered reference system and of the respective reference year has to be defined, mapped and analysed. In a second step an analysis of the same operation using available and prospected best available technology (BAT) processes is carried out to generate a basis for a benchmark system. The identified reduction potentials are reported and the GHG emission reductions are put into relation to the investment cost of the new process technologies/process adaption to be implemented.This economic feasibility calculation is necessary to realise a cost efficient GHG reduction roadmap implementation into the company's business operations. The GHG reduction roadmap is developed using the abatement curve concept to get an indication of ' low hanging fruits' and for establishing a sequence for implementing carbon emission reductions measures. The scope of that approach can be extended by including further important environmental parameters like NOx, SO_2,CO,dust,heavy metal emissions in air as well as production residues.That gives in the end a broader picture and more starting points to improve the overall environmental performance of steel producing companies beyond the GHG emissions and energy consumption.

Measurement and influencing factors of greenhouse gas emission in China

Agricultural greenhouse gas accounts for a large proportion of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission.The paper carried on a calculation on greenhouse gas emission of China agricultural greenhouse gas emission,and analyzed influencing factors of agriculture greenhouse gas emission which has important significance for the development of Chinese and global low carbon agriculture.This paper calculated the emission of CH_4,N_2O and CO_2 in China from the year of 1993 to 2011,and analyzed the influence factors.The results showed that CH_4 emission was basically stable,which maintained at 2000 tons.Animal husbandry CH_4 emission was the largest contributor of agricultural source CH_4 emission.Taking the year of 2011 as an example,which accounted for 53.08%;N_2O emission was increased from93.21 tons of 1993 to 120.51 million tons of 2011,and the average annual growth rate was 1.63%.Planting was the main contributor to N_2O emission.Taking the year of 2011 as an example,which accounted for 54.36%of the total emission,land N_2O emission was the most,and the rice field was followed;agricultural source CO_2 emission increased from 15626.98 to 31258.10 million tons,and the average annual growth rate was 5.56%;fertilizer source was the largest source of carbon,in 2011,for example,fertilizer source of CO_2 emission was 18731.83 million tons accounted for 59.93%of the agricultural source CO_2emission.CH_4 and N_2O emissions of China Agriculture were mainly caused by animal husbandry and chemical fertilizers.And pesticides were major contributors to CO_2 emission of agriculture.At the end of this paper,based on the results of correlation analysis,the paper proposed countermeasures and suggestions for China's low carbon agriculture,and demonstrated the significance of global low carbon agriculture development.

Review on the Impact of Climate Change on Great Lakes Region’s Agriculture and Water Resources

This study investigates the multifaceted impacts of climate change on the Midwest region of the United States, particularly the rising temperatures and precipitation brought about by hot weather activities and technological advances since the 19th century. From 1900 to 2010, temperatures in the Midwest rose by an average of 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit, which would also lead to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Precipitation is also expected to increase due to increased storm activity and changes in regional weather patterns. This paper explores the impact of these changes on urban and agricultural areas. In urban areas such as the city of Chicago, runoff from the increasing impervious surface areas poses challenges to the drainage system, and agriculture areas are challenged by soil erosion, nutrient loss, and fewer planting days due to excessive rainfall. Sustainable solutions such as no-till agriculture and the creation of grassland zones are discussed. Using historical data, recent climate studies and projections, the paper Outlines ways to enhance the Midwest’s ecology and resilience to climate change.

