Chinese cooking features several unique processes,e.g.,stir-frying and pan-frying,which represent important sources of household air pollution.However,factors affecting household air pollution and the vertical variati...Chinese cooking features several unique processes,e.g.,stir-frying and pan-frying,which represent important sources of household air pollution.However,factors affecting household air pollution and the vertical variations of indoor pollutants during Chinese cooking are less clear.Here,using low-cost sensors with high time resolutions,we measured concentrations of five gas species and particulate matter(PM)in three different sizes at multiple heights in a kitchen during eighteen different Chinese cooking events.We found indoor gas species were elevated by 21%-106%during cooking,compared to the background,and PMs were elevated by 44%-159%.Vertically,the pollutants concentrations were highly variable during cooking periods.Gas species generally showed a monotonic increase with height,while PMs changed more diversely depending on the cooking activity's intensity.Intense cooking,e.g.,stir-frying,pan-frying,or cooking on high heat,tended to shoot PMs to the upper layers,while moderate ones left PMs within the breathing zone.Individuals with different heights would be subject to different levels of household air pollution exposure during cooking.The high vertical variability challenges the current indoor standard that presumes a uniform pollution level within the breathing zone and thus has important implications for public health and policy making.展开更多
The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs（phthalate esters） were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration（su...The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs（phthalate esters） were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration（sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase） was4748.24 ng/m3, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m3. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the ∑ 6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges（〈 2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, 〉 10 μm）, the result indicated that PAEs in PM2.5were the most abundant,with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM2.5correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs（R2= 0.85）. Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM2.5can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.展开更多
Domestic burning emits large amounts of pollutants into the ambient air due to incomplete and inefficient combustion, with significant impacts on indoor air quality and human health. Northeast China is one of the majo...Domestic burning emits large amounts of pollutants into the ambient air due to incomplete and inefficient combustion, with significant impacts on indoor air quality and human health. Northeast China is one of the major contributors to domestic burning emissions in China;however, the high-resolution emissions inventories of domestic biomass and coal burning in Northeast China are lacked, which are needed to estimate the extent of its impact. In this study, we established a town-level emissions inventory of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter(PM) from domestic biomass and coal burning, based on per household consumption in each town in rural region of Northeast China. The results revealed that biomass burning was the major domestic burning source over the region in 2016. Domestic biomass burning is the major contributor to PM and volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emissions, while coal burning is the major contributor to SO2 emissions. High emissions intensities were concentrated around the cities of Harbin, Suihua, Changchun, Qiqihar, and Chifeng, each with emissions intensity for PM2.5 and VOCs of more than 2000 Mg per 27 km × 27 km grid cell. Additionally, there are three burning peaks(6-7 am, 12 pm and 4-7 pm) during both the heating(from October to April) and non-heating seasons(from May to September), due to cooking and heating. The burning peaks in the non-heating season were more notable than those in the heating season. These results suggest that the government should pay more attention to domestic biomass and coal burning in rural areas, in order to reduce pollutant emissions and control regional haze during the heating season.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 41991312,41821005,41922057,41830641,and 42192510)Shenzhen Environmental Monitoring Center(Grant 0722-216FE4812SZF-2)+1 种基金Department of Education of Guangdong Province(2021KCXTD004)Center for Computational Science and Engineering at Southern University of Science and Technology.
文摘Chinese cooking features several unique processes,e.g.,stir-frying and pan-frying,which represent important sources of household air pollution.However,factors affecting household air pollution and the vertical variations of indoor pollutants during Chinese cooking are less clear.Here,using low-cost sensors with high time resolutions,we measured concentrations of five gas species and particulate matter(PM)in three different sizes at multiple heights in a kitchen during eighteen different Chinese cooking events.We found indoor gas species were elevated by 21%-106%during cooking,compared to the background,and PMs were elevated by 44%-159%.Vertically,the pollutants concentrations were highly variable during cooking periods.Gas species generally showed a monotonic increase with height,while PMs changed more diversely depending on the cooking activity's intensity.Intense cooking,e.g.,stir-frying,pan-frying,or cooking on high heat,tended to shoot PMs to the upper layers,while moderate ones left PMs within the breathing zone.Individuals with different heights would be subject to different levels of household air pollution exposure during cooking.The high vertical variability challenges the current indoor standard that presumes a uniform pollution level within the breathing zone and thus has important implications for public health and policy making.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20977075)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863) (Nos. 2010AA064901, 2010AA064902)
文摘The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs（phthalate esters） were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration（sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase） was4748.24 ng/m3, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m3. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the ∑ 6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges（〈 2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, 〉 10 μm）, the result indicated that PAEs in PM2.5were the most abundant,with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM2.5correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs（R2= 0.85）. Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM2.5can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.
基金the auspices of National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFC0212303,2017YFC0212304)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41771504)National Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province(No.20200201214JC)。
文摘Domestic burning emits large amounts of pollutants into the ambient air due to incomplete and inefficient combustion, with significant impacts on indoor air quality and human health. Northeast China is one of the major contributors to domestic burning emissions in China;however, the high-resolution emissions inventories of domestic biomass and coal burning in Northeast China are lacked, which are needed to estimate the extent of its impact. In this study, we established a town-level emissions inventory of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter(PM) from domestic biomass and coal burning, based on per household consumption in each town in rural region of Northeast China. The results revealed that biomass burning was the major domestic burning source over the region in 2016. Domestic biomass burning is the major contributor to PM and volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emissions, while coal burning is the major contributor to SO2 emissions. High emissions intensities were concentrated around the cities of Harbin, Suihua, Changchun, Qiqihar, and Chifeng, each with emissions intensity for PM2.5 and VOCs of more than 2000 Mg per 27 km × 27 km grid cell. Additionally, there are three burning peaks(6-7 am, 12 pm and 4-7 pm) during both the heating(from October to April) and non-heating seasons(from May to September), due to cooking and heating. The burning peaks in the non-heating season were more notable than those in the heating season. These results suggest that the government should pay more attention to domestic biomass and coal burning in rural areas, in order to reduce pollutant emissions and control regional haze during the heating season.
