Rapid air film continuous casting of aluminum alloy using static magnetic field

The influences of the cooling style and static magnetic field on the air film casting process were investigated. Ingots of 6063 aluminum alloy were produced by AIRSOL VEIL casting with double-layer cooling water and static magnetic field. Surface segregation, hot crack and variation of solute content along the radius direction of ingot were examined. The results showed that double-layer cooling water can improve the surface quality and avoid of hot crack, which created conditions to increase the casting speed. The electromagnetic casting process can effectively improve the surface quality in high speed casting process, and static magnetic field has a great influence on solute distribution along the radius direction of ingot.

Preparation of Air Film for Medical Infusion Device and Study on Air Permeability and Water Resistance

Polypropylene melt-blown nonwoven was used as the substrate for the preparation of an air film. The nonwoven was immersed in the casting solution at first,and then respectively placed in the first coagulation bath,the second coagulation bath and the finishing liquid containing fluorine additive aqueous solution of 20 g/L. At last,the high temperature drying was carried out to obtain the air permeable and water resistant air film. With analyses and comparisons of the isopropanol alcohol content,the residence time of air,the composition of the first coagulation bath and the residence time of the first coagulation,the optimum parameters were found and the air film had an air permeability of 4. 7 L/min,a water blocking pressure of 16 kPa,a contact angle of 134. 2°,and a mean pore size of 2. 089 1 μm.

Study on Air Film Formation Mechanism and Cooling in Large-Span Air-Conditioning Plant Rooms without Natural Wind

Large-span air-conditioning plant rooms have a large roof area and suffer from serious solar radiation in summer. The outside roof surface temperature is very high, so cooling load of roof occupies a large proportion in the envelope structure cooling load of large-span air-conditioning plant rooms. Based on the Coanda airfoil air induction unit, the author combined with exhaust air in large-span air-conditioning plant rooms to design the roof air film cooling system of large-span air-conditioning plant rooms. The adherence air film formed on the outside surface takes away heat on the outside surface of the roof, so as to reduce outside roof surface temperature of the roof, decrease heat transfer temperature difference between inside and outside roof surfaces of, and reduce roof cooling cold. Furthermore, the mathematical model and numerical simulation method of considering fluid-structure interaction for heat transfer and influences of solar radiation on air film formation of outside surface and cooling were constructed. Moreover, the numerical simulation method was conducted the validation of effectiveness. Also, the author discussed the air film formation mechanism and air film cooling ability of outside surface in large-span air-conditioning plant rooms without natural wind, developed a new air film cooling technology for the roof of large-span air-conditioning plant rooms, and supplemented the existing roof cooling technology.

Effects of air damping on quality factors of different probes in tapping mode atomic force microscopy

The AFM probe in tapping mode is a continuous process of energy dissipation,from moving away from to intermittent contact with the sample surfaces.At present,studies regarding the energy dissipation mechanism of this continuous process have only been reported sporadically,and there are no systematic explanations or experimental verifications of the energy dissipation mechanism in each stage of the continuous process.The quality factors can be used to characterize the energy dissipation in TM-AFM systems.In this study,the vibration model of the microcantilever beam was established,coupling the vibration and damping effects of the microcantilever beam.The quality factor of the vibrating microcantilever beam under damping was derived,and the air viscous damping when the probe is away from the sample and the air squeeze film damping when the probe is close to the sample were calculated.In addition,the mechanism of the damping effects of different shapes of probes at different tip–sample distances was analyzed.The accuracy of the theoretical simplified model was verified using both experimental and simulation methods.A clearer understanding of the kinetic characteristics and damping mechanism of the TM-AFM was achieved by examining the air damping dissipation mechanism of AFM probes in the tapping mode,which was very important for improving both the quality factor and the imaging quality of the TM-AFM system.This study’s research findings also provided theoretical references and experimental methods for the future study of the energy dissipation mechanism of micro-nano-electromechanical systems.

A Generalized Reynolds' Equation For Squeeze-Film Air Damping in MEMS

A differential equation that is generally effective for squeeze film air damping of perforated plate and non perforated plate as well as in MEMS devices is developed.For perforated plate,the thickness and the dimensions of the plate are not limited.With boundary conditions,pressure distribution and the damping force on the plate can be found by solving the differential equation.Analytical expressions for damping pressure and damping force of a long strip holeplate are presented with a finite thickness and a finite width.To the extreme conditions of very thin plate and very thin hole,the results are reduced to the corresponding results of the conventional Reynolds' equation.Thus, the effectiveness of the generalized differential equation is justified.Therefore,the generalized Reynolds' equation will be a useful tool of design for damping structures in MEMS.

