Atmospheric Pollutants in a Commercial Region of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil: Integration of Health, Environment and Economy in Urban Planning to Improve Air Quality

The accelerated growth of the vehicular fleet, the modernization of large urban centers, and the few adjustments to the road network in Fortaleza have intensified the problems of traffic and emissions of atmospheric pollutants, highlighting the necessity for strategic urban planning initiatives to address the escalating issues of traffic and pollution. With the objective of analyzing the indices of concentrations of atmospheric pollutants and estimating how these levels can affect human health, this work consists of a study of the analysis of air quality in the intense trade region of Fortaleza. For this, the analysis zone was divided into three perimeters (Major - Medium - Minor), where each perimeter was analyzed at 7 am, 12 noon and 5 pm. Concentrations of the type of O3, particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), CO2 and HCHO were collected. Our results demonstrate that most of the analyses are within the limits of current legislation;however, at certain times and perimeters, the analyses of CO2 and HCHO exceeded the established limits. In view of the above, we conclude that public policies to control air quality are necessary to reduce the damage to human health and the environment caused by pollutants.

Health and Economic Impacts of Air Pollution in China: A Comparison of the General Equilibrium Approach and Human Capital Approach

In China, combustion of fossil fuels and biomass has produced serious air pollution that does harm to human health. Based on dose-response relationships derived from epidemiological studies, the authors calculated the number of deaths and people with health problems which were thought to be attributable to China＇s air pollution in the year of 2000. In order to estimate the corresponding economic impacts from the national point of view, the general equilibrium approach was selected as an analysis tool for this study. A computable general equilibrium （CGE） model was constructed involving 39 sectors and 32 commodities. The human capital approach （HCA） was also used for comparison. The economic burden of disease for people estimated by HCA was equivalent to 1.26‰ （ranging from 0.44‰ to 1.84‰） of China＇s gross domestic product （GDP）. China＇s GDP loss estimated by the general equilibrium approach reached 0.38‰ （ranging from 0.16‰ to 0.51‰）. The difference between the two approaches and the implications of the results were discussed.

Discussion on compact mechanism of air-stream and synchro-formed clamp plate impact molding

Applying the air impact molding method to mold the complicated pattern with wider opening surface and deeper concave, there always exist vaulted phenomenon and lower compactibility of sand mold over the entrance and the concave regions. Using the air-stream and synchro-formed clamp plate impact molding, however, this problem will be preferably solved. In this paper, the compact mechanism of the new molding method and the effect of some configuration factors, such as the area flowed by compressed air and the highness of the protruding block displacement around the diffluent clamp plate, on the compactibility of sand mold were discussed.

Impact of Ambient Air Pollution on Public Health under Various Traffic Policies in Shanghai,China

Objective To investigate the potential impact of ambient air pollution on public health under various traffic policies in Shanghai. Methods The exposure level of Shanghai residents to air pollution under various planned traffic scenarios was estimated, and the public health impact was assessed using concentration-response functions derived from available epidemiological studies. Results Our results showed that ambient air pollution in relation to traffic scenarios had a significant impact on the future health status of Shanghai residents. Compared with the base case scenario, implementation of various traffic scenarios could prevent 759-1574, 1885-2420, and 2277-2650 PM10-related avoidable deaths （mean-value） in 2010, 2015, and 2020, respectively. It could also decrease the incidence of several relevant diseases. Conclusion Our findings emphasize the need to consider air pollution-related health effects as an important impact of traffic policy in Shanghai.