对农业温室气体(GHG)减排潜力的几点看法

[目的]探讨农业温室气体（GHG）减排潜能与可持续发展。[方法]通过引用联合国政府间气候变化委员会评估报告相关数据,从减排技术潜能和减排经济潜能2个方面对农业GHG（主要包括CO2、CH4、N2O）的减排潜力及其影响因素进行分析与评价,并对农业GHG减排技术与前景进行评价与展望。[结果]农业GHG减排大约89%的潜能将来自土壤碳鏊合作用;农业GHG减排成本大约是0~27美元/t CO2-EQ;多数减排方案强调对现有技术的再利用,使其在不同领域得到广泛推广,同时注意加强可行的新型技术的研究与开发。[结论]即使农业GHG的排放与日俱增,但从长远角度看,农业GHG减排的潜力巨大。当前需要关注是,要确定气候变化、可持续性发展、改善环境质量三者的协同作用。

Positioning of Developing Low-carbon Agriculture in Local Governments

[Objective] To analyze the positioning of low-carbon agriculture development in local governments of China. [Method] The emissions of green-house gas, the connotation and characteristics of low-carbon agriculture, and the necessity of developing low-carbon agriculture were analyzed, obtaining the positioning and measures for the development of low-carbon agriculture in local government. [Result] Government plays a leading role in the development of low-carbon agriculture. The development of low-carbon agriculture can be promoted through the formulation of scientific low-carbon agricultural development plan, culturing new talents on low-carbon agriculture, promoting low-carbon agricultural technology, establishing low-carbon agricultural risk prevention mechanisms. [Conclusion] Making economy, environment and resources coordinated with each other, leading by the concept of scientific development with the concept of sustainable development, is where the future of agricultural development in China lies.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Alternative Marine Fuels for Marine Gas Turbine Power Plants

The marine shipping industry faces challenges to reduce engine exhaust emissions and greenhouse gases （GHGs） from ships, and in particular, carbon dioxide. International regulatory bodies such as the International Maritime Organization and National Environmental Agencies of many countries have issued rules and regulations to drastically reduce GHG and emissions emanating from marine sources. This study investigates the possibility of using natural gas and hydrogen as alternative fuels to diesel oil for marine gas turbines and uses a mathematical model to assess the effect of these alternative fuels on gas turbine thermodynamic performance. Results show that since natural gas is categorized as a hydrocarbon fuel, the thermodynamic performance of the gas turbine cycle using natural gas was close to that of the diesel case. However, the gas turbine thermal efficiency was found to be slightly lower for natural gas and hydrogen fuels compared to diesel fuel.

Comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emission inventory for Pakistan: Part Ⅱ agriculture, forestry and other land use and waste

Understanding Pakistan's greenhouse gas(GHG)emission status is critical for identifying the national targets for GHG mitigation with respect to the nationally determined contributions(NDCs).This study focuses on the development of Pakistan's GHG(C0_(2),CH_(4),and N20)inventories for agriculture,forestry and other land use(AFOLU)and waste sectors using 2006 IPCC Guidelines.This study should be seen as a direct continuation of the preceding one(Part I[Available online at:https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.accre.2020.05.002])which discusses energy and industrial processes and product use in compliance with the 2006 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines.It also provides sector-specific comparative time series(1994-2017)analysis of GHG inventories,identification of key categories,and national GHG emissions trend for Pakistan.The results indicate an average relative difference(on average for time series 1994-2017)of 19%and 6%in total GHG emissions(C0_(2)-eq)from AFOLU and waste sector respectively between 2006 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines.The absolute difference over the entire time series for AFOLU and waste sector was in the range of 3-67 Mt C0_(2)-eq and 1-7 Mt CQ2-eq respectively.Findings further reveal that the quantity of national GHG emissions by 2006 IPCC Guidelines is 10%lower on average for complete time series compared to 1996 IPCC Guidelines.The average relative difference for total national emissions of C0_(2),CH_(4) and N20 is-1%,9%,and 48%respectively.Key category analysis based on 2006 IPCC Guidelines estimates identified three categories,each contributing>10%to the level assessment in the latest year 2017 and accounting for approximately half of the national GHG emissions.In order to further improve the reliability of GHG inventories,Pakistan needs to move from 1996 to 2006 IPCC Guidelines under a higher Tier approach particularly for identified key categories.

Experience and Ways of Low-carbon Agriculture Development

Firstly,the status quo of low-carbon agriculture development in China was analyzed,and then advanced experience of developed countries in low-carbon agriculture development was introduced,finally ways of developing low-carbon agriculture in China were put forward.

