Adventitious shoot regeneration of Platanus acerifolia Willd. facilitated by Timentin,an antibiotic for suppression of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in genetic transformation

The effects of Timentin and cefotaxime （Cef） on shoot regeneration of the London plane tree （Platanus acerifolia Willd.） and their use for the suppression ofAgrobacterium tumefaciens in Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation were compared. Shoot regeneration was significantly reduced on the media with Cef at concentrations from 100 to 500 mg·L^-1. Timentin showed negative effect on plant regeneration at concentrations of 100 and 500 mg·L^-1; however, 300 mg·L^-1 Timentin was shown to facilitate shoot regeneration significantly and the regeneration frequency increased from 64% （control） to 88%. Effective suppression of A. tumefaciens could be obtained with 500 mg·L^-1 Cef, but plant regeneration was completely inhibited at this level. The A. tumefaciens on infected P. acerifolia leaf tissues was visually undetectable after three subcultures on a medium with 300 mg·L^-1 Timentin. Considering the effect of Cef and Timentin on plant regeneration and suppression of Agrobacteria, Timentin at 300 mg·L^-1 is the preferred application in .4. tumefaciens-mediated transformation ofP acerifolia.

Genetic transformation of loblolly pine using mature zygotic embryo explants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404 carrying pBI121 plasmid was used to transform mature zygotic embryos of three genotypes (E-Hb, E-Ma, and E-Mc) of loblolly pine. The results demonstrated that the expression frequency of (-glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS) varied among genotypes after mature zygotic embryos were infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens cultures. The highest frequency (27.8%) of GUS expressing embryos was obtained from genotype E-Mc with mean number of 21.9 blue GUS spots per embryo. Expression of (-glucuronidase reporter gene was observed on cotyledons, hypocotyls, and radicles of transformed mature zygotic embryos, as well as on organogenic callus and regenerated shoots derived from co-cultivated mature zygotic embryos. Nineteen regenerated transgenic plants were obtained from GUS expression and kanamycin resistant calli. The presence and integration of the GUS gene was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analysis. These results suggested that an efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation protocol for stable integration of foreign genes into loblolly pine has been developed and that this transformation system could be useful for the future studies on transferring economically important genes to loblolly pine.

Optimization of Genetic Transformation System of Tobacco K326 Mediated by Agrobacterium

[Objective]The aim was to optimize genetic transformation system in tobacco K326 mediated by Agrobacterium.[Method]The leaf of tobacco aseptic seedling was taken as explants to study the optimization of Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system.[Result] The highest transformation efficiency was obtained when the explants were pre-cultured in the medium of MS ＋ 2 mg/L 6-BA ＋ 0.2 mg/L IAA for 2 d,and then infected with Agrobacterium GV3101（OD600 =0.6） for 5 min.The PCR detection proved that npt II gene had been integrated into the regenerated tobacco plants.[Conclusion]A highly efficient genetic transformation system of tobacco leaf mediated by Agrobacterium was established.

Meropenem as an Alternative Antibiotic Agent for Suppression of Agrobacterium in Genetic Transformation of Orchid

A case of Meropenem as a novel antibacterial agent to suppress and eliminate Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of orchid protocorm-like bodies （PLBs） has been reported in this article. The in vitro activities of meropenem and four comparator antibacterial agents against three Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains, LBA4404, EHA101, and GV3101, were assessed. In addition, the effect of meropenem on the growth of Dendrobium phalaenopsis PLBs was determined. Compared with other commonly used antibiotics （including ampicillin, carbenicillin, cefotaxime, and cefoperazone）, meropenem showed the highest activity in suppressing all tested A. tumefaciens strains （minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] 〈 0.5 mg L^-1, which is equal to minimum bactericidal concentration [MBC]）. Meropenem, at all tested concentrations, except for 10 mg L^-1 concentration, had little negative effect on the growth of orchid tissues. The A. tumefaciens strain EHA101 in genetic transformation with vector plG121Hm in infected PLBs of the orchid was visually undetectable after a two-month subculture in 1/2 MS medium with 50 mg L^-1 meropenem and 25 mg L^-1 hygromacin. The expression and incorporation of the transgenes were confirmed by GUS histochemical assay and PCR analysis. Meropenem may be an alternative antibiotic for the effective suppression of A. tumefaciens in genetic transformation.

