Despite the massive efforts that have been made to conserve plant diversity across the world during the past few decades, it is becoming increasingly evident that our current strategies are not sufficiently effective ...Despite the massive efforts that have been made to conserve plant diversity across the world during the past few decades, it is becoming increasingly evident that our current strategies are not sufficiently effective to prevent the continuing decline in biodiversity. As a recent report by the CBD indicates,current progress and commitments are insufficient to achieve the Aichi Biodiversity Targets by 2020.Threatened species lists continue to grow while the world's governments fail to meet biodiversity conservation goals. Clearly, we are failing in our attempts to conserve biodiversity on a sufficient scale.The reasons for this situation are complex, including scientific, technical, sociological, economic and political factors. The conservation community is divided about how to respond. Some believe that saving all existing biodiversity is still an achievable goal. On the other hand, there are those who believe that we need to accept that biodiversity will inevitably continue to be lost, despite all our conservation actions and that we must focus on what to save, why and where. It has also been suggested that we need a new approach to conservation in the face of the challenges posed by the Anthropocene biosphere which we now inhabit. Whatever view one holds on the above issues, it is dear that we need to review the effectiveness of our current conservation strategies, identify the limiting factors that are preventing the Aichi goals being met and at the same time take whatever steps are necessary to make our conservation protocols more explicit, operational and efficient so as to achieve the maximum conservation effect. This paper addresses the key issues that underlie our failure to meet agreed targets and discusses the necessary changes to our conservation approaches. While we can justifiably be proud of our many achievements and successes in plant conservation in the past 30 years, which have helped slow the rate of loss, unless we devise a more coherent, consistent and integrated global strategy in which both the effectiveness and limitations of our current policies, action plans and procedures are recognized, and reflect this in national strategies, and then embark on a much bolder and ambitious set of actions,progress will be limited and plant diversity will continue to decline.展开更多
农业是全球景观和土地利用变化的主要驱动力,其不合理使用造成的生境丧失对生物多样性造成巨大威胁。国际《生物多样性战略计划》“爱知目标(Aichi Biodiversity Targets)”的实施是推动全球生物多样性保护的重要举措,其中目标7提到的...农业是全球景观和土地利用变化的主要驱动力,其不合理使用造成的生境丧失对生物多样性造成巨大威胁。国际《生物多样性战略计划》“爱知目标(Aichi Biodiversity Targets)”的实施是推动全球生物多样性保护的重要举措,其中目标7提到的农业可持续利用与农业生物多样性保护直接相关,同时目标1、4、5、8、13、14、15、18也促进了目标7的实现,掌握和评估相关“爱知目标”的进展状况,是调整、修改和确定全球农业生物多样性目标的关键。该研究以农业相关“爱知目标”为基础,统计所有提交《生物多样性公约》(Convention on Biological Diversity,CBD)秘书处的缔约方目标进展信息,对比分析各大洲或农业大国的进展情况。结果表明,亚洲、非洲、南美洲的完成情况总体较好,高于全球各目标的完成水平,而北美洲和欧洲完成情况则低于全球平均水平;选择的7个国家中,南非和中国完成情况较好,印度和巴西次之,法国、德国、加拿大靠后,总体表现出和大洲相似的趋势;目标总体有进展,但是仍无法有效实现农业生物多样性的保护。通过分析目标的进展情况和问题,研究提出从有差异地制定目标、增加新的可量化目标、设定新的技术指标、加强交流和合作4个方面入手完善农业生物多样性指标的制定思路,以期为《生物多样性公约》第十五次缔约方大会(Fifteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties,COP15)农业相关目标和指标的制定提供科学依据。展开更多
Nature provides significant benefits to people,especially those living in and around protected areas.Ecosystem services from protected areas include producing wild food,supporting biodiversity and water cycles,regulat...Nature provides significant benefits to people,especially those living in and around protected areas.Ecosystem services from protected areas include producing wild food,supporting biodiversity and water cycles,regulating climate,and providing cultural services like better health,tourism,and legacy for future generations.In economic terms,the flows of ecosystem services provided by protected areas are worth hundreds of billions of dollars each year,well justifying the costs of managing these sites,but protected areas are suffering from environmental problems such as impacts from human population growth,rural poverty,growing demands for natural resources,land