Evolution of Air Traffic Management Concept of Operations and Its Impact on the System Architecture

The air traffic management system(ATM)has the task of ensuring safe,orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic.The ATM system architecture is very much dependent on the concept of operations(ConOps).Over the years the evolution in ConOps has resulted in changes in the ATM′s physical architecture,improving its physical infrastructure,increasing the levels of automation and making operational changes to improve air traffic flow,to cope with increasing demand for air travel.However,what is less clear is the impact of such changes in ConOps on the ATM′s functional architecture.This is vital for ensuring optimality in the implementation of the physical architecture components to support the ATM functions.This paper reviews the changes in the ConOps over the years,proposes a temporally invariant ATM functional model,and discusses some of the main key technologies expected to make significant improvements to the ATM system.

SESAR:The Past,Present,and Future of European Air Traffic Management Research

The Single European Sky Air Traffic management(ATM)Research(SESAR)project is the technological pillar of the European Commission’s Single European Sky Initiative to modernize ATM.Here,we describe the process of establishing SESAR and the main parts of the project:the research and development(R&D)part,which is led by the SESAR Joint Undertaking;the deployment part,which is managed by the SESAR Deployment Manager;and the European ATM Master Plan,which collects and lays out both the R&D and deployment needs.The latest European ATM Master Plan was adopted just prior to the current pandemic.The huge loss in air traffic due to the pandemic,and the speed of the recovery of the aviation industry will require reprioritization,but the main elements that have been established-particularly those in support of the environment-remain valid.

En-route Sector Complexity Control Strategies in Air Traffic Management

Along with the rapid development of air traffic, the contradiction between conventional air traffic management(ATM)and the increasingly complex air traffic situations is more severe,which essentially reduces the operational efficiency of air transport systems. Thus,objectively measuring the air traffic situation complexity becomes a concern in the field of ATM. Most existing studies focus on air traffic complexity assessment,and rarely on the scientific guidance of complex traffic situations. According to the projected time of aircraft arriving at the target sector boundary,we formulated two control strategies to reduce the air traffic complexity. The strategy of entry time optimization was applied to the controllable flights in the adjacent upstream sectors. In contrast,the strategy of flying dynamic speed optimization was applied to the flights in the target sector. During the process of solving complexity control models,we introduced a physical programming method. We transformed the multi-objective optimization problem involving complexity and delay to single-objective optimization problems by designing different preference function. Actual data validated the two complexity control strategies can eliminate the high-complexity situations in reality. The control strategy based on the entry time optimization was more efficient than that based on the speed dynamic optimization. A basic framework for studying air traffic complexity management was preliminarily established. Our findings will help the implementation of a complexity-based ATM.

Review on artificial intelligence techniques for improving representative air traffic management capability

The use of artificial intelligence(AI)has increased since the middle of the 20th century,as evidenced by its applications to a wide range of engineering and science problems.Air traffic management(ATM)is becoming increasingly automated and autonomous,making it lucrative for AI applications.This paper presents a systematic review of studies that employ AI techniques for improving ATM capability.A brief account of the history,structure,and advantages of these methods is provided,followed by the description of their applications to several representative ATM tasks,such as air traffic services(ATS),airspace management(AM),air traffic flow management(ATFM),and flight operations(FO).The major contribution of the current review is the professional survey of the AI application to ATM alongside with the description of their specific advantages:(i)these methods provide alternative approaches to conventional physical modeling techniques,(ii)these methods do not require knowing relevant internal system parameters,(iii)these methods are computationally more efficient,and(iv)these methods offer compact solutions to multivariable problems.In addition,this review offers a fresh outlook on future research.One is providing a clear rationale for the model type and structure selection for a given ATM mission.Another is to understand what makes a specific architecture or algorithm effective for a given ATM mission.These are among the most important issues that will continue to attract the attention of the AI research community and ATM work teams in the future.