Establishment of A Simple and Efficient Agrobacterium-mediated Genetic Transformation System to Chinese Cabbage(Brassica rapa L.ssp.pekinensis)

Chinese cabbage,belonging to Brassica rapa species,is an important vegetable in Eastern Asia.It is well known that Chinese cabbage is quite recalcitrant to genetic transformation and the transgenic frequency is generally low.The lack of an efficient and stable genetic transformation system for Chinese cabbage has largely limited related gene functional studies.In this study,we firstly developed a regeneration system for Chinese cabbage by optimizing numerous factors,with 93.50%regeneration rate on average.Based on this,a simple and efficient Agrobacteriummediated genetic transformation methodwas established,without pre-culture procedure and concentration adjustment of hormone and AgNO_(3) in co-cultivation and selection media.Using this system,transformants could be obtained within 3.5–4.0 months.Average transformation frequency is up to 10.83%.The establishment of this simple and efficient genetic transformation method paved the way for further gene editing and functional studies in Chinese cabbage.

Production of Transgenic Tall Fescue Plants with Enhanced Stress Tolerances by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation

In order to improve stress tolerances of turf-type tall fescue （Festuca arundinacea Schreb.）, Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 carrying plasmid pCMD containing stress tolerance-related CBF1 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana was used to transform mature seeds-derived embryogenic calli of four cultivars. A total of 112 transgenic plants were regenerated from 32 independent lines and verified by histochemical detection of GUS activity, PCR assay and Southern hybridization analysis. The transformation frequency ranged from 0.92 to 2.87% with apparent differences among the cultivars. Stress tolerances of transgenic plants were enhanced, which was shown by the facts that transgenic plants had distinct growth superiority and significantly higher survival rate than non-transformed ones under high salinity and high osmosis stresses, and that relative electronic conductivity of in vitro leaves treated with low and high temoeratures, dehvdration and high salinity stresses was 25-30% lower in transgenic plants than in control plants.In addition,it was observed that growth of transgenic plants was inhibited due to constitutive overexpression of CBF1 gene under normal environmental conditions.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of modern rose(Rosa hybrida)using leaf-derived embryogenic callus

Rose(Rosa hybrida)is widely used for cut flowers and as garden plants.Stable and efficient transformation system is required for functional genomics of rose.Here,we established an efficient transformation method for rose using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of embryogenic callus.Expanding rose leaves were used as explants to induce somatic embryos,which were subjected to transformation with A.tumefaciens strain GV3101 using Green Fluorescence Protein(GFP)as a marker gene.It took about 8 months to generate transgenic shoots from embryogenic callus.PCR,RT-PCR,Southern and Western blotting,as well as stereoscopic fluorescence microscopy analysis demonstrated that GFP transgenes integrated stably into the rose genome.According to our data,a transformation efficiency of up to 6%can be achieved by following this optimized protocol.

Preliminary Studies on Establishment of Genetic Transformation System in Loblolly Pine

A transformation system was established for loblolly pine (Pimus taeda L ) mature zygotic embryos using Agrobacterium tumefaciens.The gene coding for the glucuronidase (GUS) gene was introduced into loblolly pine tissues andits transient expression was detected with histochemical staining. The influences of different genotypes. Agrobacterium concentrations. and cocultivation time on GUS expression and Kanamycin resistant callus and shoot regeheration were investigated. The results showed that the highest `GUS expression frequency (1 6.3%) and shoot regencration frequency(7.8%) wereobtained from genotype 9-1003 with, Agrobactemm concentration decreased 9 times and cocultivation time of 56 hours.respectively GUS expression was, obtained in all genotypes tested The successtul expression of the GUS gene in differentgenotypes suggested that it will be a useful transformation system for loblolly pine

根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导培育富含叶黄素的基因工程小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的研究