use change that degrades ecosystem productivity,invasive non-native species that harm natural ecosystems,and climate change that is affecting all ecosystems.Addressing these linked challenges will require mobilizing all parts of the economy,including the protected area estate.For example,protected areas can take a leadership role in rural development,expand the conservation estate to half of the planet through connectivity and improved management of more of the non-agricultural land,enhance the prominent role of protected areas in contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation,encourage productive research on applying modern technology to protected areas management,seek broader private sector participation in conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services,and include protected areas as relevant parties in relevant trade and other international negotiations.When protected area managers embrace this broader role,they will find enthusiastic public support for this contribution to a sustainable human society.展开更多
Global biodiversity is in crisis as a result of human activity.This biodiversity crisis has been well documented by scientists,recognized by world leaders,politicians,businesses,and citizens.Both the biodiversity and ...Global biodiversity is in crisis as a result of human activity.This biodiversity crisis has been well documented by scientists,recognized by world leaders,politicians,businesses,and citizens.Both the biodiversity and climate crises need to be addressed now.2020 was when this change was supposed to start,with the 15th Conference of Parties(COP15)of the Convention on Biodiversity(CBD)meeting in Kunming,and the 26th Conference of Parties(COP26)of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change meeting in Glasgow,but both meetings were postponed.COP26 was held a year late(November 2021),while COP15 was split into two,with the first part held in Kunming in October 2021,and the second part scheduled for Montreal in December 2022.This meeting in Montreal-arguably the most important in the CBDs history-must agree on the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework(GBF),to reverse biodiversity loss.Failure to reach agreement in Montreal would ultimately be a failure of us all,with irreversible consequences for life on earth.Yet,with three months before the final deadline only 20%of text and two targets are agreed.This paper reviews the factors hindering progress on the agreement and suggests possible solutions.展开更多
保护地建设已成为全球生物多样性保护的第一道防线。掌握其在不同尺度上的发展状况和变化趋势对保护地规划和建设有重要意义。针对已有研究在时间跨度、空间尺度以及结果对比方面的不足,本文基于世界保护地数据库(World Database of Pro...保护地建设已成为全球生物多样性保护的第一道防线。掌握其在不同尺度上的发展状况和变化趋势对保护地规划和建设有重要意义。针对已有研究在时间跨度、空间尺度以及结果对比方面的不足,本文基于世界保护地数据库(World Database of Protected Areas,http://www.protectedplanet.net),对全球、洲际、地区及国家尺度1950–2013年陆地保护地的增长情况进行描述和短期预测。结果发现:(1)全球保护地增长速率不断加快,特别是在20世纪90年代以后。(2)洲际和地区保护地发展大致呈现3种增长趋势:在美洲及大洋洲,多数地区的保护地增长速率一直在加快;在亚洲和欧洲,多数地区的发展高峰出现在20世纪80、90年代;在非洲,多数地区的发展高峰为20世纪70年代及21世纪前10年。(3)各国保护地建设存在不平衡性,仍有近一半国家的陆地保护地比例小于10%,但这种差距随时间的推移有缩小的趋势。(4)绝大部分保护地增速均匀性低的国家分布在非洲。(5)虽然全球的《爱知生物多样性目标》在2020年预计不能完成,但包括中国在内的22个国家有望如期达到目标。本文结果为未来保护地规划和建设工作的开展提供了参考依据。展开更多
生物多样性国际发展援助是在全球范围达成《生物多样性公约》(Convention on Biological Diversity,CBD)目标和联合国可持续发展目标(Sustainable Development Goals,SDGs)的主要途径,也是中国在全球范围践行习近平生态文明思想、参与...生物多样性国际发展援助是在全球范围达成《生物多样性公约》(Convention on Biological Diversity,CBD)目标和联合国可持续发展目标(Sustainable Development Goals,SDGs)的主要途径,也是中国在全球范围践行习近平生态文明思想、参与国际环境治理、维护中国海外发展利益和构建良好国际形象的重要政策工具。当前中国生物多样性对外援助理论和实践尚处于起步阶段,研究基于对全球生物多样性官方发展援助(Official Development Assistance,ODA)融资水平分析,以及全球主要多边和双边生物多样性援助组织政策经验总结,从援助融资、总体布局、重点实施三个层面提出中国生物多样性对外援助总体规划和行动建议,以期为即将于2021年在云南举办的COP15大会上,中国作为东道国提出未来十年全球生物多样性治理国际倡议和国家行动计划提供理论支持。展开更多