气候变化背景下农业低碳发展:国际经验与中国策略

在全球共同应对气候变化的时代背景下,探索国际视野下农业温室气体减排的先进经验,对于中国践行气候变化国际合作倡议、推动自身农业可持续发展实现具有重要现实意义。以美国、欧盟和日本等国家为对象,分别梳理其农业低碳发展的主要做法、最新行动和取得成效,据此,结合中国特色农业发展的基本理念,提出农业低碳发展的中国策略。研究表明:1)较之于同为新兴经济体的印度,2020年中国在农业温室气体排放总量和人均排放量上与其相近,但中国的单位GDP排放量[44.52 t∙(106$)^(−1)]远低于印度[278.11 t∙(106$)^(−1)];较之于同作为人口大国的美国,中国在排放总量方面较高,但中国的人均排放量(0.46 t∙cap.−1)明显低于美国(1.15 t∙cap.^(−1))。中国必须充分考虑自身作为人口大国和发展中国家的现实,科学合理地展开农业温室气体减排目标规划。2)美国主要在法律法规完善、财政税收和减排补贴、清洁能源开发及推广、碳排放权和碳汇市场交易等方面做出积极探索,其2020年人均农业温室气体排放量较1990年下降19.58%;欧盟的先进做法主要体现在法律法规完善、财税支持和生态保护补偿、管理创新和技术创新等方面,其2020年人均排放量同比1990年下降29.03%;日本主要在可再生能源推广、管理创新和技术创新、粮食生产保障和气候适应等方面展开行动,其2020年人均排放量同比1990年下降29.17%。3)农业低碳发展的中国策略旨在保障粮食供给、减少温室效应和实现生态价值。据此,提出持续完善相关法律法规体系、加大财税扶持和绿色金融支持、加强管理创新和科技创新、加快能源结构调整和转型升级以及逐步完善碳交易市场机制5个方面的政策启示。

Comparative lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions and their reduction potential for typical petrochemical enterprises in China

Petrochemical enterprises have become a major source of global greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.Yet,due to the unavailability of basic data,there is still a lack of case studies to quantify GHG emissions and provide petrochemical enterprises with guidelines for implementing energy conservation and emission reduction strategies.Therefore,this study conducted a life cycle assessment(LCA)analysis to estimate the GHG emissions of four typical petrochemical enterprises in China,using first-hand data,to determine possible emission reduction measures.The analytical data revealed that Dushanzi Petrochemical(DSP)has the highest GHG emission intensity(1.17 tons CO_(2)e/ton),followed by Urumqi Petrochemical(UP)(1.08 tons CO_(2)e/ton),Dalian Petrochemical(DLP)(average 0.58 tons CO_(2)e/ton)and Karamay Petrochemical(KP)(average 0.50 tons CO_(2)e/ton)over the whole life cycle.At the same time,GHG emissions during fossil fuel combustion were the largest contributor to the whole life cycle,accounting for about 77.31%–94.27% of the total emissions.In the fossil-fuel combustion phase,DSP had the highest unit GHG emissions(1.20 tons CO_(2)e),followed by UP(0.89 tons CO_(2)e).In the industrial production phase,DLP had the highest unit GHG emissions(average 0.13 tons CO_(2)e/ton),followed by UP(0.10 tons CO_(2)e/ton).During the torch burning phase,torch burning under accident conditions was the main source of GHG emissions.It is worth noting that the CO_(2) recovery stage has"negative value,"indicating that it will bring some environmental benefits.Further scenario analysis shows that effective policies and advanced technologies can further reduce GHG emissions.