采用基因克隆技术构建双元载体pCAMBIA2301-idi,通过电转转入农杆菌LBA4404中。利用根癌农杆菌介导的转化方法,将pCAMBIA2301-idi质粒的T-DNA区转入小球藻,以G418抗性基因(NPTⅡ)作为筛选标记,筛选出阳性转化子。通过PCR扩增表明idi基因和NPTⅡ基因已经整合到小球藻基因组中。测定转化子的生物量,结果表明大部分转化子的生物量与野生型相似。测定转化子小球藻干粉的叶黄素含量,发现转化子叶黄素含量最高达到0.84mg/g,与野生型相比提高了30.95%。进一步分析藻液中叶黄素的产量,发现转化子的叶黄素产量最高达到1.98mg/L,比野生型提高了36.77%。

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of CryⅠA(b) gene to Trichoderma harzianum

In this study, CryⅠA(b) gene was successfully transferred into the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma har- zianum with an efficiency of 60—180 transformants per 106 spores by using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated trans- formation. Putative transformants were analyzed to test the presence of CryⅠA(b) gene by Southern blot. Most trans- formants contained a single T-DNA copy. RT-PCR analysis showed that the CryⅠA(b) gene was transcribed. Antifungal activities and insecticidal activities of the transformants were examined. There was no obvious difference in antifungal activities between the transformants and their wild strains. The modified mortalities of the transformants T1 and T2 were 69.57% and 91.30%, respectively. The tranformation system mediated by A. tumefaciens proved to be a powerful tool for the filamentous fungi transformation and functional genomic study with its high transformation frequency, sim- plicity of T-DNA integration, and genetic stability of transformants.

Transformation CodA Gene to Lily Plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciences Mediated

Glycinebetaine(GB),an osmotic substance,could improve some stress tolerance in plants.CodA gene,originating from bacteria,could translate choline oxidase which stimulates the synthesis of GB in plants.To create lily lines resistant to heat,Belladonna lily and Yelloween lily had been transferred CodA gene through Agrobacterium tumefaciens.The bacteria harbored a binary vector carrying the hygromycin phosphotransferase,choline oxidase(CodA)and intron-containingβ-glucuronidase(Gus)genes were co-cultivated with lily bulb scales slides.The result showed that most the bulb scales had developed into bulblets in a regulator-free growth medium,while some expressed the hygromycin-resistance,heat tolerance and Gus gene expression.Among them,one line demonstrated primarily the transcription level expression through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Moreover,they were tested with the accumulation of GB which was evident that the transferred line had four times of GB volumes higher than that of wild type.The original evidence could open a right approach to enhance stress tolerance in lily plants.

Early Identification of Stable Transformation Events by Combined Use of Antibiotic Selection and Vital Detection of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Callus

Genetic transformation is a useful technique to complement conventional breeding in crop improvement. Although carrot has been a model organism for in vitro embryogenesis study, genetic transformation of carrot is still lengthy and labor intensive. An efficient transformation and detection system is desirable. Direct infection of Agrobacterium to carrot calli has provided an easy way for carrot genetic transformation. To improve the efficiency of antibiotic selection in this method, we report the combined use of an improved green-fluorescent protein, referred to as smGFP, to establish a versatile selection method for carrot callus transformation system. By combining antibiotic selection with the bright fluorescence observed in the callus tissue, we were able to easily identify stable transformants in early stage of the transformation process. In addition to the GFP expression of the callus cells, the transgenic nature of callus cells was confirmed with Southern and Western analysis. We found we can link the simplicity of carrot-callus-cell transformation, early detection of stable transformants with antibiotic selection, visualization of GFP fluorescence, and molecular analysis （Southern and Western） of callus tissue （non-photosynthetic tissue） to provide a more efficient way in identifying stable transformants at early stage of carrot transformation.

根癌农杆菌介导的紫花苜蓿遗传转化体系的优化

为进一步提高根癌农杆菌介导的紫花苜蓿遗传转化效率,本试验以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)品种‘中苜1号’为试验材料,通过筛选高效再生的植株,以筛选出的植株叶片为外植体,并通过调节培养基激素配比,在农杆菌侵染过程中添加谷氨酰胺、进行冷处理等措施优化苜蓿由农杆菌介导的遗传转化体系。试验结果表明:转化过程中以嫩叶作为外植体,菌液和重悬液中添加150μmol·L^(-1)乙酰丁香酮,侵染过程中使用300μmol·L^(-1)的谷氨酰胺将瞬时转化效率从32%提高至92%,转化效率提高到31%。研究紫花苜蓿的遗传转化体系可为紫花苜蓿高效遗传改良及基因功能研究提供了技术支持。