文摘Despite the massive efforts that have been made to conserve plant diversity across the world during the past few decades, it is becoming increasingly evident that our current strategies are not sufficiently effective to prevent the continuing decline in biodiversity. As a recent report by the CBD indicates,current progress and commitments are insufficient to achieve the Aichi Biodiversity Targets by 2020.Threatened species lists continue to grow while the world's governments fail to meet biodiversity conservation goals. Clearly, we are failing in our attempts to conserve biodiversity on a sufficient scale.The reasons for this situation are complex, including scientific, technical, sociological, economic and political factors. The conservation community is divided about how to respond. Some believe that saving all existing biodiversity is still an achievable goal. On the other hand, there are those who believe that we need to accept that biodiversity will inevitably continue to be lost, despite all our conservation actions and that we must focus on what to save, why and where. It has also been suggested that we need a new approach to conservation in the face of the challenges posed by the Anthropocene biosphere which we now inhabit. Whatever view one holds on the above issues, it is dear that we need to review the effectiveness of our current conservation strategies, identify the limiting factors that are preventing the Aichi goals being met and at the same time take whatever steps are necessary to make our conservation protocols more explicit, operational and efficient so as to achieve the maximum conservation effect. This paper addresses the key issues that underlie our failure to meet agreed targets and discusses the necessary changes to our conservation approaches. While we can justifiably be proud of our many achievements and successes in plant conservation in the past 30 years, which have helped slow the rate of loss, unless we devise a more coherent, consistent and integrated global strategy in which both the effectiveness and limitations of our current policies, action plans and procedures are recognized, and reflect this in national strategies, and then embark on a much bolder and ambitious set of actions,progress will be limited and plant diversity will continue to decline.
文摘农业是全球景观和土地利用变化的主要驱动力,其不合理使用造成的生境丧失对生物多样性造成巨大威胁。国际《生物多样性战略计划》“爱知目标(Aichi Biodiversity Targets)”的实施是推动全球生物多样性保护的重要举措,其中目标7提到的农业可持续利用与农业生物多样性保护直接相关,同时目标1、4、5、8、13、14、15、18也促进了目标7的实现,掌握和评估相关“爱知目标”的进展状况,是调整、修改和确定全球农业生物多样性目标的关键。该研究以农业相关“爱知目标”为基础,统计所有提交《生物多样性公约》(Convention on Biological Diversity,CBD)秘书处的缔约方目标进展信息,对比分析各大洲或农业大国的进展情况。结果表明,亚洲、非洲、南美洲的完成情况总体较好,高于全球各目标的完成水平,而北美洲和欧洲完成情况则低于全球平均水平;选择的7个国家中,南非和中国完成情况较好,印度和巴西次之,法国、德国、加拿大靠后,总体表现出和大洲相似的趋势;目标总体有进展,但是仍无法有效实现农业生物多样性的保护。通过分析目标的进展情况和问题,研究提出从有差异地制定目标、增加新的可量化目标、设定新的技术指标、加强交流和合作4个方面入手完善农业生物多样性指标的制定思路,以期为《生物多样性公约》第十五次缔约方大会(Fifteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties,COP15)农业相关目标和指标的制定提供科学依据。
文摘Nature provides significant benefits to people,especially those living in and around protected areas.Ecosystem services from protected areas include producing wild food,supporting biodiversity and water cycles,regulating climate,and providing cultural services like better health,tourism,and legacy for future generations.In economic terms,the flows of ecosystem services provided by protected areas are worth hundreds of billions of dollars each year,well justifying the costs of managing these sites,but protected areas are suffering from environmental problems such as impacts from human population growth,rural poverty,growing demands for natural resources,land use change that degrades ecosystem productivity,invasive non-native species that harm natural ecosystems,and climate change that is affecting all ecosystems.Addressing these linked challenges will require mobilizing all parts of the economy,including the protected area estate.For example,protected areas can take a leadership role in rural development,expand the conservation estate to half of the planet through connectivity and improved management of more of the non-agricultural land,enhance the prominent role of protected areas in contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation,encourage productive research on applying modern technology to protected areas management,seek broader private sector participation in conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services,and include protected areas as relevant parties in relevant trade and other international negotiations.When protected area managers embrace this broader role,they will find enthusiastic public support for this contribution to a sustainable human society.