Strategies for improving crop comprehensive benefits via a decision-making system based on machine learning in the rice‒rape,rice‒wheat and rice‒garlic rotation systems in Southwest China

Rice‒rape,rice‒wheat and rice‒garlic rotations are common cropping systems in Southwest China,and they have played a significant role in ensuring ecological and economic benefits(EB)and addressing the challenges of China’s food security in the region.However,the crop yields in these rotation systems are 1.25‒14.73%lower in this region than the national averages.Intelligent decision-making with machine learning can analyze the key factors for obtaining better benefits,but it has rarely been used to enhance the probability of obtaining such benefits from rotations in Southwest China.Thus,we used a data-intensive approach to construct an intelligent decision‒making system with machine learning to provide strategies for improving the benefits of rice-rape,rice-wheat,and rice-garlic rotations in Southwest China.The results show that raising the yield and partial fertilizer productivity(PFP)by increasing seed input under high fertilizer application provided the optimal benefits with a 10%probability in the rice-garlic system.Obtaining high yields and greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions by increasing the N application and reducing the K application provided suboptimal benefits with an 8%probability in the rice-rape system.Reducing N and P to enhance PFP and yield provided optimal benefits with the lowest probability(8%)in the rice‒wheat system.Based on the predictive analysis of a random forest model,the optimal benefits were obtained with fertilization regimes by reducing N by 25%and increasing P and K by 8 and 74%,respectively,in the rice-garlic system,reducing N and K by 54 and by 36%,respectively,and increasing P by 38%in rice-rape system,and reducing N by 4%and increasing P and K by 65 and 23%in rice-wheat system.These strategies could be further optimized by 17‒34%for different benefits,and all of these measures can improve the effectiveness of the crop rotation systems to varying degrees.Overall,these findings provide insights into optimal agricultural inputs for higher benefits through an intelligent decision-making system with machine learning analysis in the rice-rape,rice‒wheat,and rice-garlic systems.

Shortened Duration of Global Warming Slowdowns with Elevated Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Continuous emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases(GHGs)and aerosols in the last 160 years have resulted in an increasing trend of global mean surface temperatures(GMSTs).Due to interactions with natural variability,rates of the combined anthropogenically and naturally induced warming trends are characterized by significant slowdowns and speedups on decadal timescales.Here,by analyzing observed and model-simulated data,we investigate how the duration of these episodes will change with different strengths of GHG and aerosol forcing.We found that the duration of warming slowdowns can be more than 30 yr with a slower rate of anthropogenic emissions but would shorten to about 5 yr with a higher one.This duration reduction depends on both the magnitude of the climate response to anthropogenic forcing and the strength of the internal variability.Moreover,the warming slowdowns can still occur even towards the end of this century under high emissions scenarios but with significantly shortened duration.

A cross-cultural study of sustainable nutrition and its environmental impact in Asia and Europe:A comparison of China and Germany

Global challenges such as climate change,biodiversity loss,and health crises necessitate a shift towards sustainable diets.Incorporating sustainability into food-based dietary guidelines(FBDGs)is essential for this shift,and cultural considerations also play a vital role,as food culture significantly influences dietary habits.Considering that Asia and Europe exhibit distinct food cultures,tailored approaches are necessary.Additionally,countries face diverse nutritional challenges,ranging from malnutrition to diet-related diseases,and regional variation in environmental impact necessitates context-specific strategies.Achieving sustainable nutrition depends on understanding cultural influences and regional dynamics.This paper compares China’s and Germany’s dietary guidelines and dietary patterns and their impact on sustainability.It shows that Chinese and German FBDGs only slightly differ,despite the different eating cultures and habits of each country.Alone the recommended amounts for eggs and fish are considerably higher in China than in Germany.However,in both China and Germany,actual dietary patterns deviate from the dietary guidelines.In China,concomitant with economic growth and urbanization,a dietary shift towards increased consumption of animal products and decreased consumption of vegetables and cereals has been observed in the last decades,which has led to a decline in nutritional deficiencies but an increase in obesity and overweight.Obesity and overweight are also on the rise in Germany.A dietary shift could therefore also be beneficial for public health.While following the respective national guidelines would benefit the environment,alternative diets such as a plant-based diet offer even lower environmental footprint.Revising guidelines to prioritize sustainability in addition to health aspects while considering regional contexts and cultural preferences is recommended to foster sustainable eating habits globally.This approach is pivotal for promoting dietary shift towards sustainability on a global scale.