根癌农杆菌介导彩色马蹄莲遗传转化体系的建立及优化

【目的】建立及优化根癌农杆菌介导的彩色马蹄莲(Zantedeschia hybrida)遗传转化体系,为提高彩色马蹄莲遗传转化效率及培育彩色马蹄莲抗性品种提供理论参考依据。【方法】将不同外植体(茎基、叶、不定芽)和不同浓度噻苯隆(TDZ)(0.001、0.002和0.005 g/L)进行正交试验筛选外植体和丛生芽增殖培养基;液氮冻融法将pCAM BIA2301和pBI121质粒转入农杆菌LBA4404感受态细胞。以β-葡萄糖苷酸酶(GUS)基因作为农杆菌介导转化测定的报告基因,对彩色马蹄莲的丛生芽进行遗传转化,阳性苗经PCR扩增验证转化结果。通过不同硫酸卡那霉素(Kan)浓度(50、100和150 mg/L)、侵染时间(25、30和40 min)及共培养时间(2和3 d)3因素正交试验筛选最佳转化条件。【结果】外植体为不定芽的丛生芽诱导率极显著高于茎基和叶(P<0.01),当不定芽为外植体、TDZ浓度为0.002 mg/L时,丛生芽增殖倍数(5.12倍)显著高于0.001和0.005 mg/L TDZ处理(P<0.05),筛选出M6培养基+0.002 mg/L TDZ+30 g/L蔗糖+6.25 g/L琼脂为丛生芽增殖培养基;影响阳性频率因素排序为:侵染时间>Kan浓度>共培养时间。当Kan浓度为50 mg/L、侵染时间25 min及共培养时间为3 d为最优侵染条件,此时,GUS+丛生芽出芽频率和PCR阳性频率最高,分别为54.0%和15.27%。【结论】成功优化彩色马蹄莲遗传转化体系,最佳外植体为不定芽,转化体系最佳组合为Kan浓度为50 mg/L、侵染时间为25 min及共培养时间为3 d。

农杆菌介导的黄瓜遗传转化体系优化研究

【目的】筛选适用于农杆菌介导的黄瓜遗传转化体系,为通过生物技术进行黄瓜新品种培育奠定基础。【方法】以华北型黄瓜品种‘9930’子叶为试材,探讨卡那霉素浓度(kanamycin, Kan)、预培养时间、预培养基添加乙酰丁香酮(acetosyringone, AS)、分化培养基pH及生根培养基中添加不同外源物质对黄瓜遗传转化的影响。【结果】不定芽分化、生根阶段的Kan临界浓度为150 mg/L;不进行预培养的黄瓜不定芽诱导率最高,为77.17%;当分化培养基pH为5.6时不定芽诱导率最高,为75.26%;外植体在添加0.5 mg/L的IBA生根培养基上生根率达100%,根长也显著增加。【结论】在以黄瓜品种‘9930’子叶节为外植体的遗传转化体系中,150 mg/L Kan可作为不定芽分化和生根阶段的筛选选择压;不进行预培养更有利于其抗性芽诱导;适合不定芽诱导的分化培养基pH为5.6;0.5 mg/L的IBA为诱导外植体生根最佳激素浓度。

耐盐芦苇高频遗传转化体系的建立

以耐盐芦苇(Phragmites australis)种子愈伤组织为材料,以根瘤农杆菌EHA105为媒介建立高效的芦苇遗传转化体系。结果表明:在潮霉素浓度为50 mg/L、6-BA浓度为0.8 mg/L时不定芽分化率达到最高。将沉默载体pFGC1008-GRPi通过根瘤农杆菌EHA105在芦苇愈伤组织中进行遗传转化,共获得8个抗性株系,转化率为3.9%。实时荧光定量PCR检测显示6个株系实现了基因沉默,表明该转化体系高效可用。