深孔轴向多段间隔装药孔壁冲击压力分布

为确定地下垂直长深孔爆破时合理的空气间隔长度,基于爆轰波理论,分析了多段间隔装药爆破条件下孔壁冲击压力随间隔长度变化的内在分布规律函数;依据Mises准则,得出了不同岩性时合理的间隔长度参考值,并通过数值模拟和现场爆破试验进行了验证。结果表明,空气间隔段孔壁冲击压力沿炮孔轴线从两端向中间骤降,但在中点周围略微增大,压力曲线呈两端大、中间小、中点周围略微凸起的“W”形对称分布。

基于空耦冲击回波法的饰面瓷砖层间脱空识别研究

针对饰面瓷砖脱空掉落的现象,建立了空气-饰面瓷砖层间脱空有限元模型,分析了钢球半径、激励速度以及信号采集位置等因素对饰面瓷砖层间脱空检测效果的影响,确定了最优值,然后利用特征识别参数对饰面瓷砖粘结层的脱空程度进行评估,并开展足尺试验对有限元模型的有效性进行验证。结果表明:钢球半径建议取9 mm,激励速度建议取1 m·s^(-1),信号采集点与激励点的横向距离不宜小于60 mm,垂向距离取5 mm;黏结层脱空会使冲击回波信号加强。因此,时域图中的信号波动性增强、衰减速度减缓,频域图中的声压级增大,主频段前移并分化为代表结构整体振动和局部振动的两个频段;并且随着脱空程度的增加,频域面积增大,通过计算频域面积可有效评估饰面瓷砖黏结层的脱空状况。研究结果为饰面瓷砖的无损检测提供了参考。

外物冲击损伤对航空发动机风扇叶片影响研究

为研究外来物对航空发动机风扇叶片造成的损伤特征差异,以6 mm、10 mm、14 mm尺寸的304钢球作为冲击物,某型号退役航空发动机叶片作为靶板,通过轻气炮系统开展不同冲击位置处的外物损伤试验,并基于率相关本构模型构建了有限元模型,将基于仿真模型冲击响应后的FOD (Foreign Object Damage)损伤区域与试验损伤区域进行对比,两者在尺寸以及形状等方面取得了较高的一致性.之后利用构建的模型研究了冲击位置、角度以及小球尺寸对冲击响应过程中速度变化趋势的影响.结果表明,叶片不同位置处的抗冲击能力有很大区别,且小球尺寸对损伤区域具有决定性影响;此外还发现损伤模式不同时,小球剩余速度的变化趋势也不相同.

梅蓄电站二期上引水洞爆破开挖诱发空气超压对上库事故闸门的影响分析

爆破开挖过程中产生的空气超压可能会影响周边建构筑物的安全。梅州抽水蓄能电站二期引水平洞的爆破作业区,距离在一期工程中已建好并投入运行的二期工程引水上平洞上库钢质事故闸门仅81 m,爆破作业可能会影响事故闸门的稳定运行。为此,以梅州抽水蓄能电站二期引水上平洞的爆破开挖为对象,开展了爆破空气超压现场监测工作,分析了爆破空气超压的分布规律及其对梅州抽水蓄能电站上库事故闸门的安全影响,为分析爆破空气超压对上库事故闸门的安全影响提供了支撑。现场的爆破空气超压监测数据表明:距离爆破掌子面约80 m的事故闸门前的空气超压水平分布在0.63~3.46 kPa,远小于建议的相应的爆破安全控制标准100 kPa;闸门前使用胶帘等防护设施可以有效减小闸门位置的空气超压,实测的第4次和第5次爆破空气超压减小了55%以上;单段装药量及总装药量得到有效控制时,实测的空气超压值远低于建议的控制标准;现场宏观调查及其他检测数据也未见异常,爆破施工未影响上库事故闸门的安全运行。

装药弹体高空跌落冲击动态响应研究

弹药意外跌落的冲击作用,可能引发事故甚至导致弹药出现早爆而造成灾难性后果。采用LSDYNA研究了分体式装药弹体从10~35 m范围内6个不同高度垂直撞击混凝土介质的冲击响应,获得了装药弹体从不同高度冲击混凝土介质时冲击过载峰值和脉宽的变化规律、装药内部应力波的传播规律,以及混凝土地面的开坑状况。冲击过载脉宽大约为5 ms,过载峰值最大约为1000 g,装药头部主要受到压缩作用,轴向应力呈近似半正弦规律变化,其最大值为43.9 MPa。开坑数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,证明了数值模拟的合理性。