Accounting greenhouse gas emissions of food consumption between urban and rural residents in China: a whole production perspective

Food consumption is necessary for human survival.On a global scale,the greenhouse gas(GHG)emission related to food consumption accounts for 19%–29%of the total GHG emission.China has the largest population in the world,which is experiencing a rapid development.Under the background of urbanization and the adjustment of the diet structure of Chinese residents,it is critical to mitigate the overall GHG emission caused by food consumption.This study aims to employ a single-region input-output(SRIO)model and a multi-regional input-output(MRIO)model to measure GHG emission generated from food consumption in China and compare the contributions of different industrial sectors,uncovering the differences between urban and rural residents and among different provinces(autonomous regions/municipalities),as well as identifying the driving forces of GHG emission from food consumption at a national level.The results indicate that the total GHG emission generated from food consumption in China tripled from 157 Mt CO_(2)e in 2002 to 452 Mt CO_(2)e in 2017.The fastest growing GHG emission is from the consumption of other processed food and meat products.Although GHG emissions from both urban and rural residents increased,the gap between them is increasing.Agriculture,processing and manufacture of food,manufacture of chemical and transportation,storage and post services sectors are key sectors inducing food consumption related GHG emissions.From a regional perspective,the top five emission provinces(autonomous regions/municipalities)include Shandong,Hubei,Guangdong,Zhejiang,and Jiangsu.Based on such results,policy recommendations are proposed to mitigate the overall GHG emission from food consumption.

GREENHOUSE GAS AND AMMONIA EMISSION MITIGATION PRIORITIES FOR UK POLICY TARGETS

Agriculture is essential for providing food and maintaining food security while concurrently delivering multiple other ecosystem services. However,agricultural systems are generally a net source of greenhouse gases and ammonia. They, therefore, need to substantively contribute to climate change mitigation and net zero ambitions. It is widely acknowledged that there is a need to further reduce and mitigate emissions across sectors, including agriculture to address the climate emergency and emissions gap. This discussion paper outlines a collation of opinions from a range of experts within agricultural research and advisory roles following a greenhouse gas and ammonia emission mitigation workshop held in the UK in March 2022. The meeting identified the top mitigation priorities within the UK's agricultural sector to achieve reductions in greenhouse gases and ammonia that are compatible with policy targets. In addition, experts provided an overview of what they believe are the key knowledge gaps, future opportunities and cobenefits to mitigation practices as well as indicating the potential barriers to uptake for mitigation scenarios discussed.

农业生产的温室气体排放研究进展

农业生产是人类最重要的生产活动 ,是人类生活资料最根本的来源 ,特别是现代农业的发展 ,使农业生产力水平大幅度提高。但农业生产活动改变了地表大气、土壤和生物之间的物质循环和能量流动 ,也带来了一系列环境问题。本文着重阐述农业生产活动对大气CO2 、CH4、N2 O等温室气体的贡献 ,并通过对稻田生态系统、旱田生态系统、农业生产废弃物以及饲养业对温室气体CO2 、CH4、N2 O的产生、传输影响因子的综合分析 ,进一步了解农业生产与全球温室气体浓度增加之间的关系 ,及其在全球气候变暖中所起的作用 ,从而采取一系列相关措施来减少温室气体的排放。

稻田周年减排增汇技术研究

基于多年作物栽培研究与实践,从稻田周年节能、减排、增汇、增产、增效的角度,论述了种植模式优化、低碳高产优质品种推广、精确减量施肥、节水节能灌溉、病虫害科学防治等综合性配套技术,以实现兼顾稻田周年产出和效益增加,温室气体直接排放与间接排放均大幅度下降的低碳栽培目标。