利用绿色荧光蛋白优化辣椒遗传转化体系

【目的】农杆菌介导的辣椒遗传转化较为困难,至今仍未建立高效转化体系。绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因是植物遗传转化中常用的报告基因,以GFP为报告基因,优化农杆菌介导的辣椒遗传转化体系。【方法】利用GFP表达系统,统计3个辣椒品种(‘HP’‘8214’和‘L55’)中3种不同外植体(子叶、下胚轴和Flamingo-bill外植体)的不定芽分化率、不定根分化率与荧光阳性率,探究农杆菌侵染浓度、侵染时间、预培养时间和共培养时间等因素对不定芽、不定根分化率及荧光阳性率的影响。【结果】3个辣椒品种的Flamingo-bill外植体不定芽分化率均显著高于下胚轴与子叶外植体,其中‘L55’Flamingo-bill外植体的不定芽分化率最高、达77.59%,故选用‘L55’Flamingo-bill外植体进行后续研究。4种农杆菌不同侵染浓度和时间组合下,‘L55’Flamingo-bill外植体均可产生不定芽、不定根及表达GFP的愈伤组织,当农杆菌侵染浓度为OD_(600)=0.05,侵染时间为30 min时,不定芽分化率和荧光阳性率最高,分别达48.39%、4.84%。在6种不同预培养与共培养时间组合处理下,Flamingo-bill外植体也均产生不定芽和不定根,预培养1 d、共培养1~2 d处理下的不定芽分化率和荧光阳性率最高,分别达48.44%、12.50%。最后对表达GFP荧光的不定根与愈伤组织进行PCR检测,结果显示GFP、Kan和Cas9基因在荧光阳性的组织中均被检测到,表明农杆菌介导的T-DNA插入成功且转化稳定。【结论】辣椒的外植体类型、农杆菌侵染浓度、侵染时间、预培养和共培养时间均对辣椒遗传转化效率有影响。以GFP为报告基因,筛选合适的转化条件可提高农杆菌介导的辣椒遗传转化效率。

农杆菌介导将雪莲凝集素(GNA)基因转入籼稻单倍体微芽的初步研究

以含有双元载体（携带GNA基因，npt－Ⅱ基因）的根癌农杆菌菌系LBA4404转化籼稻单倍体无性系微芽Hu18，经共培养后在含G418的保存培养基中连续筛选G418抗性芽，抗性芽经生根培养基中壮苗获得单倍体转化植株。PCR分析证明GNA基因已进入到Hu18细胞中，抗虫鉴定表明转基因植株具有白背飞虱抗性。并探明了G418对单倍体微芽的致死浓度和时间，共培养时间对G418抗性芽产生的影响。

抗芜菁花叶病毒转基因大白菜的培育

以大白菜栽培品种“福山大包头”的子叶柄为供试材料 ,对影响大白菜植株再生和基因转化频率的因素进行了研究。在此基础上 ,建立了大白菜高效再生体系和有效的基因转化体系 ,并将芜菁花叶病毒的 CP基因 (Tu MV- CP)导入大白菜中 ,获得转化植株。 PCR检测和 Southern杂交分析证明Tu MV- CP基因已整合于大白菜的基因组中 ;Northern杂交分析及 EL ISA检测表明 Tu MV- CP基因在转录和翻译水平上进行了有效表达。转基因植株 T1代的遗传分析表明 ,外源基因在转基因植株后代中遵循 3∶ 1的分离规律。抗病性测定结果显示 ,转基因植株具有明显的抗病毒侵染能力。

根癌农杆菌介导的橡胶树花药愈伤组织遗传转化体系的建立

为建立根癌农杆菌介导的橡胶树遗传转化体系,以花药愈伤组织为受体,研究了农杆菌菌株、共培养温度、共培养时间、乙酰丁香酮(AS)等因素对遗传转化效率的影响。结果表明,农杆菌菌株、共培养温度和共培养时间对转化效率具有显著影响,AS不影响转化效率。2.2万个花药愈伤组织经EHA105菌株侵染后,转入未添加AS的培养基,22℃共培养6d,通过50mgL-1卡那霉素抗性筛选、叶片GUS染色、uidA和NptII基因PCR特异扩增、PCR产物测序及NptII基因Southern检测,鉴定出11株转基因植株,并通过嫁接和次生体胚发生,获得来自8个转基因株系的681株转基因植株,移栽成活253株。