舰船空调设备抗冲击性能仿真技术

为验证某舰船空调设备的抗冲击性能,根据摆锤式中量级冲击试验台装置的结构和基本原理,应用Ansys软件创建实验台的有限元模型。基于显式动力学和接触碰撞分析基本理论,采用有限元软件LS-DYNA对模型的冲击载荷产生过程进行仿真分析,并与试验测试数据进行对比,验证模型的有效性。采用该冲击试验台有限元模型开展舰船空调换热器设备的抗冲击性能分析,获得设备在中量级冲击载荷作用下的完整响应过程,结果表明舰船空调换热器的整体抗冲击性能有待提高。

试论建筑施工扬尘对环境空气质量的影响

建筑施工的过程中,需要搬运大量的材料和对土地进行挖掘,在这一过程中会产生大量的扬尘,并污染环境空气质量,对周边居民带来极大困扰的同时,还会造成周边生态环境的破坏,被破坏的环境也将威胁人类的健康。本文从建筑施工扬尘的消极影响、污染产生的原因等方面进行探究,并结合自己的工作实际,提出建筑施工扬尘治理的建议。

大气污染环境监测与相关因素分析

本文综合探讨了大气污染的关键方面,包括主要污染物的种类、产生的原因、对环境的广泛影响以及有效的控制与减缓策略。首先,文章分析了PM2.5和PM10颗粒物、二氧化硫、氮氧化物、挥发性有机化合物和一氧化碳等主要大气污染物。其次,探讨了工业排放、交通排放、天气条件、地理和人口因素在大气污染形成中的作用。接着,文章深入讨论了大气污染对自然环境、水体、土壤和生态系统的影响。最后,提出了包括制定空气质量标准、采用排放控制技术、推广可再生能源和清洁交通方案,以及提高公众教育和意识在内的污染减缓策略。

云南砚山产业园区对周边大气环境的影响预测分析

对云南砚山产业园区设置近、远期规划二个情景,采用CALPUFF模式和光化学网格模式进行大气环境影响预测。根据预测结果分析,通过产业功能调整对园区现有老企业整改,新建企业严格控制片区排污总量在允许的总量控制指标下,区域总体上仍能满足《GB 3095—2012环境空气质量标准》二级标准,且涉及浴仙湖风景名胜区听湖片区也能满足《GB 3095—2012环境空气质量标准》的一级标准。

集成电路制造行业大气环境影响评价技术分析

集成电路产业发展迅速,产业规模大幅提升,在落实“简政放权、放管结合、优化服务”的大背景下,推动北京市集成电路项目环境影响评价文件编制、技术评估和审批管理工作的高效开展十分重要。由于集成电路生产过程工艺复杂,会产生多种有毒有害气体,因此做好集成电路项目大气环境影响评价是防控项目污染、保障项目环保可行的重要前提。本文针对集成电路制造项目,结合北京市具体情况,对集成电路制造工业大气环境影响评价技术要点和未来需关注的问题进行了概述和建议。

含铜危固废冶炼烟气中电收尘的设计及操作要点

江西兴南环保科技有限公司10万t/a含铜二次资源综合利用项目,于2021年6月生产试运行。试运行期间,针对底吹吹炼系统电收尘工艺、设备、操作和磨合的过程中的问题,在数据支撑下,进行设计、操作方面的探索,从根本上降低吨铜加工成本。

抗冲磨混凝土气泡控制试验研究

通过改变振捣位置、振捣时间、调整减水剂和引气剂掺量,对混凝土配合比及振捣工艺进行优化,并借助试模试件对混凝土振捣工艺进行验证,提出了有利于解决气泡问题的振捣参数及振捣工艺方案,以改善双江口水电站泄洪系统抗冲磨混凝土中气泡大、不均匀的现象。结果表明:采用脱模剂的同时采用消泡剂产品复配减水剂使用,可以有效降低大气泡数量;在混凝土中增加浆体用量,可使减水剂在骨料之间充分填充,有效降低气泡产生几率;对比不同振捣参数试验结果发现,Φ100硬轴式振捣棒排除气泡效果更好。