Experimental research on air film formation behavior of air cushion belt conveyor with stable load

In this paper, the air film formation behavior of air cushion belt conveyor with stable load is studied. The air cushion field is analyzed by means of theoretical derivation, numerical simulation and experimental research. An intelligent experiment platform is developed. Three dimensional pressure distribution of air film and the air film thickness distribution along the conveyor belt in the width direction are obtained. The experimental result is analyzed by comparing with theoretical calculation and numerical simulation. The numerical and theoretical results are in good agreement with those obtained from experiments. The air film formation behavior pattern of air cushion belt conveyor with stable load is presented. The optimized film thickness and pore distribution are obtained based on the comprehensive energy consumption. This study provides a basis for the optimization design of air cushion belt conveyor.

Integration of measurement and simulation of film pressure for estimating deformation of a glass sheet on a noncontact air conveyor

Recently,large and thin glass substrates are transported by air film conveyors to reduce surface damage.On the production line,the glass substrates are desired to be transported flatly on the conveyor to ensure the quality inspection.A method by feedbacking film pressure to the theoretical model is proposed for estimation of the deformation of the glass sheet,and the validity of the method is theoretically and experimentally verified.First,a theoretical model including the flow behavior through a porous-walled gap is established,and the film pressure distribution can be predicted by solving the model.Then,an experimental setup that can simultaneously measure the film pressure and the flatness of the glass sheet is established,and,the validity of the model is verified experimentally.Next,with the pressure points at the grooves as the boundary and the pressure points at the flange area as the feedback,an algorithm is applied to shape the one-dimensional deformation at the centerlines in accordance with a quadratic curve.Furthermore,two-dimensional deformation of the glass sheet can then be estimated by an interpolation operation.Comparisons of the calculated results with the experimental data verify the effectiveness of the estimating method.

Structural Evolution and Phase Change Properties of C-Doped Ge_2Sb_2Te_5 Films During Heating in Air

We elucidate the importance of a capping layer on the structural evolution and phase change properties of carbondoped Ge2 Sb2 Te5（C-GST） films during heating in air. Both the C-GST films without and with a thin SiO2 capping layer（C-GST and C-GST/SiO2） are deposited for comparison. Large differences are observed between C-GST and C-GST/SiO2 films in resistance-temperature, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,Raman spectra, data retention capability and optical band gap measurements. In the C-GST film, resistancetemperature measurement reveals an unusual smooth decrease in resistance above 110℃ during heating. Xray diffraction result has excluded the possibility of phase change in the C-GST film below 170℃. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experimental result reveals the evolution of Te chemical valence because of the carbon oxidation during heating. Raman spectra further demonstrate that phase changes from an amorphous state to the hexagonal state occur directly during heating in the C-GST film. The quite smooth decrease in resistance is believed to be related with the formation of Te-rich GeTe4-n Gen（n = 0, 1） units above 110℃ in the C-GST film. The oxidation of carbon is harmful to the C-GST phase change properties.

Properties of oxide films grown on 25Cr20Ni alloy in air-H_2O and H_2-H_2O atmospheres

The oxidation kinetics,surface morphology and phase structure of oxide films grown on 25Cr20Ni alloy in air-H2O and H2-H2O atmospheres at 900 ℃ for 20 h were investigated.The anti-coking performance and resistance to carburization of the two oxide films were compared using 25Cr20Ni alloy tubes with an inner diameter of 10 mm and a length of 850 mm in a bench scale naphtha steam pyrolysis unit.The oxidation kinetics followed a parabolic law in an air-H2O atmosphere and a logarithm law in a H2-H2O atmosphere in the steady-state stage.The oxide film grown in the air-H2O atmosphere had cracks where the elements Fe and Ni were enriched and the un-cracked area was covered with octahedral-shaped MnCr2O4 spinels and Cr1.3Fe0.7O3 oxide clusters,while the oxide film grown in the H2-H2O atmosphere was intact and completely covered with dense standing blade MnCr2O4 spinels.In the pyrolysis tests,the anti-coking performance and resistance to carburization of the oxide film grown in the H2-H2O atmosphere were far better than that in the air-H2O atmosphere.The mass of coke formed in the oxide film grown in the H2-H2O atmosphere was less than 10％ of that in the air-H2O atmosphere.The Cr1.3Fe0.7O3 oxide clusters converted into Cr23C6 carbides and the cracks were filled with carbon in the oxide film grown in the air-H2O atmosphere after repeated coking and decoking tests,while the dense standing blade MnCr2O4 spinels remained unchanged in the oxide film grown in the H2-H2O atmosphere.The ethylene,propylene and butadiene yields in the pyrolysis tests were almost the same for the two oxide films.