ATM系统建模/仿真与评估环境研究

民航系统的快速发展对空中交通管理系统提出了更高的要求,通过建立空中交通管理系统评估体系,采用建模/仿真技术,针对现有空中交通管理系统的问题及未来新航行系统的特点,构建一个覆盖空中交通管理系统运行各阶段、接口灵活、可扩展、模块化好的分布式建模/仿真支撑环境,为空管系统问题的快速建模、空管新技术在业务系统中应用的论证与验证、不同气象和人为条件下的空管系统运行情况等,提供仿真运行环境和评估手段。

民航ATM信息系统安全性评价指标体系的研究

民航ATM(Air Traffic Management)信息系统是航空交通运输安全保障的重要信息系统之一。本文针对目前ATM信息系统存在的信息安全问题,根据我国已经提出信息安全等级保护实施指南,结合民航ATM系统的实际运行情况,提出了以安全评价为手段,以增强系统安全行为目的的ATM安全管理模型,并建立了民航ATM信息系统安全性评价指标体系框架,对ATM信息系统的安全性进行全面评价,为建立长效的ATM信息安全保障机制打下基础。最后,本文结合实际的ATM信息系统,根据其运行特点,设计了ATM信息安全评价应用系统。

A study on basic research priorities and development suggestions for the digital transformation of air traffic management

Air traffic is exhibiting the characteristics of high density,high volume,and unmanned operations.To ensure smooth,efficient,safe,and reliable operations,it is necessary to promote the digital transformation of Air Traffic Management(ATM)with digitalization,autonomy,and collaboration as its typical features.This article,based on the background of current and foreseeable future ATM needs,deeply analyzes the challenges and opportunities faced by traditional ATM.It explores and proposes to further investigate the commonalities,characteristics,and evolution of air traffic,the interaction mechanism of"human-machine-environment"in air traffic,the integrated design of airborne avionics and ATM systems,the comprehensive integration of ATM based on vulnerability analysis,airspace classification management,air traffic flow management,key technologies of"perception-collision avoidance",wake vortex monitoring and interval reduction,unmanned aerial vehicle management,and the expansion of ATM capabilities in the"high frontier".The research suggests strengthening top-level planning,building an open,mutually beneficial,and win-win digital ATM ecological framework based on multi-party collaboration,coordinating the research and application of new digital ATM technologies,accelerating the occupation of the new track of low-altitude economy,and enhancing ATM capabilities driven by the digital transformation of ATM.

基于连续下降运行的终端区环形进场航线设计

为了提高多机场终端区运行效率,增加其空域容量,构建基于连续下降运行模式的终端区环形进场航线结构和运行规则,并使用实际扇区结构和数据进行仿真验证。首先构建环形进场航线,由多条椭圆矩形等待航线和圆形准备航线组成;其次设计相应的进场运行规则;然后建立航空器进场顺序优化模型,使用模拟退火算法对其进行求解;并应用蒙特卡洛仿真方法计算终端区极限进场容量;最后使用实际终端区(ZSSSAP)结构数据进行实例验证。实验结果表明:环形进场航线在繁忙状态时可有效减少终端区内进场航空器瞬时峰值数量(降幅21.90%)和平均进场时间(降幅3.14%),平均进场时间可在顺序优化后进一步降低(降幅6.59%);并提高终端区进场航空器容量(增幅4.82%);在空域运行态势方面,环形进场航线模式可大幅度降低空域复杂度峰值(降幅61.29%)。

ATM 中的 ADS-SSR 数据融合模型和算法

民航空中交通管理系统的核心是信息处理，根据民航用空中交通管理系统与军方用空中交通管理系统的不同特点，通过对一个可能的ＡＤＳ－ＳＳＲ数据融合模型的探讨，给出了此模型的具体算法。本算法综合了两者的优点，可实现整个飞行过程的无间断的可靠的监视。

APPLICATION OF GRAY EVALUATION MODEL BASED ON AHP IN ATM SYSTEM

This paper presents a hierarchy model of Air Traffic Management (ATM) according to the security requirements in ATM system, analyzes it by grey assessment and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and evaluates it in details. It also provides theoretical support for building an effective evaluation system. The basic idea is to use AHP and Grey Assessment to obtain the weights of the indicators, and count grey evaluation coefficients with whitening function. The compositive clustering coefficients are obtained by combining the weights and the grey evaluation coefficients. Evaluation result can be gotten from the compositive clustering coefficients.

迅速发展中的新CNS/ATM系统

从现行陆基系统的局限性入手,着重述及新航行系统CNS/ATM迅速发展的必然、明显效益及其技术基础,阐述了系统构成及工作原理,并对系统特点和关键技术作了扼要分析,最后简介了系统的发展概况。

Dynamic reconfiguration for en-route airspace

As the air traffic demand is anticipated to be increased significantly in the near future,dynamic and effective allocation of the airspace resource is becoming a world-wide focus in the research field of air traffic management（ATM）.Taking the U.S.targeting the en-route airsapce,a dynamic airspace configuration（DAC） algorithm to reconfigure the airspace in consideration of higher efficiency and safety is presented.First,a modeling technique based on graph theory is proposed to generate a mathematical model for the airspace,and then,the graph model is partitioned into subgraphs for the purpose of sectorizatoin.The final step generates sector configuration with desirable geometry shape.Through analysis on the Cleveland airspace center（ZOB） in the U.S.,the algorithm is proved to be robust to time-varying traffic load.