Numerical Study on the Impacts of Heterogeneous Reactions on Ozone Formation in the Beijing Urban Area

The air quality model CMAQ-MADRID （Community Multiscale Air Quality-Model of Aerosol Dynamics, Reaction, Ionization and Dissolution） was employed to simulate summer O3 formation in Beijing China, in order to explore the impacts of four heterogeneous reactions on O3 formation in an urban area. The results showed that the impacts were obvious and exhibited the characteristics of a typical response of a VOC-limited regime in the urban area. For the four heterogeneous reactions considered, the NO2 and HO2 heterogeneous reactions have the most severe impacts on O3 formation. During the O3 formation period, the NO2 heterogeneous reaction increased new radical creation by 30%, raising the atmospheric activity as more NO→NO2 conversion occurred, thus causing the O3 to rise. The increase of O3 peak concentration reached a maximum value of 67 ppb in the urban area. In the morning hours, high NO titration reduced the effect of the photolysis of HONO, which was produced heterogeneously at night in the surface layer. The NO2 heterogeneous reaction in the daytime is likely one of the major reasons causing the O3 increase in the Beijing urban area. The HO2 heterogeneous reaction accelerated radical termination, resulting in a decrease of the radical concentration by 44% at the most. O3 peak concentration decreased by a maximum amount of 24 ppb in the urban area. The simulation results were improved when the heterogeneous reactions were included, with the O3 and HONO model results close to the observations.

高炉开风口机的仿真优化

针对当前高炉炼铁工艺中采用人工对风口封泥进行凿开时存在的效率低、安全性低等问题,研究了一款适用于生产中的开风口机,该设计基于Simulink仿真软件构建了开风口机设备的简化模型,重点对不同主气道直径和活塞直径对开风口机性能的影响进行分析,得出了最佳尺寸,可进一步提高封泥凿开的效率和安全性。

接装纸透气度对卷烟烟气化学成分影响研究

为了测试接装纸透气度对卷烟烟气中不同化学成分的影响关系,设计影响分析实验。首先制备不同接装纸透气度的卷烟样品,在相关试剂和仪器的支持下,模拟卷烟燃吸过程,控制环境中的无关因素,分别利用液相色谱法、非分散红外线气体分析法对卷烟烟气中的尼古丁、苯并芘、烟焦油、一氧化碳等化学成分进行测定,在数据统计软件的支持下,得出测试结果。结果显示,与0CU接装纸透气度相比,50CU、100CU、150CU和200CU接装纸透气度卷烟烟气中尼古丁、苯并芘、烟焦油和芳香烃成分逐步增加,其中尼古丁成分在200CU透气度时的成分含量提高了75%,而一氧化碳成分含量存在明显下降趋势。由此可见,接装纸透气度对卷烟烟气中尼古丁、苯并芘、烟焦油和芳香烃化学成分具有正向影响作用,而对一氧化碳成分具有负向影响作用。

微生物洁净空气量试验方法探索研究

当前国内空气净化器产品标准体系关于细菌、病毒等微生物气溶胶的净化性能评价指标主要为空间去除率,而市面上主流的空气净化产品大多数都能达到99.9%,这使得消费者难以从中区分微生物净化能力高低,不利于有微生物净化场景需求而的消费者合理选型。本研究结合传统GB/T18801的洁净空气量“衰减法”试验原理和GB21551.3-2010的除菌率试验方法,提出了一种可复现强、成本低的微生物洁净空气量试验方法,填补国内微生物洁净空气量试验方法空白,为空气净化产品国标标准体系完善微生物净化性能评价指标提供了新的思路方向。