基金This research was funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant number XDA19050404)China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development(CCICED)。
文摘Global biodiversity is in crisis as a result of human activity.This biodiversity crisis has been well documented by scientists,recognized by world leaders,politicians,businesses,and citizens.Both the biodiversity and climate crises need to be addressed now.2020 was when this change was supposed to start,with the 15th Conference of Parties(COP15)of the Convention on Biodiversity(CBD)meeting in Kunming,and the 26th Conference of Parties(COP26)of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change meeting in Glasgow,but both meetings were postponed.COP26 was held a year late(November 2021),while COP15 was split into two,with the first part held in Kunming in October 2021,and the second part scheduled for Montreal in December 2022.This meeting in Montreal-arguably the most important in the CBDs history-must agree on the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework(GBF),to reverse biodiversity loss.Failure to reach agreement in Montreal would ultimately be a failure of us all,with irreversible consequences for life on earth.Yet,with three months before the final deadline only 20%of text and two targets are agreed.This paper reviews the factors hindering progress on the agreement and suggests possible solutions.
文摘保护地建设已成为全球生物多样性保护的第一道防线。掌握其在不同尺度上的发展状况和变化趋势对保护地规划和建设有重要意义。针对已有研究在时间跨度、空间尺度以及结果对比方面的不足,本文基于世界保护地数据库(World Database of Protected Areas,http://www.protectedplanet.net),对全球、洲际、地区及国家尺度1950–2013年陆地保护地的增长情况进行描述和短期预测。结果发现:(1)全球保护地增长速率不断加快,特别是在20世纪90年代以后。(2)洲际和地区保护地发展大致呈现3种增长趋势:在美洲及大洋洲,多数地区的保护地增长速率一直在加快;在亚洲和欧洲,多数地区的发展高峰出现在20世纪80、90年代;在非洲,多数地区的发展高峰为20世纪70年代及21世纪前10年。(3)各国保护地建设存在不平衡性,仍有近一半国家的陆地保护地比例小于10%,但这种差距随时间的推移有缩小的趋势。(4)绝大部分保护地增速均匀性低的国家分布在非洲。(5)虽然全球的《爱知生物多样性目标》在2020年预计不能完成,但包括中国在内的22个国家有望如期达到目标。本文结果为未来保护地规划和建设工作的开展提供了参考依据。
文摘生物多样性国际发展援助是在全球范围达成《生物多样性公约》(Convention on Biological Diversity,CBD)目标和联合国可持续发展目标(Sustainable Development Goals,SDGs)的主要途径,也是中国在全球范围践行习近平生态文明思想、参与国际环境治理、维护中国海外发展利益和构建良好国际形象的重要政策工具。当前中国生物多样性对外援助理论和实践尚处于起步阶段,研究基于对全球生物多样性官方发展援助(Official Development Assistance,ODA)融资水平分析,以及全球主要多边和双边生物多样性援助组织政策经验总结,从援助融资、总体布局、重点实施三个层面提出中国生物多样性对外援助总体规划和行动建议,以期为即将于2021年在云南举办的COP15大会上,中国作为东道国提出未来十年全球生物多样性治理国际倡议和国家行动计划提供理论支持。