基于数字化空域系统的城市无人机管理对策研究

随着无人机产业向大众化发展,传统的空中交通管理模式已无法适用于城市环境下的空中交通运行。信息技术的不断延伸为低空空域管理带来更多可能性。本文基于数字化低空空域系统,从政策制度、无人机运行管控、数字低空建设等方面构建城市无人机管理方案。首先,从无人机与空中交通管理层面梳理了当前城市无人机管理所面临的核心难点与关键科学问题;其次,围绕政策制度、无人机运行管控、数字低空建设对关键技术进行研究;最后,针对城市无人机管理提出有效建议,以促进未来先进空中交通新模式的发展。

智能化空管技术研究与展望

航空运输业在世界经济和社会发展中发挥着重要的推动作用。国际民用航空组织统计显示全球空中交通量大约每15年增加一倍,因此,现有空中交通航行系统的运行能力已经接近饱和。现有的空管自动化系统能自动获取和处理空管信息,经过监视数据融合、飞行数据处理、气象及航行情报处理、告警处理等形成空管综合态势,以供管制员指挥使用,但其仅具备有限的决策支持能力,空管智能化程度较低,不能较好地适应未来空管发展的需要。为了适应未来航空业的快速发展,解决空中交通安全、空域拥挤、航班延误等问题,各国致力于开展解决未来空中交通问题的新技术研究。欧盟在2004年提出"单一欧洲天空空中交通管理研究",拟重新规划欧洲空域以满足空中交通需求,提高空管系统效能,该研究的关键技术涵盖空中交通管理的4个关键领域:高效的机场运行、高级空中交通服务、优化的空中交通网络服务和可靠的空管基础设施。美国在2005年提出了"下一代航空运输系统",其核心技术包括广播式自动相关监视、数据通信、航路自动化系统现代化、终端自动化系统现代化更新、NAS语音系统和系统广域信息管理。2012年,ICAO推出了航空系统组块升级(ASBU)计划,以运行改进为核心,以现有空管技术和新技术应用为手段,提出了机场运行、全球互用的系统和数据、最佳容量和灵活飞行、高效的飞行轨迹4个性能提升领域,每个领域由多条提升路径组成,并根据实现阶段分布在4个组块中,构成52个模块。中国民航也正在实施或规划大量ASBU中的内容以应对中国航空的快速发展。但是,现有空管系统及其未来规划重点在基础设施建设,未涉及太多智能化应用。近年来,在深度学习、高性能计算和大数据的支撑下,人工智能技术在各行业得到快速应用,计算机视觉、语音识别、自然语言处理等技术取得突破性进展并迅速产业化。人工智能技术可以促进空管一些关键技术的发展,提升安全水平,提高管制工作效率,降低管制员工作负荷。以深度学习为代表的人工智能强调在大量先验知识的基础上做出判断和决策,与空中交通管理运行决策过程相契合,人工智能的快速发展产生的巨大效益使智能化空管成为一种必然。因此,在空管技术及人工智能技术基础上,作者提出智能化空管的概念,设计了智能化空管系统总体框架。智能化空管系统总体框架包括感知层、网络层、平台层、应用层和可视化层。感知层的各类通信、导航、监视、气象、无线、图像采集、射频识别等设施设备为空管运行提供基础设施保障。网络层采用专线网络、卫星通信网、新兴的互联网、移动网络等传输信息。智能化空管平台层采用广域信息管理,云计算、智能化大数据挖掘等技术实现信息存储、共享、挖掘等。应用层研究人工智能化技术在管制指挥、空域管理、空中交通流量管理、飞行服务、通航、无人机空管保障中的应用。可视化层通过空管门户、虚拟化可视、空管智能化UI、移动空管应用等方式提供高效快捷的智能化交互。围绕智能化空管概念和总体框架,需要重点研究智能化空管数据处理、智能化辅助决策、空管语音识别和空管指挥机器人等关键技术。智能化空管数据处理研究各类空管数据的获取、处理、传输、交互、智能化挖掘等技术;智能化辅助决策研究智能化冲突管理、智能化空中交通流量管理、智能化规划管理、智能化进离场排序、智能化机场运行等智能化空管应用;针对地空通话在空中交通管制中的重要作用,研究空管语音识别在自动应答机长、空管指挥安全监控中的应用;利用人工智能技术使机器具备空管的感知、规划、推理、行动等能力进行空中交通管理。智能化空管系统总体框架和关键技术为智能化空管系统开发提供理论基础与技术支撑。