The Film-forming Behavior on the Interface between Air and Hydrosol of Fe_2O_3 Nanoparticles

The film forming behavior on the interface between air and hydrosol of Fe2O3 nanoparticles was investigated by the surface pressure-time isotherms, the surface pressure-trough area isotherms, Brewster angle microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It is found that the freshly prepared hydrosol of Fe2O3 nanoparticles is not stable. The surface pressure increases with the aging time and finally approaches a constant, and the smaller the concentration is, the smaller the surface pressure is stabilized at and the shorter the time the hydrosol reaching stable needs. The surface pressure also increases with compression until collapsed, and the longer the hydrosol is aged, the higher the collapsing pressure is. A uniform and compact film composed of nanoparticles with an average diameter of about 2-3 nm on the air-hydrosol interface is observed by Brewster angle microscope and transmission electron microscope.

Effects of Squeeze-film Air Damping on Properties of MEMS Inertial Switch in Fuse

The squeeze-film air damping exists in a lot of micro-electronic-mechanical system (MEMS) devices unavoidably. The effects of air damping in traditional inertial switch with spring-mass system can be ignored for its large volume and mass. But, many properties of MEMS switch, such as sensitivity, resolution and contact time, are affected by the air damping caused from the squeezed air film between two parallel plates moving relatively. Based on the conservation laws for mass and flux and the nonlinear Reynolds equation, the coefficient of squeeze-film damping was derived. The dynamic responses of the inertial switch with and without squeeze-film damping were simulated by using software ANSYS. The simulated results show that the sensitivity and contact time of the switch descend by about 5% and 15%, respectively, when the effects of squeeze-film damping are considered.

Efficient molecular model for squeeze-film damping in rarefied air

Based on the energy transfer model(ETM) proposed by Bao et al.and the Monte Carlo(MC) model proposed by Hutcherson and Ye, this paper proposes an efficient molecular model(MC-S) for squeeze-film damping(SQFD) in rarefied air by releasing the assumption of constant molecular velocity in the gap.Compared with the experiment data, the MC-S model is more efficient than the MC model and more accurate than ETM.Besides, by using the MC-S model, the feasibility of the empirical model proposed by Sumali for SQFD of different plate sizes is discussed.It is proved that, for various plate sizes, the accuracy of the empirical model is relatively high.At last, the SQFD of various vibration frequencies is discussed, and it shows that, for low vibration frequency, the MC-S model is reduced to ETM.

基于位置特征和螺旋方向的柱面气膜密封槽型控漏能力评价

为探究轴套侧开槽新型柱面气膜密封在控制泄漏方面的能力,首先,采用有限差分法对不同位置特征和螺旋方向的新型柱面气膜密封槽型建立数值模型,通过对比各槽型气膜压力分布和密封性能参数,揭示位置特征和螺旋方向对不同槽型密封特性的影响机理。然后,针对反向“人”字槽型进行了参数化分析,探究螺旋槽角度、槽长坝长比、槽宽台宽比、槽深比对反向“人”字槽泄漏量、浮升力、摩擦力等密封性能参数的影响规律,同时对特定结构参数组合的反向“人”字槽逆流泵送控制泄漏的能力进行评价。结果表明:气膜厚度阶梯变化和偏心收敛楔效应在密封面形成高压气膜区域,有效阻止轴向泄漏,实现轴套侧开槽柱面气膜密封主泄漏通道的密封,且随着转速的增加,新型柱面气膜密封沿轴向间隙的泄漏量呈现下降趋势,该特性对于泄漏控制具有重要意义,特别是在高速运转的工况下。此外,通过合理的槽型参数调控可以使压差流造成的沿轴向间隙密封气体泄漏正好被反向“人”字槽逆流泵送作用导致的密封气体流动补偿,从而实现反向“人”字槽型柱面气膜密封的气体零泄漏甚至负泄漏,为柱面气膜密封槽型结构设计提供理论参考。

智能化气垫带式输送机性能测试平台设计

该文设计了一种智能化气垫带式输送机性能测试平台,通过调节气室入口的风压、风速,气孔排布方式、孔径及孔间距,可探究气室气压、气膜边缘风速及气膜厚度的变化规律。平台基于可控文丘里装置的反馈系统控制气垫带式输送机的气流,实验平台可以反映输入气流参数与形成气膜参数之间的耦合关系,将抽象的相关知识具象化,加深学生对气垫式输送装备的理解。

Simulation Experiment of Air Temperature Variation in Multi-film Covering at Night

In order to provide theoretical basis and data support for improving the production mode of covering,this study investigated the nighttime air temperature formed by multiple layers of films with tunnel sheds and small tunnel sheds as trial subjects.The experiment was carried out in four tunnel sheds with 0 or 2 small tunnel sheds covered by 0,1,2 and 3 layers of films,respectively in Jinan,Shandong Province in winter of 2018.The nighttime air temperatures of tunnel sheds and small tunnel sheds formed by 1,2,3 and 4 layers of plastic film were measured and analyzed to simulate the temperature environment of early-spring season.The results showed that there were little differences between the nighttime air temperatures inside the tunnel sheds which was installed 0-3-layer small tunnel sheds inside,and there were uncertainty in the values of the air temperatures inside and outside the tunnel sheds;and the nighttime temperature conditions were constantly improved with the number of plastic film layers increasing under the conditions of this study.The analysis indicated that the mechanism of raising the temperature surrounded by plastic film was not only due to its own thermal parameter (thermal conductivity).MATLAB fitting analysis results showed that the increment of nighttime temperature in multi-film coverings became smaller with the number of film layers increasing.In this study,the number of layers in multi-film covering should not exceed 5 layers.