全球粮食系统温室气体排放特征研究

农业是人类活动第二大温室气体排放来源,其低碳发展对全球粮食安全具有举足轻重的作用.本文利用联合国粮食及农业组织数据库,分析了全球245个国家或地区粮食系统土地利用变化、农产品生产活动和农产品生产前后3个阶段的主要温室气体(CO_(2)、CH_(4)和N_(2)O)排放的具体活动来源、经济体来源和日常食物温室气体排放量及温室气体排放强度特征.结果表明:①1990−2020年,粮食系统温室气体(GHGs)排放量增长了13.82%,人均GHGs排放量下降了22.92%,预计2050年全球粮食系统GHGs排放量为15.39×10^(9)~17.35×10^(9)t(以CO_(2)计).②粮食系统三部分活动−土地利用变化、农产品生产活动和农产品生产前后的GHGs排放量占比分别为45.82%、19.51%和34.67%,农产品生产前后阶段是30年间GHGs排放量增长的主要动力,其GHGs排放量翻倍,原因是粮食系统运输和消费过程中损失和浪费现象比较严重.③粮食系统中CO_(2)、CH_(4)和N_(2)O分别占全球GHGs的15.29%、10.43%和4.45%,其最大来源分别是森林净转换、肠道发酵以及留在牧场上的粪便.森林净转换排放的CO_(2)占粮食系统CO_(2)来源的37.03%,肠道发酵排放的CH_(4)占粮食系统CH_(4)来源的52.52%,留在牧场上的粪便排放的N_(2)O占粮食系统N_(2)O来源的33.35%.④粮食系统GHGs排放量前10位国家的排放总量超过全球245个国家或地区粮食系统GHGs排放量的1/2.⑤牛肉、大米和生牛乳是日常食物中GHGs排放量较大的3种食物,占整个粮食系统GHGs排放量的25.70%;反刍动物肉类的GHGs排放强度是其他食物的几十甚至上百倍.通过粮食系统GHGs来源特征的研究,提出以下几点建议:①提升农产品生产前后阶段管理水平,特别是改善粮食运输、加工环节管理,加强节约粮食宣传教育和废物管理水平,提倡垃圾分类,发展生物质能利用技术;②优化农业生产模式,控制畜牧业规模,增加种植业强度的同时,增强抑制反刍动物、水稻的CH_(4)排放和提高氮肥利用等技术的研发,减少化肥、农药和饲料的使用,通过有机农业、旋耕、轮作等方式,减少GHGs的排放;③推广低碳生活方式,多食用本地生产的食品、除大米外的谷物,少食用反刍动物肉类,以GHGs排放强度较低的鸡肉和猪肉为主要蛋白质补充源.要从技术研发、农业生产模式、农业生产效率、能源结构、废弃物管理和日常生活方式等方面全方位地降“碳”.

我国农业农村减排固碳标准现状与体系构建

农业农村是温室气体排放源之一,也是固碳增汇的重要方面,我国农业农村领域仍存在减排固碳底数不清、监测方法和核算标准体系不健全、认证缺乏指导依据等问题,因此,亟需构建农业农村减排固碳技术标准体系,充分发挥标准基础性、引领性作用,提升农业农村减排固碳技术水平和管理效能。本文对国内外农业农村领域碳排放、碳减排、固碳等相关标准进行梳理,分析现阶段标准现状和存在的问题,明确建立农业农村减排固碳标准体系的思路及整体框架,加快关键领域标准制定与实施,重点围绕稻田甲烷、农田氧化亚氮、反刍动物肠道甲烷、畜禽粪污管理、秸秆露天焚烧及农村生活用能等“排放源”,农田和渔业“碳汇源”,以及可再生能源替代“减排源”等主要领域,研编一批国家、行业、地方标准,提出标准体系建设有关建议,为推进农业农村领域建立健全统一的碳排放数据监测计量、核算、报告、核查等技术规范体系,推进农业农村绿色发展提供技术支撑。