基于HERA-JANUS模型的空管人误认知分析

空管人误分类分析是空管人误研究的基础。为了对管制员人误进行系统的分类研究,结合空管业务知识和认知心理学理论,对欧洲航空安全局和美国联邦航空局合作开发的HERA-JANUS模型的工作原理和流程进行较详细地分析。运用该方法模型,对我国一起空管不安全事件案例进行分析后得到3个由管制员所产生的人误差错,并对这3个人误差错分别从人误类型、人误认知、相关因素3方面进行详尽的分析研究,最后得出该不安全事件的21项人误结果。结果表明,HERA-JANUS模型能较全面地从深层次分析管制员的人误,其分类形式也便于开展空管人误统计。

空管运行效率评估指标体系研究

空管运行效率是衡量一个区域空管系统总体运行状态的综合指标,它受到很多与空管系统有关因素的影响。基于人机环系统工程理论,结合空管运行实际情况,充分分析空管运行效率的影响因素,建立空管运行效率评估的原则、标准和指标体系。

强干扰环境下性能优化的相互作用多模型-概率数据关联算法

在大区域空中交通管制 ATM(Air Traffic Manage)调度多批次飞机时 ,由于各种干扰和虚警的存在 ,致使相互作用多模型 -概率数据关联算法 (IMM- PDA)的性能下降 .为此 ,提出一个新颖的算法 ,即利用某些先验概率知识构造一个判断回波有效性的函数 ,通过该函数来估计无效回波、并将其排除在外 ,从而改善了算法的性能 .最后 ,通过仿真给以验证 .

基于第三方评估的空管安全评估管理模式研究

为促进空中交通管理(ATM)安全评估的有效开展,建立符合我国国情的空管安全评估管理机制。从信息经济学角度分析我国空管安全评估过程中存在的信息不对称问题,研究高等教育评估、质量认证及其他行业安全评估的管理模式。在此基础上,根据我国国情和空管行业特点,提出引入第三方评估的方式进行空管安全评估,并在管理模式的宏观层面采用政府管理模式;微观层面上根据系统工程学理论构建出空管安全评估微观管理框架。结果表明:第三方评估模式与空管安全评估相结合有助于在安全评估过程中提高安全水平的显现能力,降低政府的信息成本。

基于粒子群优化多核支持向量数据描述的广播式自动相关监视异常数据检测模型

广播式自动相关监视(ADS-B)作为新一代空中交通管理(ATM)通信协议,是未来空管监视系统的关键技术。目前,由于ADS-B采用明文格式广播发送数据,其安全性问题受到挑战。针对ADS-B易受到的欺骗干扰,该文将ADS-B位置数据和同步的二次雷达(SSR)数据作差,将两者的差值作为样本数据。利用多核支持向量数据描述(MKSVDD)训练样本,得到了超球体分类器,此超球体分类器能检测出ADS-B测试样本中的异常数据。并且,通过粒子群算法(PSO)优化了GaussLapl和GaussTanh两种MKSVDD的惩罚因子、多核核函数系数以及核参数,提高了异常数据检测性能。实验结果表明,对于随机位置偏移、固定位置偏移、拒绝服务(DOS)攻击和重放攻击,粒子群优化多核支持向量数据描述(PSO-MKSVDD)模型能检测出这4种攻击类型的异常数据。且相较于其他机器学习和深度学习方法,该模型的适应性更好,异常检测的召回率和检测率更优。证明该模型可用于ADSB异常数据的检测。

马航MH370失联对空中交通管理的启示

鉴于马航MH370失联引发人们对航空安全的思考,结合马航失联事件,分析了航空器实时监视及健康管理、黑匣子和空中交通管理(简称空管)自动化系统等因素并提出对空管的启示。此外从我国空管系统国产化、我国航空器监视系统和健康管理、加快北斗导航系统的民航应用、应急救援体系以及下一代空管系统建设等方面分别给出了建议。