Effect of Sealing Air on Oil Droplet and Oil Film Motions in Bearing Chamber

Beating chamber is one of important components that support aero-engine rotors and research on oil droplet and oil film motions is an important part of bearing chamber lubrication and heat transfer design. Consid- ering the pressure of sealing air is an important operating condition that affects the oil droplet and oil film mo- tions, the effect of sealing air pressure on airflow in bearing chamber is investigated in this paper firstly ; and then based on the air velocity and air/wall shear force, the oil droplet moving in core air, deposition of oil droplet im- pact on wall as well as velocity and thickness of oil film are analyzed secondly; the effect of sealing air pressure on oil droplet velocity and trajectory, deposition mass and momentum, as well as oil film velocity and thickness is discussed. The work presented in this paper is conducive to expose the oil/air two phase lubrication mechanism and has certain reference value to guide design of secondary air/oil system.

气垫压带输送机凸弧段分析研究

垂直气垫压带输送机的技术要点为压紧力的大小和凹凸弧段气膜的承载力。凹凸弧段气室提供的气膜承载力能否满足输送要求是凹凸弧段能否使用气室替代托辊的关键。文中通过对凸弧段进行受力分析,推导出输送带张力和气膜承载力的公式,改变气孔排数,选择正压区域5排、7排、9排气孔的双圆弧气室进行仿真,比较总压压力云图和正侧压承载力。结果表明:5排气孔的双圆弧气室内流量损失减少,气膜稳定,承载力较大。

主流马赫数对超声速气膜冷却流场特性及冷却效率的影响

着眼于离散孔形式的气膜冷却在高超声速飞行器热防护中的应用,为更深入探究超声速气膜冷却流场结构特征以及激波对气膜冷却的耦合作用机理,采用三维可压缩RANS数值仿真方法,研究了不同主流马赫数条件下气膜冷却的流动和传热特性。结果表明,主流超声速条件下,冷却射流的阻碍作用使得气膜冷却孔上游出现激波,且随着主流马赫数的增大,激波强度增大;激波诱导主流沿展向偏转而远离气膜冷却孔中心区域,弱化了主流和冷却射流的相互作用,降低了冷却射流在展向的掺混耗散。因此,在主流超声速条件下气膜冷却覆盖效果更佳、距离更长,且整体气膜冷却效率随着主流马赫数的增大而提高。

带全遮挡导流支板排气系统流动传热及红外抑制效果数值分析

为了降低涡扇发动机末级涡轮的强红外辐射特征,设计了全遮挡导流支板(Fully Shielded Guiding Strut,FSGS)并进行了三种不同的红外抑制措施(低发射率材料、气膜冷却和综合抑制措施)研究,其中采用源项法对支板进行不同孔径下的气膜冷却仿真验证,得到了支板在采用气膜冷却后的红外辐射亮度图,揭示了各种抑制措施对气动及红外特性的影响规律,同时将本文方法与二元收扩(2D C-D)喷管进行对比分析了两者的优劣。结果表明:对支板单独采用低发射率材料时在0°观测方向排气系统积分红外辐射最大降低了35.38%;对支板单独采用气膜冷却可使支板表面温度明显降低,支板冷却效率为0.640时,在0°观测方向红外辐射强度降幅最大可达43.59%,且损失的气动性能较小;采用气膜冷却和低发射率材料综合抑制措施时,随着材料发射率的减小排气系统表征出的红外辐射强度反而增加。综合来看,气膜冷却在支板红外抑制时应优先考虑。同时二元喷管与本文方法各有利弊,在小角度和大角度下气膜冷却导流支板都能起到更好的抑制效果,但会损失更多的气动性能,同时结构更加复杂。

V形气膜孔气膜冷却效率的数值分析研究

采用数值模拟方法研究了不同角度和吹风比条件下V形气膜孔的气膜冷却效率,并与椭圆形气膜孔进行了对比。结果表明:相同吹风比下,3种V形气膜孔的冷却效率都要高于椭圆形气膜孔,角度对V形气膜孔冷却效率有较大影响。计算结果对目前涡轮叶片气膜孔的设计有一定指导意义。